46 results on '"C. Barton Behravesh"'
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2. Introduction. One Health: over a decade of progress on the road to sustainability
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C. Barton Behravesh
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Value (ethics) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Notice ,Poverty ,business.industry ,Public health ,General Medicine ,Public relations ,Variety (cybernetics) ,One Health ,Multidisciplinary approach ,Sustainability ,medicine ,Animal Science and Zoology ,business - Abstract
One Health has gained momentum in every region across the world over the past decade. The human, animal and environmental health sectors of countries worldwide have increasingly requested support for the implementation of a multisectoral, One Health approach to best address health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. Such threats include zoonotic diseases, emerging infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), food safety, wildlife diseases and other issues that affect health, such as poverty. A variety of successes covering One Health topics at the sub-national, national, regional and global levels ranging from AMR to zoonoses are highlighted in this issue of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Scientific and Technical Review. Authors contributing to this Review were asked to highlight One Health success stories and discuss remaining challenges that might help in achieving a better understanding of the most efficient way to implement a One Health approach. The series of articles in this issue is not meant to form an exhaustive reference of every known health issue that might benefit from a One Health approach, but rather is a collection of ideas for further reflection that contributes to a better understanding of how to successfully advance the approach. This publication also highlights the challenges remaining in One Health, and its numerous authors share success stories and point out gaps so as to help others to implement One Health effectively. At the same time, these authors advocate the value of using a One Health approach to improve the health of humans and animals living in a shared environment. Readers will notice that a number of key themes are raised time and again, most notably, the value of taking a One Health approach to coordination, collaboration and communication, and the steps required to make One Health sustainable. These steps include formalising multisectoral, One Health coordination mechanisms and using One Health tools developed by national and global partners to support the approach and its implementation. The One Health approach brings together all relevant sectors and disciplines across the human-animal-environment interface in a collaboration that is more effective, efficient and sustainable than might be achieved without the shared goal of improving health for all, both humans and animals.
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- 2019
3. Synergising tools for capacity assessment and One Health operationalisation
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Stephanie J. Salyer, M. Carron, Julie R. Sinclair, S de la Rocque, Katharine Pelican, C. Barton Behravesh, B. Mouillé, Francesca Latronico, Elizabeth Mumford, F Caya, G. Belot, Katelyn Wuebbolt Macy, Tracey V. Dutcher, Sean V. Shadomy, Kaylee Myhre Errecaborde, and G. Lamielle
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Process management ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,030231 tropical medicine ,International health ,General Medicine ,Monitoring and evaluation ,International Health Regulations ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,One Health ,Resource (project management) ,Conceptual framework ,Action plan ,Conceptual model ,Animal Science and Zoology ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Business ,media_common - Abstract
Multisectoral, One Health collaboration is essential for addressing national and international health threats that arise at the human-animal-environment interface. Thanks to the efforts of multiple organisations, countries now have an array of One Health tools available to assess capacities within and between sectors, plan and prioritise activities, and strengthen multisectoral, One Health coordination, communication, and collaboration. By doing so, they are able to address health threats at the human-animal-environment interface, including emerging zoonotic and infectious diseases, more efficiently. However, to ensure optimal outcomes for the countries using these One Health tools, the partners responsible for implementation should regularly collaborate and share information such as implementation timelines, results and lessons learned, so that one process can inform the next. This paper presents a consensus framework on how commonly implemented One Health tools might align to best support countries in strengthening One Health systems. Twelve One Health tools were selected based on their high implementation rates, authors' experience with these tools and their focus on multisectoral, One Health coordination. Through a four-step process, the authors: a) jointly carried out a landscape analysis of One Health tools, using a Cloudbased spreadsheet to share the unique characteristics and applications of each tool; b) performed an implementation analysis to identify and share implementation dynamics and identify respective outcomes and synergies; c) jointly created a consensus conceptual model of how the authors suggest the tools might logically work together; and d) extrapolated from steps 1-3 an agreed-upon overarching conceptual framework for how current and future One Health tools could be categorised to best support One Health system strengthening at the national level. Highlighted One Health tools include the States Parties Annual Reporting Tool under the International Health Regulations (IHR), the World Organisation for Animal Health Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) Pathway, the Joint External Evaluation process, IHR/PVS National Bridging Workshops, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization Tool, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Laboratory Mapping Tool, the FAO Assessment Tool for Laboratories and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Systems, the FAO Surveillance Evaluation Tool, the One Health Systems Mapping and Analysis Resource Toolkit, the National Action Plan for Health Security, and IHR Monitoring and Evaluation Framework tools for After Action Reviews and Simulation Exercises. A new guidance document entitled, Taking a Multisectoral, One Health Approach: A Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries was also included as a framework that provides guidance to support the implementation of the outputs of the tools described.
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- 2019
4. Multistate Outbreak of HumanSalmonellaTyphimurium Infections Linked to Pet Hedgehogs - United States, 2011-2013
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C. Barton Behravesh, Nicola Marsden-Haug, J. Schmitz, Stephanie Meyer, Sally Bidol, W. Culpepper, N. Bessette, Jennifer K. Adams, Tara C. Anderson, Thomas M. Gomez, Jamae F. Morris, and Matthew M. Erdman
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Adult ,Male ,Salmonella typhimurium ,0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Salmonella ,Veterinary medicine ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,030106 microbiology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Risk Factors ,Zoonoses ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Young adult ,Child ,Hedgehog ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Pulsenet ,Infant ,Outbreak ,Pets ,Middle Aged ,United States ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,One Health ,Hedgehogs ,Child, Preschool ,Salmonella Infections ,Female ,business ,Health department - Abstract
Zoonotic Salmonella infections cause approximately 130 000 illnesses annually in the United States. Of 72.9 million US households owning at least one pet, five million own small mammals; 3000 hedgehogs were documented by USDA in USDA-licensed breeding facilities and pet stores in 2012. State health department collaborators and PulseNet, the national bacterial subtyping network, identified human infections of a Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak strain, which were investigated by CDC, USDA-APHIS and state public and animal health officials. A case was defined as an illness in a person infected with the outbreak strain identified between 1 December 2011 and 3 June 2013. Investigators collected information on patient exposures, cultured animal and environmental specimens for Salmonella, and conducted traceback investigations of USDA-licensed hedgehog facilities. There were 26 cases in 12 states. Illness onset dates ranged from 26 December 2011 to 8 April 2013. The median patient age was 15 years (range =
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- 2016
5. A Multistate Investigation of Antibiotic-ResistantSalmonella entericaSerotype I 4,[5],12:i:- Infections as Part of an International Outbreak Associated with Frozen Feeder Rodents
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X. Li, A. Hodges, Emily J. Cartwright, Regan Rickert, Jennifer K. Adams, Tracy Ayers, Thai-An Nguyen, Ian T. Williams, J. Wright, Stephanie Yendell, Jennifer R. Mitchell, Rachel Klos, C. Barton Behravesh, C. Lane, J. Quammen, and C. Melluso
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Serotype ,Veterinary medicine ,Salmonella ,Food Handling ,Epidemiology ,Animal food ,Salmonella infection ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,Mice ,Medicine ,Animal Husbandry ,Child ,biology ,Pets ,Middle Aged ,Infectious Diseases ,Salmonella enterica ,Child, Preschool ,Salmonella Infections ,Female ,Salmonella Food Poisoning ,Adult ,Adolescent ,Salmonella enteritidis ,030106 microbiology ,Article ,Interviews as Topic ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Drug Resistance, Bacterial ,Animals ,Humans ,Salmonella Infections, Animal ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Infant ,Reptiles ,Outbreak ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Animal Feed ,United States ,Rats ,Case-Control Studies ,business - Abstract
While most human Salmonella infections result from exposure to contaminated foods, an estimated 11% of all Salmonella infections are attributed to animal exposures, including both direct animal handling and indirect exposures such as cleaning cages and handling contaminated pet food. This report describes the epidemiologic, environmental and laboratory investigations conducted in the United States as part of the response to an international outbreak of tetracycline-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype I 4,[5],12:i:- infections with over 500 illnesses occurring from 2008 to 2010. This investigation found that illness due to the outbreak strain was significantly associated with exposure to pet reptiles and frozen feeder rodents used as food for pet reptiles. Salmonella isolates indistinguishable from the outbreak strain were isolated from a frozen feeder mice-fed reptile owned by a case patient, as well as from frozen feeder mice and environmental samples collected from a rodent producing facility (Company A). An international voluntary recall of all Company A produced frozen feeder animals sold between May 2009 and July 2010 occurred. Only 13% of cases in our investigation were aware of the association between Salmonella infection and mice or rats. Consumers, the pet industry, healthcare providers and veterinarians need to be aware of the potential health risk posed by feeder rodents, whether live or frozen. Frozen feeder rodent producers, suppliers and distributors should follow the animal food labelling requirements as described in 21 CFR §501.5, and all packages of frozen feeder rodents should include safe handling instructions. Persons should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling live or frozen feeder rodents, as well as reptiles or anything in the area where the animals live. Continued opportunities exist for public health officials, the pet industry, veterinarians and consumers to work together to prevent salmonellosis associated with pet food, pets and other animals.
