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Particle transport in tokamaks has received much less attention than electron and ion heat transport channels. It is still often not treated self-consistently in transport modelling and predictions for future tokamaks. As a consequence, particle transport and fuelling remain one of the major open questions in understanding the ITER physics [1]. The shape of the density profile has a significant influence on fusion performance and impurity transport. Particle transport has been extensively studied by performing several dimensionally matched collisionality scans in various plasma scenarios in JET. Gas puff modulation technique has been developed with high quality time-dependent density profile measurements to determine particle transport coefficients on JET [2]. The local electron density response to the gas injection was measured Thomson scattering diagnostics close to the midplane. Modulation amplitudes below 0.3-0.5% at mid-radius are reliably measured thus allowing minimal plasma disturbance and the possibility to use data from multiple harmonics. The gas puff modulation was performed with a gas valve at the top of the machine at 3Hz frequency using rectangular waveform, the rate varying from 0 to 6x1022 s-1 at 30% duty cycle. 2. Dimensionless

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Corresponding Author: F. Jenko, fsj@ipp.mpg.de The common view in fusion theory is that nonlinear gyrokinetics constitutes a reliable firstprinciples approach to describe turbulent transport in MCF devices. Surprisingly, however, two recent findings challenged this notion. First, the experimental ion heat fluxes in the outer core of certain DIII-D L-mode discharges were underpredicted by GK simulations by almost an order of magnitude. This finding has been dubbed the "shortfall problem" and has triggered extensive theoretical efforts on an international level. Second, a careful analysis of some L-mode discharges in the JET tokamak revealed a significant reduction of ion temperature profile stiffness in the presence of strong NBI r1s. This was first attributed to a combination of high toroidal flow shear and low magnetic shear. However, nonlinear GK simulations failed to confirm this suspicion, overpredicting the observed fluxes by up to an order of magnitude. This finding could be called the "excess problem" and is as severe as the shortfall problem described above. The main goal of the present contribution is to revisit both of these problems and substantiate or refute them. At stake is the plasma theory community's confidence to devise a predictive transport capability for devices like ITER or DEMO on the basis of nonlinear GK. Via careful studies with the GENE code (using about 30 million CPUh), both of these challenges could be met successfully. While the transport levels in outer-core L-mode discharges of DIII-D, C-Mod, and ASDEX Upgrade r2s can be reproduced within the experimental error bars, the observed ion temperature stiffness reduction in JET can be explained in terms of nonlinear electromagnetic effects in the presence of fast ions r3s. Thus, a number of ideas about possible elements missing in the present theoretical description or even a possible breakdown of GK are identified as premature. Meanwhile, these studies highlight the fact that the search for adequate minimal models of turbulent plasma transport under various experimental circumstances is highly non-trivial. This work was supported by EURATOM and carried out within the framework of the European Fusion Development Agreement. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. References r1s M. Mantica, PRL 107, 135004 (2011). r2s D. Told, PoP 20, 122312 (2013). r3s J. Citrin, PRL 111, 155001 (2013).