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- 2015
6. Nationwide outbreak of Salmonella Montevideo infections associated with contaminated imported black and red pepper: warehouse membership cards provide critical clues to identify the source
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D. Quilliam, C. Barton Behravesh, Ian T. Williams, K. Macdonald, J. Besser, Nicola Marsden-Haug, E. Julian, Samir V. Sodha, S. Dalton, J. Pringle, Lori Saathoff-Huber, Bonnie Kissler, Laura Gieraltowski, V. Howard-King, D. Elder, D. von Stein, M. Parish, and Anagha Loharikar
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Adult ,Male ,Salmonella montevideo ,Gastrointestinal ,Salmonella ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,Food Supply ,Young Adult ,Environmental health ,Pepper ,medicine ,Humans ,Food microbiology ,Serotyping ,Child ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Enteric bacteria ,business.industry ,Commerce ,Infant ,Outbreak ,Middle Aged ,Contamination ,Original Papers ,United States ,Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ,Warehouse ,Biotechnology ,Salmonella Food Poisoning ,Infectious Diseases ,outbreaks ,Case-Control Studies ,Child, Preschool ,Food Microbiology ,Female ,Capsicum ,Piper nigrum ,business - Abstract
SUMMARYIn November 2009, we initiated a multistate investigation of Salmonella Montevideo infections with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern JIXX01.0011. We identified 272 cases in 44 states with illness onset dates ranging from 1 July 2009 to 14 April 2010. To help generate hypotheses, warehouse store membership card information was collected to identify products consumed by cases. These records identified 19 ill persons who purchased company A salami products before onset of illness. A case-control study was conducted. Ready-to-eat salami consumption was significantly associated with illness (matched odds ratio 8·5, 95% confidence interval 2·1–75·9). The outbreak strain was isolated from company A salami products from an environmental sample from one manufacturing plant, and sealed containers of black and red pepper at the facility. This outbreak illustrates the importance of using membership card information to assist in identifying suspect vehicles, the potential for spices to contaminate ready-to-eat products, and preventing raw ingredient contamination of these products.
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- 2012
7. Population-based survey of taeniasis along the United States–Mexico border
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Lillian F. Mayberry, C. Barton Behravesh, Ana Flisser, Karen F. Snowden, J. R. Bristol, J. Martínez-Ocaña, Victor M. Cardenas, and Kristina D. Mena
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Population ,Helminthiasis ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Feces ,Environmental health ,parasitic diseases ,Taenia solium ,Prevalence ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Taeniasis ,Child ,education ,Mexico ,Parasite Egg Count ,Population based survey ,Anthelmintics ,education.field_of_study ,Taenia ,biology ,Traditional medicine ,Public health ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Texas ,medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Infectious Diseases ,Geography ,Antigens, Helminth ,Tropical medicine ,Female ,Parasitology - Abstract
Taenia solium and T. saginata are zoonotic tapeworms of substantial medical and economic importance. Although human taeniasis is widely recognised as an endemic problem in Mexico, its presence in the United States is poorly understood. The first population-based study to estimate the prevalence of human infection with Taenia tapeworms along the Texas-Mexico border has recently been conducted. Households were interviewed in the Texan city of El Paso and in the neighbouring Ciudad Juárez, in Mexico. Faecal samples from household members were then checked for Taenia eggs by flotation and/or for Taenia copro-antigens in an ELISA. The overall prevalence of taeniasis in this border region was found to be 3% but, compared with the residents of Juárez, El Paso residents were 8.6-fold more likely to be tapeworm carriers. The interviews revealed some important differences between the two study sites, particularly the more frequent use of anthelminthic drugs on the Mexican side of the border. These findings have implications in terms of the planning of effective health-education campaigns to decrease the prevalence of taeniasis in the human populations along the Texas-Mexico border.
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- 2008
8. Nationwide outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg infections associated with ground turkey: United States, 2011
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Beth Tolar, Meg Adams-Cameron, Sally Bidol, Laura Gieraltowski, Katherine D. Arends, Ian T. Williams, J. Pringle, Marika C. Mohr, C. Barton Behravesh, W. T. Hancock, J. Folster, Stacey Bosch, Janell Routh, Bonnie Kissler, and Regan Rickert
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Adult ,Male ,Veterinary medicine ,Salmonella ,Turkeys ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,Disease cluster ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,Young Adult ,Antibiotic resistance ,Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ,Food microbiology ,Medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Child ,Meat-Packing Industry ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,business.industry ,Outbreak ,Infant ,Middle Aged ,Food safety ,Original Papers ,United States ,Salmonella Food Poisoning ,Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ,Infectious Diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Ground turkey ,Food Microbiology ,Female ,business - Abstract
SUMMARYOn 23 May 2011, CDC identified a multistate cluster of Salmonella Heidelberg infections and two multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates from ground turkey retail samples with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. We defined cases as isolation of outbreak strains in persons with illness onset between 27 February 2011 and 10 November 2011. Investigators collected hypothesis-generating questionnaires and shopper-card information. Food samples from homes and retail outlets were collected and cultured. We identified 136 cases of S. Heidelberg infection in 34 states. Shopper-card information, leftover ground turkey from a patient's home containing the outbreak strain and identical antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinical and retail samples pointed to plant A as the source. On 3 August, plant A recalled 36 million pounds of ground turkey. This outbreak increased consumer interest in MDR Salmonella infections acquired through United States-produced poultry and played a vital role in strengthening food safety policies related to Salmonella and raw ground poultry.
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- 2015
9. ‘One Health’ investigation: outbreak of human Salmonella Braenderup infections traced to a mail-order hatchery – United States, 2012–2013
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M. Erdman, D. Brinson, C. Barton Behravesh, J. H. Nakao, B. E. Nix, G. Heseltine, R. W. Jones, C. S. Roney, B J McCluskey, Julie Borders, J. Pringle, Thomas M. Gomez, and A. McDANIEL
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Adult ,Male ,Salmonella ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Veterinary medicine ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease cluster ,Poultry ,Disease Outbreaks ,Interviews as Topic ,Young Adult ,Environmental health ,Zoonoses ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Postal Service ,Child ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,biology ,Public health ,Pulsenet ,Outbreak ,Infant ,Salmonella enterica ,Middle Aged ,biology.organism_classification ,Original Papers ,Hatchery ,United States ,Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ,Infectious Diseases ,One Health ,Geography ,Child, Preschool ,Salmonella Infections ,Female - Abstract
SUMMARYHuman salmonellosis linked to contact with live poultry is an increasing public health concern. In 2012, eight unrelated outbreaks of human salmonellosis linked to live poultry contact resulted in 517 illnesses. In July 2012, PulseNet, a national molecular surveillance network, reported a multistate cluster of a rare strain of Salmonella Braenderup infections which we investigated. We defined a case as infection with the outbreak strain, determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, with illness onset from 25 July 2012–27 February 2013. Ill persons and mail-order hatchery (MOH) owners were interviewed using standardized questionnaires. Traceback and environmental investigations were conducted. We identified 48 cases in 24 states. Twenty-six (81%) of 32 ill persons reported live poultry contact in the week before illness; case-patients named 12 different MOHs from eight states. The investigation identified hatchery D as the ultimate poultry source. Sampling at hatchery D yielded the outbreak strain. Hatchery D improved sanitation procedures and pest control; subsequent sampling failed to yield Salmonella. This outbreak highlights the interconnectedness of humans, animals, and the environment and the importance of industry knowledge and involvement in solving complex outbreaks. Preventing these infections requires a ‘One Health’ approach that leverages expertise in human, animal, and environmental health.
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- 2015
10. Salmonellosis
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C. Barton Behravesh and P. M. Griffin
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- 2015
11. Multistate foodborne disease outbreaks associated with raw tomatoes, United States, 1990-2010: a recurring public health problem
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T. A. Hill, Sarah D. Bennett, M. Mahovic, C. Barton Behravesh, and K. W. Littrell
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Serotype ,Adult ,Male ,Salmonella ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Restaurants ,Epidemiology ,Disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,Solanum lycopersicum ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Humans ,business.industry ,Public health ,Outbreak ,Food safety ,Original Papers ,United States ,Biotechnology ,Infectious Diseases ,Geography ,Female ,Salmonella Food Poisoning ,Public Health ,business - Abstract
SUMMARYWe examined multistate outbreaks attributed to raw tomatoes in the United States from 1990 to 2010. We summarized the demographic and epidemiological characteristics of 15 outbreaks resulting in 1959 illnesses, 384 hospitalizations, and three deaths. Most (80%) outbreaks were reported during 2000–2010; 73% occurred May–September. Outbreaks commonly affected adult (median age 34 years) women (median 58% of outbreak cases). All outbreaks were caused bySalmonella[serotypes Newport (n = 6 outbreaks), Braenderup (n = 2), Baildon, Enteritidis, Javiana, Montevideo, Thompson, Typhimurium (n = 1 each); multiple serotypes (n = 1)]. Red, round (69% of outbreaks), Roma (23%), and grape (8%) tomatoes were implicated. Most (93%) outbreaks were associated with tomatoes served predominantly in restaurants. However, traceback investigations suggested that contamination occurred on farms, at packinghouses, or at fresh-cut processing facilities. Government agencies, academia, trade associations, and the fresh tomato industry should consider further efforts to identify interventions to reduce contamination of tomatoes during production and processing.
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- 2014
12. A One-Health approach to prioritizing zoonotic diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2015
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Ermias D. Belay, R. Wallace, C. Barton Behravesh, Radhika Gharpure, Emily G. Pieracci, and Stephanie J. Salyer
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One Health ,Sub saharan ,Geography ,Environmental health ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,General Medicine ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Published
- 2016
13. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium infections associated with consumption of restaurant tomatoes, USA, 2006: hypothesis generation through case exposures in multiple restaurant clusters
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C. R. Braden, B. Miller, T. Taylor, Michael F. Lynch, S. Soliva, Sufian F. Al-Khaldi, Thai-An Nguyen, Elizabeth R. Daly, N. Fogg, A. Kleiza, Sally Bidol, Kirk E. Smith, C. Barton Behravesh, D. Blaney, D. Moorhead, Carlota Medus, Quyen Phan, C. A. Perry, and T. A. Hill
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Adult ,Male ,Salmonella typhimurium ,Salmonella ,Restaurants ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,Young Adult ,Solanum lycopersicum ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Odds Ratio ,Food microbiology ,Humans ,Food science ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Salmonella serotype Typhimurium ,business.industry ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Outbreak ,Odds ratio ,Middle Aged ,Food safety ,United States ,Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ,Infectious Diseases ,Logistic Models ,Case-Control Studies ,Food Microbiology ,Female ,Salmonella Food Poisoning ,Contact Tracing ,business - Abstract
SUMMARYMultiple salmonellosis outbreaks have been linked to contaminated tomatoes. We investigated a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infections among 190 cases. For hypothesis generation, review of patients' food histories from four restaurant-associated clusters in four states revealed that large tomatoes were the only common food consumed by patients. Two case-control studies were conducted to identify food exposures associated with infections. In a study conducted in nine states illness was significantly associated with eating raw, large, round tomatoes in a restaurant [matched odds ratio (mOR) 3·1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·3–7·3]. In a Minnesota study, illness was associated with tomatoes eaten at a restaurant (OR 6·3, mid-P 95% CI 1·05–50·4, P=0·046). State, local and federal regulatory officials traced the source of tomatoes to Ohio tomato fields, a growing area not previously identified in past tomato-associated outbreaks. Because tomatoes are commonly eaten raw, prevention of tomato contamination should include interventions on the farm, during packing, and at restaurants.
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- 2012
14. The panzootic spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 sublineage 2.3.4.4b: a critical appraisal of One Health preparedness and prevention.
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Koopmans MPG, Barton Behravesh C, Cunningham AA, Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Cediel Becerra N, Charron DF, Chaudhary A, Ciacci Zanella JR, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Khaitsa M, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Markotter W, Mettenleiter TC, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, Zhou L, and Hayman DTS
- Abstract
Changes in the epidemiology and ecology of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza are devastating wild bird and poultry populations, farms and communities, and wild mammals worldwide. Having originated in farmed poultry, H5N1 viruses are now spread globally by wild birds, with transmission to many mammal and avian species, resulting in 2024 in transmission among dairy cattle with associated human cases. These ecological changes pose challenges to mitigating the impacts of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza on wildlife, ecosystems, domestic animals, food security, and humans. H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza highlights the need for One Health approaches to pandemic prevention and preparedness, emphasising multisectoral collaborations among animal, environmental, and public health sectors. Action is needed to reduce future pandemic risks by preventing transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza among domestic and wild animals and people, focusing on upstream drivers of outbreaks, and ensuring rapid responses and risk assessments for zoonotic outbreaks. Political commitment and sustainable funding are crucial to implementing and maintaining prevention programmes, surveillance, and outbreak responses., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests All authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.)
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- 2024
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15. Epidemiologic and Genomic Evidence for Zoonotic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among People and Animals on a Michigan Mink Farm, United States, 2020.
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Ghai RR, Straily A, Wineland N, Calogero J, Stobierski MG, Signs K, Blievernicht M, Torres-Mendoza Y, Waltenburg MA, Condrey JA, Blankenship HM, Riner D, Barr N, Schalow M, Goodrich J, Collins C, Ahmad A, Metz JM, Herzegh O, Straka K, Arsnoe DM, Duffiney AG, Shriner SA, Kainulainen MH, Carpenter A, Whitehill F, Wendling NM, Stoddard RA, Retchless AC, Uehara A, Tao Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Tong S, and Barton Behravesh C
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- Humans, Animals, Michigan epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Farms, Mink, Genomics, Animals, Wild, COVID-19 epidemiology, Nucleic Acids
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Farmed mink are one of few animals in which infection with SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in sustained transmission among a population and spillback from mink to people. In September 2020, mink on a Michigan farm exhibited increased morbidity and mortality rates due to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. We conducted an epidemiologic investigation to identify the source of initial mink exposure, assess the degree of spread within the facility's overall mink population, and evaluate the risk of further viral spread on the farm and in surrounding wildlife habitats. Three farm employees reported symptoms consistent with COVID-19 the same day that increased mortality rates were observed among the mink herd. One of these individuals, and another asymptomatic employee, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) 9 days later. All but one mink sampled on the farm were positive for SARS-CoV-2 based on nucleic acid detection from at least one oral, nasal, or rectal swab tested by RT-qPCR (99%). Sequence analysis showed high degrees of similarity between sequences from mink and the two positive farm employees. Epidemiologic and genomic data, including the presence of F486L and N501T mutations believed to arise through mink adaptation, support the hypothesis that the two employees with SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection contracted COVID-19 from mink. However, the specific source of virus introduction onto the farm was not identified. Three companion animals living with mink farm employees and 31 wild animals of six species sampled in the surrounding area were negative for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR. Results from this investigation support the necessity of a One Health approach to manage the zoonotic spread of SARS-CoV-2 and underscores the critical need for multifaceted public health approaches to prevent the introduction and spread of respiratory viruses on mink farms.
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- 2023
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16. Prevention of zoonotic spillover: From relying on response to reducing the risk at source.
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Markotter W, Mettenleiter TC, Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Barton Behravesh C, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Cediel Becerra N, Charron DF, Chaudhary A, Ciacci Zanella JR, Cunningham AA, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Hayman DTS, Khaitsa M, Koopmans MPG, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, and Zhou L
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- Animals, Humans, Zoonoses epidemiology, Zoonoses prevention & control, Animals, Wild
- Abstract
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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- 2023
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17. One Health Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in People and Animals on Multiple Mink Farms in Utah.
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Cossaboom CM, Wendling NM, Lewis NM, Rettler H, Harvey RR, Amman BR, Towner JS, Spengler JR, Erickson R, Burnett C, Young EL, Oakeson K, Carpenter A, Kainulainen MH, Chatterjee P, Flint M, Uehara A, Li Y, Zhang J, Kelleher A, Lynch B, Retchless AC, Tong S, Ahmad A, Bunkley P, Godino C, Herzegh O, Drobeniuc J, Rooney J, Taylor D, and Barton Behravesh C
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- Animals, Humans, Cats, Dogs, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Mink, Farms, Utah epidemiology, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 veterinary, One Health
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From July−November 2020, mink (Neogale vison) on 12 Utah farms experienced an increase in mortality rates due to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. We conducted epidemiologic investigations on six farms to identify the source of virus introduction, track cross-species transmission, and assess viral evolution. Interviews were conducted and specimens were collected from persons living or working on participating farms and from multiple animal species. Swabs and sera were tested by SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and serological assays, respectively. Whole genome sequencing was attempted for specimens with cycle threshold values <30. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected by rRT-PCR or serology in ≥1 person, farmed mink, dog, and/or feral cat on each farm. Sequence analysis showed high similarity between mink and human sequences on corresponding farms. On farms sampled at multiple time points, mink tested rRT-PCR positive up to 16 weeks post-onset of increased mortality. Workers likely introduced SARS-CoV-2 to mink, and mink transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to other animal species; mink-to-human transmission was not identified. Our findings provide critical evidence to support interventions to prevent and manage SARS-CoV-2 in people and animals on mink farms and emphasizes the importance of a One Health approach to address emerging zoonoses.
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- 2022
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18. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) from a fully vaccinated human to a canine in Georgia, July 2021.
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Wendling NM, Carpenter A, Liew A, Ghai RR, Gallardo-Romero N, Stoddard RA, Tao Y, Zhang J, Retchless AC, Ahmad A, Bunkley P, Godino C, Mauldin MR, Varela K, Ritter JM, Hennebelle J, Feldpausch A, Gabel J, Kainulainen MH, Herzegh O, Tong S, Spengler JR, and Barton Behravesh C
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- Animals, Animals, Domestic, Cat Diseases, Cats, Dogs, Georgia, Humans, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, COVID-19 veterinary, Dog Diseases epidemiology, Dog Diseases prevention & control
- Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection has been described in a wide range of species, including domestic animals such as dogs and cats. Illness in dogs is usually self-limiting, and further diagnostics may not be pursued if clinical signs resolve or they respond to empirical treatment. As new variants emerge, the clinical presentation and role in transmission may vary in animals. This report highlights different clinical presentations and immunological responses in two SARS-CoV-2 Delta-variant-positive dogs with similar exposure to the same fully vaccinated human with a SARS-CoV-2 infection and emphasizes the need for active surveillance and additional One Health research on SARS-CoV-2 variant infections in companion animals and other species., (Published 2022. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Zoonoses and Public Health published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
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- 2022
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19. Histopathology and localization of SARS-CoV-2 and its host cell entry receptor ACE2 in tissues from naturally infected US-farmed mink ( Neovison vison ).
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Ritter JM, Wilson TM, Gary JM, Seixas JN, Martines RB, Bhatnagar J, Bollweg BC, Lee E, Estetter L, Silva-Flannery L, Bullock HA, Towner JS, Cossaboom CM, Wendling NM, Amman BR, Harvey RR, Taylor D, Rettler H, Barton Behravesh C, and Zaki SR
- Subjects
- Animals, Epithelial Cells, Lung, Macrophages, Alveolar, Virus Internalization, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, COVID-19 veterinary, Mink, SARS-CoV-2 physiology
- Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes respiratory disease in mink similar to human COVID-19. We characterized the pathological findings in 72 mink from US farms with SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, localized SARS-CoV-2 and its host cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in mink respiratory tissues, and evaluated the utility of various test methods and specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection in necropsy tissues. Of SARS-CoV-2-positive animals found dead, 74% had bronchiolitis and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). Of euthanized SARS-CoV-2-positive animals, 72% had only mild interstitial pneumonia or minimal nonspecific lung changes (congestion, edema, macrophages); similar findings were seen in SARS-CoV-2-negative animals. Suppurative rhinitis, lymphocytic perivascular inflammation in the lungs, and lymphocytic infiltrates in other tissues were common in both SARS-CoV-2-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative animals. In formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) upper respiratory tract (URT) specimens, conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (cRT-PCR) was more sensitive than in situ hybridization (ISH) or immunohistochemistry (IHC) for detection of SARS-CoV-2. FFPE lung specimens yielded less detection of virus than FFPE URT specimens by all test methods. By IHC and ISH, virus localized extensively to epithelial cells in the nasal turbinates, and prominently within intact epithelium; olfactory mucosa was mostly spared. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 was extensively detected by IHC within turbinate epithelium, with decreased detection in lower respiratory tract epithelium and alveolar macrophages. This study expands on the knowledge of the pathology and pathogenesis of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in mink and supports their further investigation as a potential animal model of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans.
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- 2022
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20. A generalizable one health framework for the control of zoonotic diseases.
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Ghai RR, Wallace RM, Kile JC, Shoemaker TR, Vieira AR, Negron ME, Shadomy SV, Sinclair JR, Goryoka GW, Salyer SJ, and Barton Behravesh C
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- Animals, Animals, Wild, Capacity Building, Laboratories, Zoonoses epidemiology, Zoonoses prevention & control, One Health
- Abstract
Effectively preventing and controlling zoonotic diseases requires a One Health approach that involves collaboration across sectors responsible for human health, animal health (both domestic and wildlife), and the environment, as well as other partners. Here we describe the Generalizable One Health Framework (GOHF), a five-step framework that provides structure for using a One Health approach in zoonotic disease programs being implemented at the local, sub-national, national, regional, or international level. Part of the framework is a toolkit that compiles existing resources and presents them following a stepwise schematic, allowing users to identify relevant resources as they are required. Coupled with recommendations for implementing a One Health approach for zoonotic disease prevention and control in technical domains including laboratory, surveillance, preparedness and response, this framework can mobilize One Health and thereby enhance and guide capacity building to combat zoonotic disease threats at the human-animal-environment interface., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
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- 2022
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21. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant of concern detected in a pet dog and cat after exposure to a person with COVID-19, USA.
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Hamer SA, Ghai RR, Zecca IB, Auckland LD, Roundy CM, Davila E, Busselman RE, Tang W, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Killian ML, Jenkins-Moore M, Torchetti MK, Robbe Austerman S, Lim A, Akpalu Y, Fischer RSB, Barton Behravesh C, and Hamer GL
- Subjects
- Animals, Cats, Dogs, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Texas, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 veterinary, Cat Diseases diagnosis, Cat Diseases epidemiology, Dog Diseases diagnosis, Dog Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
As part of a longitudinal household transmission study of pets living with persons with COVID-19 in Texas, two pets were confirmed to be infected with the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant of concern (VOC). The pets were a dog and a cat from the same household, sampled two days after their owner tested positive for COVID-19. The oral, nasal and fur swabs for both pets tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by qRT-PCR and consensus whole-genome sequences from the dog and cat were 100% identical and matched the B.1.1.7 VOC. Virus was isolated from the cat's nasal swab. One month after initial detection of infection, the pets were re-tested twice at which time only the fur swabs (both pets) and oral swab (dog only) remained positive, and neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 were present in both animals. Sneezing by both pets was noted by the owner in the weeks between initial and follow-up testing. This study documents the first detection of B.1.1.7. in companion animals in the United States, and the first genome recovery and isolation of B.1.1.7 variant of concern globally in any animal., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
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- 2022
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22. An Opportunistic Survey Reveals an Unexpected Coronavirus Diversity Hotspot in North America.
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Ip HS, Griffin KM, Messer JD, Winzeler ME, Shriner SA, Killian ML, K Torchetti M, DeLiberto TJ, Amman BR, Cossaboom CM, Harvey RR, Wendling NM, Rettler H, Taylor D, Towner JS, Barton Behravesh C, and Blehert DS
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- Alphacoronavirus classification, Alphacoronavirus genetics, Animals, Animals, Domestic virology, Animals, Wild virology, Cats, Disease Hotspot, Female, Male, Mephitidae virology, Mice, Mink virology, Raccoons virology, SARS-CoV-2 classification, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Utah epidemiology, Alphacoronavirus isolation & purification, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 veterinary, SARS-CoV-2 isolation & purification
- Abstract
In summer 2020, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detected on mink farms in Utah. An interagency One Health response was initiated to assess the extent of the outbreak and included sampling animals from on or near affected mink farms and testing them for SARS-CoV-2 and non-SARS coronaviruses. Among the 365 animals sampled, including domestic cats, mink, rodents, raccoons, and skunks, 261 (72%) of the animals harbored at least one coronavirus. Among the samples that could be further characterized, 127 alphacoronaviruses and 88 betacoronaviruses (including 74 detections of SARS-CoV-2 in mink) were identified. Moreover, at least 10% ( n = 27) of the coronavirus-positive animals were found to be co-infected with more than one coronavirus. Our findings indicate an unexpectedly high prevalence of coronavirus among the domestic and wild free-roaming animals tested on mink farms. These results raise the possibility that mink farms could be potential hot spots for future trans-species viral spillover and the emergence of new pandemic coronaviruses.
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- 2021
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23. One Health Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Seropositivity among Pets in Households with Confirmed Human COVID-19 Cases-Utah and Wisconsin, 2020.
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Goryoka GW, Cossaboom CM, Gharpure R, Dawson P, Tansey C, Rossow J, Mrotz V, Rooney J, Torchetti M, Loiacono CM, Killian ML, Jenkins-Moore M, Lim A, Poulsen K, Christensen D, Sweet E, Peterson D, Sangster AL, Young EL, Oakeson KF, Taylor D, Price A, Kiphibane T, Klos R, Konkle D, Bhattacharyya S, Dasu T, Chu VT, Lewis NM, Queen K, Zhang J, Uehara A, Dietrich EA, Tong S, Kirking HL, Doty JB, Murrell LS, Spengler JR, Straily A, Wallace R, and Barton Behravesh C
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- Animals, COVID-19 history, COVID-19 transmission, Cats, Dogs, Family Characteristics, History, 21st Century, Humans, Pets history, Phylogeny, Population Surveillance, RNA, Viral, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Utah epidemiology, Viral Zoonoses epidemiology, Wisconsin epidemiology, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 virology, Pets virology, SARS-CoV-2 classification, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, SARS-CoV-2 isolation & purification
- Abstract
Approximately 67% of U.S. households have pets. Limited data are available on SARS-CoV-2 in pets. We assessed SARS-CoV-2 infection in pets during a COVID-19 household transmission investigation. Pets from households with ≥1 person with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were eligible for inclusion from April-May 2020. We enrolled 37 dogs and 19 cats from 34 households. All oropharyngeal, nasal, and rectal swabs tested negative by rRT-PCR; one dog's fur swabs (2%) tested positive by rRT-PCR at the first sampling. Among 47 pets with serological results, eight (17%) pets (four dogs, four cats) from 6/30 (20%) households had detectable SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. In households with a seropositive pet, the proportion of people with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 was greater (median 79%; range: 40-100%) compared to households with no seropositive pet (median 37%; range: 13-100%) ( p = 0.01). Thirty-three pets with serologic results had frequent daily contact (≥1 h) with the index patient before the person's COVID-19 diagnosis. Of these 33 pets, 14 (42%) had decreased contact with the index patient after diagnosis and none were seropositive; of the 19 (58%) pets with continued contact, four (21%) were seropositive. Seropositive pets likely acquired infection after contact with people with COVID-19. People with COVID-19 should restrict contact with pets and other animals.
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- 2021
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24. Low SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and No Active Infections among Dogs and Cats in Animal Shelters with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Human Cases among Employees.
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Cossaboom CM, Medley AM, Spengler JR, Kukielka EA, Goryoka GW, Baird T, Bhavsar S, Campbell S, Campbell TS, Christensen D, Condrey JA, Dawson P, Doty JB, Feldpausch A, Gabel J, Jones D, Lim A, Loiacono CM, Jenkins-Moore M, Moore A, Noureddine C, Ortega J, Poulsen K, Rooney JA, Rossow J, Sheppard K, Sweet E, Stoddard R, Tell RM, Wallace RM, Williams C, and Barton Behravesh C
- Abstract
Human-to-animal and animal-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been documented; however, investigations into SARS-CoV-2 transmission in congregate animal settings are lacking. We investigated four animal shelters in the United States that had identified animals with exposure to shelter employees with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Of the 96 cats and dogs with specimens collected, only one dog had detectable SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies; no animal specimens had detectable viral RNA. These data indicate a low probability of human-to-animal transmission events in cats and dogs in shelter settings with early implementation of infection prevention interventions.
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- 2021
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25. SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Viral Isolations among Serially Tested Cats and Dogs in Households with Infected Owners in Texas, USA.
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Hamer SA, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Zecca IB, Davila E, Auckland LD, Roundy CM, Tang W, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Jenkins-Moore M, Mozingo K, Akpalu Y, Ghai RR, Spengler JR, Barton Behravesh C, Fischer RSB, and Hamer GL
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- Animals, Antibodies, Neutralizing immunology, Cat Diseases epidemiology, Cat Diseases immunology, Cat Diseases virology, Cats virology, Dog Diseases epidemiology, Dog Diseases immunology, Dog Diseases virology, Dogs virology, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Pets immunology, SARS-CoV-2 immunology, SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity, Texas epidemiology, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 veterinary, Pets virology
- Abstract
Understanding the ecological and epidemiological roles of pets in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for animal and human health, identifying household reservoirs, and predicting the potential enzootic maintenance of the virus. We conducted a longitudinal household transmission study of 76 dogs and cats living with at least one SARS-CoV-2-infected human in Texas and found that 17 pets from 25.6% of 39 households met the national case definition for SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals. This includes three out of seventeen (17.6%) cats and one out of fifty-nine (1.7%) dogs that were positive by RT-PCR and sequencing, with the virus successfully isolated from the respiratory swabs of one cat and one dog. Whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 obtained from all four PCR-positive animals were unique variants grouping with genomes circulating among people with COVID-19 in Texas. Re-sampling showed persistence of viral RNA for at least 25 d-post initial test. Additionally, seven out of sixteen (43.8%) cats and seven out of fifty-nine (11.9%) dogs harbored SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies upon initial sampling, with relatively stable or increasing titers over the 2-3 months of follow-up and no evidence of seroreversion. The majority (82.4%) of infected pets were asymptomatic. 'Reverse zoonotic' transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from infected people to animals may occur more frequently than recognized.
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- 2021
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26. First Reported Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Companion Animals - New York, March-April 2020.
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Newman A, Smith D, Ghai RR, Wallace RM, Torchetti MK, Loiacono C, Murrell LS, Carpenter A, Moroff S, Rooney JA, and Barton Behravesh C
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- Animals, COVID-19, Cats, Coronavirus Infections transmission, Female, Humans, Male, New York, Pneumonia, Viral transmission, SARS-CoV-2, Zoonoses, Betacoronavirus isolation & purification, Cat Diseases diagnosis, Cat Diseases virology, Coronavirus Infections diagnosis, Coronavirus Infections veterinary, Pandemics veterinary, Pets virology, Pneumonia, Viral diagnosis, Pneumonia, Viral veterinary
- Abstract
On April 22, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These are the first reported companion animals (including pets and service animals) with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, and among the first findings of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic companion animals reported worldwide. These feline cases originated from separate households and were epidemiologically linked to suspected or confirmed human COVID-19 cases in their respective households. Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred. Both cats fully recovered. Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1)., Competing Interests: All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. David Smith reports grants and nonfinancial support from the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, during the conduct of the study. No other potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
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- 2020
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27. Outbreak of human infections with uncommon Salmonella serotypes linked to pet bearded dragons, 2012-2014.
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Kiebler CA, Bottichio L, Simmons L, Basler C, Klos R, Gurfield N, Roberts E, Kimura A, Lewis LS, Bird K, Stiles F, Schlater LK, Lantz K, Edling T, and Barton Behravesh C
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Carrier State, Child, Child, Preschool, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Salmonella Infections transmission, Wisconsin, Young Adult, Lizards microbiology, Pets, Salmonella classification, Salmonella Infections microbiology, Zoonoses
- Abstract
Reptiles are one of the fastest growing sectors in the United States pet industry. Reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS) continues to be an important public health problem, especially among children. We investigated an outbreak of human Salmonella infections resulting from serotypes Cotham and Kisarawe, predominately occurring among children. An outbreak of illnesses was identified in persons with exposure to pet bearded dragon lizards. Human and animal health officials, in cooperation with the pet industry, conducted epidemiologic, traceback and laboratory investigations. Onsite sampling was conducted at two US breeding facilities, one foreign breeding facility, and a large pet retail chain. A total of 166 patients in 36 states were identified with illness onset dates from 02/2012-06/2014. The median patient age was 3 years (range, <1-79 years), 57% were aged ≤5 years, and 37% were aged ≤1 year. Forty-four patients (37%) were hospitalized, predominantly children. Sampling at breeding facilities and a national pet store chain resulted in isolation of outbreak serotypes at each facility; isolation proportions ranged from 2%-24% of samples collected at each facility.Epidemiologic, microbiologic and traceback evidence linked an outbreak of uncommon Salmonella serotypes to contact with pet bearded dragons. The high proportion of infants involved in this outbreak highlights the need to educate owners about the risk of RAS in children and the potential for household contamination by pet reptiles or their habitats. Strategies should be developed to improve breeding practices, biosecurity and monitoring protocols to reduce Salmonella in the pet reptile trade., (© 2020 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)
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- 2020
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28. Seroprevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in canines along the United States-Mexico border.
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Pieracci EG, De La Rosa JDP, Rubio DL, Perales MES, Contreras MV, Drexler NA, Nicholson WL, De La Rosa JJP, Chung IH, Kato C, Barton Behravesh C, Enríquez MAG, Roldan JFG, and Villarino ME
- Subjects
- Animals, Dog Diseases microbiology, Dogs, Female, Male, Mexico epidemiology, Rickettsia rickettsii genetics, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever epidemiology, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Tick Infestations epidemiology, Tick Infestations microbiology, United States epidemiology, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Dog Diseases epidemiology, Rickettsia rickettsii immunology, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever veterinary
- Abstract
Portions of northern Mexico are experiencing a re-emergence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), a tickborne disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a member of the spotted fever group of rickettsiae (SFGR). Infection with R. rickettsii can result in serious and life-threatening illness in people and dogs. Canine seroprevalence has been used as a sentinel for human RMSF in previous studies. This study aims to quantify SFGR seroprevalence in canines in three northern Mexican states and identify risk factors associated with seropositivity. A total of 1,136 serum samples and 942 ticks were obtained from dogs participating in government sterilization campaigns and from animal control facilities in 14 Mexican cities in three states. SFGR antibodies were detected using indirect immunofluorescence antibody assays at titre values ≥1/64. Six per cent (69 dogs) showed antibodies to SFGR, with the highest seroprevalence reported in Baja California (12%), Coahuila (4%) and Sonora (4%). Dogs from Baja California had three times higher odds of having SFGR antibodies compared to dogs from Sonora (OR = 3.38, 95% CI, 1.81-6.37). Roughly one quarter (25%) of surveyed dogs were parasitized by ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) at the time of sample collection. A portion of collected ticks were tested for rickettsial DNA using polymerase chain reaction. Positive samples were then sequenced, showing evidence of SFGR including R. massiliae, R. parkeri and R. rickettsii. Dogs that spent the majority of time on the street, such as free-roaming or community-owned dogs, showed a greater risk of tick infestation, seropositivity, bearing seropositive ticks, and may play a pivotal role in the spread of SFGR among communities. Estimating the seroprevalence of SFGR in the canine population can help public health campaigns target high-risk communities for interventions to reduce human RMSF cases., (Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.)
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- 2019
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29. Introduction. One Health: over a decade of progress on the road to sustainability.
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Barton Behravesh C
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- Animals, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Humans, Zoonoses, Global Health, One Health trends
- Abstract
One Health has gained momentum in every region across the world over the past decade. The human, animal and environmental health sectors of countries worldwide have increasingly requested support for the implementation of a multisectoral, One Health approach to best address health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. Such threats include zoonotic diseases, emerging infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), food safety, wildlife diseases and other issues that affect health, such as poverty. A variety of successes covering One Health topics at the sub-national, national, regional and global levels ranging from AMR to zoonoses are highlighted in this issue of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Scientific and Technical Review. Authors contributing to this Review were asked to highlight One Health success stories and discuss remaining challenges that might help in achieving a better understanding of the most efficient way to implement a One Health approach. The series of articles in this issue is not meant to form an exhaustive reference of every known health issue that might benefit from a One Health approach, but rather is a collection of ideas for further reflection that contributes to a better understanding of how to successfully advance the approach. This publication also highlights the challenges remaining in One Health, and its numerous authors share success stories and point out gaps so as to help others to implement One Health effectively. At the same time, these authors advocate the value of using a One Health approach to improve the health of humans and animals living in a shared environment. Readers will notice that a number of key themes are raised time and again, most notably, the value of taking a One Health approach to coordination, collaboration and communication, and the steps required to make One Health sustainable. These steps include formalising multisectoral, One Health coordination mechanisms and using One Health tools developed by national and global partners to support the approach and its implementation. The One Health approach brings together all relevant sectors and disciplines across the human-animal-environment interface in a collaboration that is more effective, efficient and sustainable than might be achieved without the shared goal of improving health for all, both humans and animals.
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- 2019
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30. Synergising tools for capacity assessment and One Health operationalisation.
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Pelican K, Salyer SJ, Barton Behravesh C, Belot G, Carron M, Caya F, De La Rocque S, Errecaborde KM, Lamielle G, Latronico F, Macy KW, Mouille B, Mumford E, Shadomy S, Sinclair JR, and Dutcher T
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, International Cooperation, Intersectoral Collaboration, Laboratories, Communicable Disease Control, One Health, Zoonoses prevention & control
- Abstract
Multisectoral, One Health collaboration is essential for addressing national and international health threats that arise at the human-animal-environment interface. Thanks to the efforts of multiple organisations, countries now have an array of One Health tools available to assess capacities within and between sectors, plan and prioritise activities, and strengthen multisectoral, One Health coordination, communication, and collaboration. By doing so, they are able to address health threats at the human-animal-environment interface, including emerging zoonotic and infectious diseases, more efficiently. However, to ensure optimal outcomes for the countries using these One Health tools, the partners responsible for implementation should regularly collaborate and share information such as implementation timelines, results and lessons learned, so that one process can inform the next. This paper presents a consensus framework on how commonly implemented One Health tools might align to best support countries in strengthening One Health systems. Twelve One Health tools were selected based on their high implementation rates, authors' experience with these tools and their focus on multisectoral, One Health coordination. Through a four-step process, the authors: a) jointly carried out a landscape analysis of One Health tools, using a Cloudbased spreadsheet to share the unique characteristics and applications of each tool; b) performed an implementation analysis to identify and share implementation dynamics and identify respective outcomes and synergies; c) jointly created a consensus conceptual model of how the authors suggest the tools might logically work together; and d) extrapolated from steps 1-3 an agreed-upon overarching conceptual framework for how current and future One Health tools could be categorised to best support One Health system strengthening at the national level. Highlighted One Health tools include the States Parties Annual Reporting Tool under the International Health Regulations (IHR), the World Organisation for Animal Health Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) Pathway, the Joint External Evaluation process, IHR/PVS National Bridging Workshops, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization Tool, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Laboratory Mapping Tool, the FAO Assessment Tool for Laboratories and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Systems, the FAO Surveillance Evaluation Tool, the One Health Systems Mapping and Analysis Resource Toolkit, the National Action Plan for Health Security, and IHR Monitoring and Evaluation Framework tools for After Action Reviews and Simulation Exercises. A new guidance document entitled, Taking a Multisectoral, One Health Approach: A Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries was also included as a framework that provides guidance to support the implementation of the outputs of the tools described.
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- 2019
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31. Institutionalizing One Health: From Assessment to Action.
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Machalaba CC, Salerno RH, Barton Behravesh C, Benigno S, Berthe FCJ, Chungong S, Duale S, Echalar R, Karesh WB, Ormel HJ, Pelican K, Rahman M, Rasmuson M, Scribner S, Stratton J, Suryantoro L, and Wannous C
- Subjects
- Animals, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Humans, International Agencies standards, Security Measures, World Health Organization, Capacity Building standards, Communicable Diseases, Emerging epidemiology, Global Health standards, International Cooperation, One Health standards
- Abstract
A One Health approach is critical to strengthening health security at country, regional, and global levels. However, operationally its uptake remains limited. Recent momentum in assessing capacity to effectively prevent, detect, and respond to disease threats has resulted in identification of gaps that require dedicated action. This article highlights relevant tools, standards, and guidance to assist countries and institutions in meeting the collective vision articulated at the 2018 Prince Mahidol Award Conference on "Making the World Safe from the Threats of Emerging Infectious Diseases." Taking stock of assessment findings, resources, priorities, and implementation initiatives across human and animal health, environment and disaster risk reduction sectors can help expand participation in global health security, target risk drivers, and form synergies for collective action and shared gains for both emerging and endemic disease challenges. In addition to health security gains, a multisectoral, One Health approach can drive benefits for wider health sector and global development goals.
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- 2018
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32. Multisectoral prioritization of zoonotic diseases in Uganda, 2017: A One Health perspective.
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Sekamatte M, Krishnasamy V, Bulage L, Kihembo C, Nantima N, Monje F, Ndumu D, Sentumbwe J, Mbolanyi B, Aruho R, Kaboyo W, Mutonga D, Basler C, Paige S, and Barton Behravesh C
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- Animals, Health Priorities, Humans, One Health, Public Health methods, Uganda epidemiology, Zoonoses epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: Zoonotic diseases continue to be a public health burden globally. Uganda is especially vulnerable due to its location, biodiversity, and population. Given these concerns, the Ugandan government in collaboration with the Global Health Security Agenda conducted a One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization Workshop to identify zoonotic diseases of greatest national concern to the Ugandan government., Materials and Methods: The One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization tool, a semi-quantitative tool developed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was used for the prioritization of zoonoses. Workshop participants included voting members and observers representing multiple government and non-governmental sectors. During the workshop, criteria for prioritization were selected, and questions and weights relevant to each criterion were determined. We used a decision tree to provide a ranked list of zoonoses. Participants then established next steps for multisectoral engagement for the prioritized zoonoses. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated how criteria weights impacted disease prioritization., Results: Forty-eight zoonoses were considered during the workshop. Criteria selected to prioritize zoonotic diseases were (1) severity of disease in humans in Uganda, (2) availability of effective control strategies, (3) potential to cause an epidemic or pandemic in humans or animals, (4) social and economic impacts, and (5) bioterrorism potential. Seven zoonotic diseases were identified as priorities for Uganda: anthrax, zoonotic influenza viruses, viral hemorrhagic fevers, brucellosis, African trypanosomiasis, plague, and rabies. Sensitivity analysis did not indicate significant changes in zoonotic disease prioritization based on criteria weights., Discussion: One Health approaches and multisectoral collaborations are crucial to the surveillance, prevention, and control strategies for zoonotic diseases. Uganda used such an approach to identify zoonoses of national concern. Identifying these priority diseases enables Uganda's National One Health Platform and Zoonotic Disease Coordination Office to address these zoonoses in the future with a targeted allocation of resources.
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- 2018
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33. Zoonotic Disease Programs for Enhancing Global Health Security.
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Belay ED, Kile JC, Hall AJ, Barton-Behravesh C, Parsons MB, Salyer S, and Walke H
- Subjects
- Animals, Communicable Diseases, Emerging epidemiology, Communicable Diseases, Emerging prevention & control, Communicable Diseases, Emerging transmission, Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Laboratories, Zoonoses transmission, Capacity Building, Global Health, Public Health Surveillance methods, Zoonoses epidemiology, Zoonoses prevention & control
- Abstract
Most infectious diseases that recently emerged in humans originated in animals. Besides close contact between animals and humans, other factors probably contribute to the cross-species transmission of infectious diseases. It is critical to establish effective mechanisms for coordination and collaboration between the animal, human, and environmental health sectors before new threats emerge by bringing the different sectors together to tackle endemic zoonotic diseases of greatest concern. Such multisectoral partnerships should begin by identifying priority zoonotic diseases for national engagement with equal input from the different sectors. Improvements in surveillance and data sharing for prioritized zoonotic diseases and enhancements of laboratory testing and joint outbreak response capacities in the human and animal health sectors will create and strengthen the mechanisms necessary to effectively detect and respond to emerging health threats, and thereby enhance global health security.
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- 2017
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34. Prioritizing Zoonoses for Global Health Capacity Building-Themes from One Health Zoonotic Disease Workshops in 7 Countries, 2014-2016.
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Salyer SJ, Silver R, Simone K, and Barton Behravesh C
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- Animals, Humans, Zoonoses prevention & control, Capacity Building, Global Health, Health Priorities, Zoonoses epidemiology
- Abstract
Zoonotic diseases represent critical threats to global health security. Effective mitigation of the impact of endemic and emerging zoonotic diseases of public health importance requires multisectoral collaboration and interdisciplinary partnerships. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention created the One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization Tool to help countries identify zoonotic diseases of greatest national concern using input from representatives of human health, agriculture, environment, and wildlife sectors. We review 7 One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization Tool workshops conducted during 2014-2016, highlighting workshop outcomes, lessons learned, and shared themes from countries implementing this process. We also describe the tool's ability to help countries focus One Health capacity-building efforts to appropriately prevent, detect, and respond to zoonotic disease threats.
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- 2017
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35. Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Linked to Pet Hedgehogs - United States, 2011-2013.
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Anderson TC, Marsden-Haug N, Morris JF, Culpepper W, Bessette N, Adams JK, Bidol S, Meyer S, Schmitz J, Erdman MM, Gomez TM, and Barton Behravesh C
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Salmonella Infections epidemiology, United States epidemiology, Young Adult, Zoonoses, Disease Outbreaks, Hedgehogs microbiology, Pets microbiology, Salmonella Infections microbiology, Salmonella typhimurium
- Abstract
Zoonotic Salmonella infections cause approximately 130 000 illnesses annually in the United States. Of 72.9 million US households owning at least one pet, five million own small mammals; 3000 hedgehogs were documented by USDA in USDA-licensed breeding facilities and pet stores in 2012. State health department collaborators and PulseNet, the national bacterial subtyping network, identified human infections of a Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak strain, which were investigated by CDC, USDA-APHIS and state public and animal health officials. A case was defined as an illness in a person infected with the outbreak strain identified between 1 December 2011 and 3 June 2013. Investigators collected information on patient exposures, cultured animal and environmental specimens for Salmonella, and conducted traceback investigations of USDA-licensed hedgehog facilities. There were 26 cases in 12 states. Illness onset dates ranged from 26 December 2011 to 8 April 2013. The median patient age was 15 years (range = <1-91 years); 58% were female. Among 23 persons with available information, 8 (35%) were hospitalized and one outbreak strain-associated death was reported. Of 25 patients with available information, 20 (80%) reported pet hedgehog contact in the week before illness onset. The outbreak strain was isolated from animal and environmental samples collected from three ill persons' homes in three states. Hedgehogs were purchased in geographically distant states from USDA-licensed breeders (10/17, 59%); a USDA-licensed pet store (1/17, 6%); unlicensed or unknown status breeders (3/17, 18%); and private individuals (3/17, 18%). Traceback investigations of USDA-licensed facilities did not reveal a single source of infection. Public and animal health collaboration linked pet hedgehog contact to human infections of Salmonella Typhimurium, highlighting the importance of a One Health investigative approach to zoonotic salmonellosis outbreaks. More efforts are needed to increase awareness among multiple stakeholders on the risk of illness associated with pet hedgehogs., (Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.)
- Published
- 2017
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36. Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections linked to live poultry from agricultural feed stores and mail-order hatcheries, United States 2013.
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Anderson TC, Nguyen TA, Adams JK, Garrett NM, Bopp CA, Baker JB, McNeil C, Torres P, Ettestad PJ, Erdman MM, Brinson DL, Gomez TM, and Barton Behravesh C
- Abstract
Live poultry-associated salmonellosis is an emerging public health issue in the United States. Public and animal health officials collaborated to investigate one of the largest (356 cases, 39 states) of these outbreaks reported to date. A case was defined as illness in a person infected with the outbreak strain of Salmonella Typhimurium with illness onset between 1 March and 22 October 2013. The median patient age was seven years (range: < 1-87 years); 58% of ill persons were children ≤ 10 years, 51% were female, 25% were hospitalized; 189 (76%) of 250 patients reported live poultry exposure in the week before illness; and 149 (95%) of 157 reported purchasing live poultry from agricultural feed stores. Traceback investigations identified 18 live poultry sources, including 16 mail-order hatcheries. Environmental sampling was conducted at two mail-order hatcheries. One (2.5%) of 40 duplicate samples collected at one hatchery yielded the outbreak strain. Live poultry are an important source of human salmonellosis, particularly among children, highlighting the need for educational campaigns and comprehensive interventions at the mail-order hatchery and agricultural feed store levels. Prevention and control efforts depend on a One Health approach, involving cooperation between public and animal health officials, industry, health professionals, and consumers.
- Published
- 2016
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37. A Multistate Investigation of Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype I 4,[5],12:i:- Infections as Part of an International Outbreak Associated with Frozen Feeder Rodents.
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Cartwright EJ, Nguyen T, Melluso C, Ayers T, Lane C, Hodges A, Li X, Quammen J, Yendell SJ, Adams J, Mitchell J, Rickert R, Klos R, Williams IT, Barton Behravesh C, and Wright J
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Animal Feed microbiology, Animal Husbandry, Animals, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Disease Outbreaks, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Female, Food Handling, Humans, Infant, Interviews as Topic, Male, Mice, Middle Aged, Pets microbiology, Rats, Reptiles microbiology, Salmonella Infections transmission, United States epidemiology, Young Adult, Salmonella Food Poisoning epidemiology, Salmonella Food Poisoning prevention & control, Salmonella Infections prevention & control, Salmonella Infections, Animal epidemiology, Salmonella enteritidis isolation & purification
- Abstract
While most human Salmonella infections result from exposure to contaminated foods, an estimated 11% of all Salmonella infections are attributed to animal exposures, including both direct animal handling and indirect exposures such as cleaning cages and handling contaminated pet food. This report describes the epidemiologic, environmental and laboratory investigations conducted in the United States as part of the response to an international outbreak of tetracycline-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype I 4,[5],12:i:- infections with over 500 illnesses occurring from 2008 to 2010. This investigation found that illness due to the outbreak strain was significantly associated with exposure to pet reptiles and frozen feeder rodents used as food for pet reptiles. Salmonella isolates indistinguishable from the outbreak strain were isolated from a frozen feeder mice-fed reptile owned by a case patient, as well as from frozen feeder mice and environmental samples collected from a rodent producing facility (Company A). An international voluntary recall of all Company A produced frozen feeder animals sold between May 2009 and July 2010 occurred. Only 13% of cases in our investigation were aware of the association between Salmonella infection and mice or rats. Consumers, the pet industry, healthcare providers and veterinarians need to be aware of the potential health risk posed by feeder rodents, whether live or frozen. Frozen feeder rodent producers, suppliers and distributors should follow the animal food labelling requirements as described in 21 CFR §501.5, and all packages of frozen feeder rodents should include safe handling instructions. Persons should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling live or frozen feeder rodents, as well as reptiles or anything in the area where the animals live. Continued opportunities exist for public health officials, the pet industry, veterinarians and consumers to work together to prevent salmonellosis associated with pet food, pets and other animals., (© 2015 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)
- Published
- 2016
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38. Nationwide outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg infections associated with ground turkey: United States, 2011.
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Routh JA, Pringle J, Mohr M, Bidol S, Arends K, Adams-Cameron M, Hancock WT, Kissler B, Rickert R, Folster J, Tolar B, Bosch S, Barton Behravesh C, Williams IT, and Gieraltowski L
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Salmonella drug effects, Salmonella isolation & purification, Salmonella Food Poisoning microbiology, Turkeys, United States epidemiology, Young Adult, Disease Outbreaks, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Food Microbiology, Meat-Packing Industry, Salmonella physiology, Salmonella Food Poisoning epidemiology
- Abstract
On 23 May 2011, CDC identified a multistate cluster of Salmonella Heidelberg infections and two multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates from ground turkey retail samples with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. We defined cases as isolation of outbreak strains in persons with illness onset between 27 February 2011 and 10 November 2011. Investigators collected hypothesis-generating questionnaires and shopper-card information. Food samples from homes and retail outlets were collected and cultured. We identified 136 cases of S. Heidelberg infection in 34 states. Shopper-card information, leftover ground turkey from a patient's home containing the outbreak strain and identical antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinical and retail samples pointed to plant A as the source. On 3 August, plant A recalled 36 million pounds of ground turkey. This outbreak increased consumer interest in MDR Salmonella infections acquired through United States-produced poultry and played a vital role in strengthening food safety policies related to Salmonella and raw ground poultry.
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- 2015
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39. Distribution and Diversity of Salmonella Strains in Shipments of Hatchling Poultry, United States, 2013.
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Habing GG, Kessler SE, Mollenkopf DF, Wittum TE, Anderson TC, Barton Behravesh C, Joseph LA, and Erdman MM
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- Animals, Commerce, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Genetic Variation, Genotype, Poultry Diseases epidemiology, Salmonella Infections, Animal epidemiology, Salmonella enterica drug effects, Salmonella enterica genetics, United States epidemiology, Chickens, Poultry Diseases microbiology, Salmonella Infections, Animal microbiology, Salmonella enterica isolation & purification
- Abstract
Multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with live poultry contact have been occurring with increasing frequency. In 2013, multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis were traced back to exposure to live poultry, some of which were purchased at a national chain of farm stores (Farm store chain Y). This study was conducted at 36 stores of Farm store chain Y and was concurrent with the timing of exposure for the human outbreaks of salmonellosis in 2013. We used environmental swabs of arriving shipment boxes of hatchling poultry and shipment tracking information to examine the distribution, diversity and anti-microbial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) across farm stores and hatcheries. Isolates recovered from shipment boxes underwent serotyping, anti-microbial resistance (AMR) testing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Postal service tracking codes from the shipment boxes were used to determine the hatchery of origin. The PFGE patterns were compared with the PFGE patterns of NTS causing outbreaks of salmonellosis in 2013. A total of 219 hatchling boxes from 36 stores in 13 states were swabbed between 15 March 2013 and 18 April 2013. NTS were recovered from 59 (27%) of 219 hatchling boxes. Recovery was not significantly associated with species of hatchlings, number of birds in the shipment box, or the presence of dead, injured or sick birds. Four of the 23 PFGE patterns and 23 of 50 isolates were indistinguishable from strains causing human outbreaks in 2013. For serotypes associated with human illnesses, PFGE patterns most frequently recovered from shipment boxes were also more frequent causes of human illness. Boxes positive for the same PFGE pattern most frequently originated from the same mail-order hatchery. Only one of 59 isolates was resistant to anti-microbials used to treat Salmonella infections in people. This study provides critical information to address recurrent human outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with mail-order hatchling poultry., (© 2014 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)
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- 2015
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40. Nationwide outbreak of Salmonella Montevideo infections associated with contaminated imported black and red pepper: warehouse membership cards provide critical clues to identify the source.
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Gieraltowski L, Julian E, Pringle J, Macdonald K, Quilliam D, Marsden-Haug N, Saathoff-Huber L, Von Stein D, Kissler B, Parish M, Elder D, Howard-King V, Besser J, Sodha S, Loharikar A, Dalton S, Williams I, and Barton Behravesh C
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Commerce, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, Female, Food Supply, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Salmonella classification, Salmonella Food Poisoning epidemiology, Salmonella Food Poisoning microbiology, Serotyping, United States epidemiology, Young Adult, Capsicum microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, Food Microbiology, Piper nigrum microbiology, Salmonella Food Poisoning etiology
- Abstract
In November 2009, we initiated a multistate investigation of Salmonella Montevideo infections with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern JIXX01.0011. We identified 272 cases in 44 states with illness onset dates ranging from 1 July 2009 to 14 April 2010. To help generate hypotheses, warehouse store membership card information was collected to identify products consumed by cases. These records identified 19 ill persons who purchased company A salami products before onset of illness. A case-control study was conducted. Ready-to-eat salami consumption was significantly associated with illness (matched odds ratio 8·5, 95% confidence interval 2·1-75·9). The outbreak strain was isolated from company A salami products from an environmental sample from one manufacturing plant, and sealed containers of black and red pepper at the facility. This outbreak illustrates the importance of using membership card information to assist in identifying suspect vehicles, the potential for spices to contaminate ready-to-eat products, and preventing raw ingredient contamination of these products.
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- 2013
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41. US outbreak of human Salmonella infections associated with aquatic frogs, 2008-2011.
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Mettee Zarecki SL, Bennett SD, Hall J, Yaeger J, Lujan K, Adams-Cameron M, Winpisinger Quinn K, Brenden R, Biggerstaff G, Hill VR, Sholtes K, Garrett NM, Lafon PC, Barton Behravesh C, and Sodha SV
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Retrospective Studies, Salmonella Infections diagnosis, Salmonella Infections transmission, United States epidemiology, Young Adult, Contact Tracing, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Vectors, Pets microbiology, Pipidae microbiology, Salmonella Infections epidemiology, Salmonella typhimurium isolation & purification
- Abstract
Objective: Although amphibians are known Salmonella carriers, no such outbreaks have been reported. We investigated a nationwide outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections occurring predominantly among children from 2008 to 2011., Methods: We conducted a matched case-control study. Cases were defined as persons with Salmonella Typhimurium infection yielding an isolate indistinguishable from the outbreak strain. Controls were persons with recent infection with Salmonella strains other than the outbreak strain and matched to cases by age and geography. Environmental samples were obtained from patients' homes; traceback investigations were conducted., Results: We identified 376 cases from 44 states from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2011; 29% (56/193) of patients were hospitalized and none died. Median patient age was 5 years (range <1-86 years); 69% were children <10 years old (253/367). Among 114 patients interviewed, 69 (61%) reported frog exposure. Of patients who knew frog type, 79% (44/56) reported African dwarf frogs (ADF), a type of aquatic frog. Among 18 cases and 29 controls, illness was significantly associated with frog exposure (67% cases versus 3% controls, matched odds ratio 12.4, 95% confidence interval 1.9-infinity). Environmental samples from aquariums containing ADFs in 8 patients' homes, 2 ADF distributors, and a day care center yielded isolates indistinguishable from the outbreak strain. Traceback investigations of ADFs from patient purchases converged to a common ADF breeding facility. Environmental samples from the breeding facility yielded the outbreak strain., Conclusions: ADFs were the source of this nationwide pediatric predominant outbreak. Pediatricians should routinely inquire about pet ownership and advise families about illness risks associated with animals.
- Published
- 2013
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42. National outbreak of type a foodborne botulism associated with a widely distributed commercially canned hot dog chili sauce.
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Juliao PC, Maslanka S, Dykes J, Gaul L, Bagdure S, Granzow-Kibiger L, Salehi E, Zink D, Neligan RP, Barton-Behravesh C, Lúquez C, Biggerstaff M, Lynch M, Olson C, Williams I, and Barzilay EJ
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Botulism microbiology, Child, Female, Food Microbiology, Food Preservation methods, Food Preservation standards, Humans, Indiana epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Ohio epidemiology, Texas epidemiology, Botulinum Toxins isolation & purification, Botulism epidemiology, Clostridium botulinum isolation & purification, Disease Outbreaks, Food Contamination, Food, Preserved microbiology
- Abstract
Background: On 7 and 11 July 2007, health officials in Texas and Indiana, respectively, reported 4 possible cases of type A foodborne botulism to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Foodborne botulism is a rare and sometimes fatal illness caused by consuming foods containing botulinum neurotoxin., Methods: Investigators reviewed patients' medical charts and food histories. Clinical specimens and food samples were tested for botulinum toxin and neurotoxin-producing Clostridium species. Investigators conducted inspections of the cannery that produced the implicated product., Results: Eight confirmed outbreak associated cases were identified from Indiana (n = 2), Texas (n = 3), and Ohio (n = 3). Botulinum toxin type A was identified in leftover chili sauce consumed by the Indiana patients and 1 of the Ohio patients. Cannery inspectors found violations of federal canned-food regulations that could have led to survival of Clostridium botulinum spores during sterilization. The company recalled 39 million cans of chili. Following the outbreak, the US Food and Drug Administration inspected other canneries with similar canning systems and issued warnings to the industry about the danger of C. botulinum and the importance of compliance with canned food manufacturing regulations., Conclusions: Commercially produced hot dog chili sauce caused these cases of type A botulism. This is the first US foodborne botulism outbreak involving a commercial cannery in >30 years. Sharing of epidemiologic and laboratory findings allowed for the rapid identification of implicated food items and swift removal of potentially deadly products from the market by US food regulatory authorities.
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- 2013
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43. Outbreak of salmonellosis linked to live poultry from a mail-order hatchery.
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Gaffga NH, Barton Behravesh C, Ettestad PJ, Smelser CB, Rhorer AR, Cronquist AB, Comstock NA, Bidol SA, Patel NJ, Gerner-Smidt P, Keene WE, Gomez TM, Hopkins BA, Sotir MJ, and Angulo FJ
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animal Husbandry, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Salmonella Infections transmission, United States epidemiology, Young Adult, Chickens microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, Ducks microbiology, Postal Service, Poultry Diseases transmission, Salmonella Infections epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: Outbreaks of human salmonella infections are increasingly associated with contact with live poultry, but effective control measures are elusive. In 2005, a cluster of human salmonella Montevideo infections with a rare pattern on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (the outbreak strain) was identified by PulseNet, a national subtyping network., Methods: In cooperation with public health and animal health agencies, we conducted multistate investigations involving patient interviews, trace-back investigations, and environmental testing at a mail-order hatchery linked to the outbreak in order to identify the source of infections and prevent additional illnesses. A case was defined as an infection with the outbreak strain between 2004 and 2011., Results: From 2004 through 2011, we identified 316 cases in 43 states. The median age of the patient was 4 years. Interviews were completed with 156 patients (or their caretakers) (49%), and 36 of these patients (23%) were hospitalized. Among the 145 patients for whom information was available, 80 (55%) had bloody diarrhea. Information on contact with live young poultry was available for 159 patients, and 122 of these patients (77%) reported having such contact. A mail-order hatchery in the western United States was identified in 81% of the trace-back investigations, and the outbreak strain was isolated from samples collected at the hatchery. After interventions at the hatchery, the number of human infections declined, but transmission continued., Conclusions: We identified a prolonged multistate outbreak of salmonellosis, predominantly affecting young children and associated with contact with live young poultry from a mail-order hatchery. Interventions performed at the hatchery reduced, but did not eliminate, associated human infections, demonstrating the difficulty of eliminating salmonella transmission from live poultry.
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- 2012
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44. Deaths associated with bacterial pathogens transmitted commonly through food: foodborne diseases active surveillance network (FoodNet), 1996-2005.
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Barton Behravesh C, Jones TF, Vugia DJ, Long C, Marcus R, Smith K, Thomas S, Zansky S, Fullerton KE, Henao OL, and Scallan E
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bacteria classification, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Young Adult, Bacteria isolation & purification, Bacterial Infections mortality, Foodborne Diseases mortality
- Abstract
Background: Foodborne diseases are typically mild and self-limiting but can cause severe illness and death. We describe the epidemiology of deaths associated with bacterial pathogens using data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) in the United States., Methods: We analyzed FoodNet data from 1996-2005 to determine the numbers and rates of deaths occurring within 7-days of laboratory-confirmation., Results: During 1996-2005, FoodNet ascertained 121,536 cases of laboratory-confirmed bacterial infections, including 552 (.5%) deaths, of which 215 (39%) and 168 (30%) were among persons infected with Salmonella and Listeria, respectively. The highest age-specific average annual population mortality rates were in older adults (≥65 years) for all pathogens except Shigella, for which the highest age-specific average annual population mortality rate was in children <5 years (.2/1 million population). Overall, most deaths (58%; 318) occurred in persons ≥65 years old. Listeria had the highest case fatality rate overall (16.9%), followed by Vibrio (5.8%), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (0.8%), Salmonella (0.5%), Campylobacter (0.1%), and Shigella (0.1%)., Conclusions: Salmonella and Listeria remain the leading causes of death in the United States due to bacterial pathogens transmitted commonly through food. Most such deaths occurred in persons ≥65 years old, indicating that this age group could benefit from effective food safety interventions.
- Published
- 2011
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45. 2008 outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul infections associated with raw produce.
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Barton Behravesh C, Mody RK, Jungk J, Gaul L, Redd JT, Chen S, Cosgrove S, Hedican E, Sweat D, Chávez-Hauser L, Snow SL, Hanson H, Nguyen TA, Sodha SV, Boore AL, Russo E, Mikoleit M, Theobald L, Gerner-Smidt P, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Swerdlow DL, Tauxe RV, Griffin PM, and Williams IT
- Subjects
- Case-Control Studies, Cluster Analysis, Coriandrum microbiology, Food Contamination prevention & control, Food Microbiology, Humans, Odds Ratio, Restaurants, Salmonella Food Poisoning microbiology, Serotyping, United States epidemiology, Capsicum microbiology, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Solanum lycopersicum microbiology, Salmonella Food Poisoning epidemiology, Salmonella enterica classification, Salmonella enterica isolation & purification
- Abstract
Background: Raw produce is an increasingly recognized vehicle for salmonellosis. We investigated a nationwide outbreak that occurred in the United States in 2008., Methods: We defined a case as diarrhea in a person with laboratory-confirmed infection with the outbreak strain of Salmonella enterica serotype Saintpaul. Epidemiologic, traceback, and environmental studies were conducted., Results: Among the 1500 case subjects, 21% were hospitalized, and 2 died. In three case-control studies of cases not linked to restaurant clusters, illness was significantly associated with eating raw tomatoes (matched odds ratio, 5.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6 to 30.3); eating at a Mexican-style restaurant (matched odds ratio, 4.6; 95% CI, 2.1 to ∞) and eating pico de gallo salsa (matched odds ratio, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.5 to 17.8), corn tortillas (matched odds ratio, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2 to 5.0), or salsa (matched odds ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.9); and having a raw jalapeño pepper in the household (matched odds ratio, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2 to 7.6). In nine analyses of clusters associated with restaurants or events, jalapeño peppers were implicated in all three clusters with implicated ingredients, and jalapeño or serrano peppers were an ingredient in an implicated item in the other three clusters. Raw tomatoes were an ingredient in an implicated item in three clusters. The outbreak strain was identified in jalapeño peppers collected in Texas and in agricultural water and serrano peppers on a Mexican farm. Tomato tracebacks did not converge on a source., Conclusions: Although an epidemiologic association with raw tomatoes was identified early in this investigation, subsequent epidemiologic and microbiologic evidence implicated jalapeño and serrano peppers. This outbreak highlights the importance of preventing raw-produce contamination.
- Published
- 2011
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46. Population-based survey of taeniasis along the United States-Mexico border.
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Barton Behravesh C, Mayberry LF, Bristol JR, Cardenas VM, Mena KD, Martínez-Ocaña J, Flisser A, and Snowden KF
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Anthelmintics administration & dosage, Antigens, Helminth blood, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Feces parasitology, Female, Humans, Male, Mexico epidemiology, Parasite Egg Count, Prevalence, Taeniasis prevention & control, Texas epidemiology, Taenia isolation & purification, Taeniasis epidemiology
- Abstract
Taenia solium and T. saginata are zoonotic tapeworms of substantial medical and economic importance. Although human taeniasis is widely recognised as an endemic problem in Mexico, its presence in the United States is poorly understood. The first population-based study to estimate the prevalence of human infection with Taenia tapeworms along the Texas-Mexico border has recently been conducted. Households were interviewed in the Texan city of El Paso and in the neighbouring Ciudad Juárez, in Mexico. Faecal samples from household members were then checked for Taenia eggs by flotation and/or for Taenia copro-antigens in an ELISA. The overall prevalence of taeniasis in this border region was found to be 3% but, compared with the residents of Juárez, El Paso residents were 8.6-fold more likely to be tapeworm carriers. The interviews revealed some important differences between the two study sites, particularly the more frequent use of anthelminthic drugs on the Mexican side of the border. These findings have implications in terms of the planning of effective health-education campaigns to decrease the prevalence of taeniasis in the human populations along the Texas-Mexico border.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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