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1. Extreme photometric and polarimetric variability of blazar S4 0954+65 at its maximum optical and γ-ray brightness levels

Author: C M Raiteri, M Villata, M I Carnerero, S S Savchenko, S O Kurtanidze, V V Vlasyuk, A Marchini, K Matsumoto, C Lorey, M D Joner, K Gazeas, D Carosati, D O Mirzaqulov, J A Acosta Pulido, I Agudo, R Bachev, E Benítez, G A Borman, P Calcidese, W P Chen, G Damljanovic, S A Ehgamberdiev, D Elsässer, M Feige, A Frasca, H Gaur, T S Grishina, A C Gupta, D Hiriart, M Holland, B Horst, S Ibryamov, R Z Ivanidze, J Jensen, V Jithesh, M D Jovanovic, S Kiehlmann, G N Kimeridze, S Kishore, E N Kopatskaya, O M Kurtanidze, E G Larionova, H C Lin, K Mannheim, C Marinelli, J Moreira Reyes, D A Morozova, M G Nikolashvili, D Reinhart, F D Romanov, E Semkov, J Seufert, E V Shishkina, L A Sigua, R Skalidis, O I Spiridonova, M Stojanovic, A Strigachev, Y V Troitskaya, I S Troitskiy, A Tsai, A A Vasilyev, O Vince, K Vrontaki, K Wani, D Watts, and A V Zhovtan
Published: 2023
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2. Multiband Optical Variability of the Blazar 3C 454.3 on Diverse Timescales

Author: Karan Dogra, Alok C. Gupta, C. M. Raiteri, M. Villata, Paul J. Wiita, S. O. Kurtanidze, S. G. Jorstad, R. Bachev, G. Damljanovic, C. Lorey, S. S. Savchenko, O. Vince, M. Abdelkareem, F. J. Aceituno, J. A. Acosta-Pulido, I. Agudo, G. Andreuzzi, S. A. Ata, G. V. Baida, L. Barbieri, D. A. Blinov, G. Bonnoli, G. A. Borman, M. I. Carnerero, D. Carosati, V. Casanova, W. P. Chen, Lang Cui, E. G. Elhosseiny, D. Elsaesser, J. Escudero, M. Feige, K. Gazeas, L. E. Gennadievna, T. S. Grishina, Minfeng Gu, V. A. Hagen-Thorn, F. Hemrich, H. Y. Hsiao, M. Ismail, R. Z. Ivanidze, M. D. Jovanovic, T. M. Kamel, G. N. Kimeridze, E. N. Kopatskaya, D. Kuberek, O. M. Kurtanidze, A. Kurtenkov, V. M. Larionov, L. V. Larionova, M. Liao, H. C. Lin, K. Mannheim, A. Marchini, C. Marinelli, A. P. Marscher, D. Morcuende, D. A. Morozova, S. V. Nazarov, M. G. Nikolashvili, D. Reinhart, J. O. Santos, A. Scherbantin, E. Semkov, E. V. Shishkina, L. A. Sigua, A. K. Singh, A. Sota, R. Steineke, M. Stojanovic, A. Strigachev, A. Takey, Amira A. Tawfeek, I. S. Troitskiy, Y. V. Troitskaya, An-Li Tsai, A. A. Vasilyev, K. Vrontaki, Zhongli Zhang, A. V. Zhovtan, N. Zottmann, and Wenwen Zuo
Subjects: Active galactic nuclei, Blazars, Flat-spectrum radio quasars, Markov chain Monte Carlo, Relativistic jets, Supermassive black holes, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: Due to its peculiar and highly variable nature, the blazar 3C 454.3 has been extensively monitored by the WEBT team. Here, we present for the first time these long-term optical flux and color variability results using data acquired in B , V , R , and I bands over a time span of about two decades. We include data from WEBT collaborators and public archives such as SMARTS, Steward Observatory, and Zwicky Transient Facility. The data are binned and segmented to study the source over this long term when more regular sampling was available. During our study, the long-term spectral variability reveals a redder-when-brighter trend, which, however, stabilizes at a particular brightness cutoff of ∼14.5 mag in the I band, after which it saturates and evolves into a complex state. This trend indicates increasing dominance of jet emission over accretion disk (AD) emission until jet emission completely dominates. Plots of the variation in spectral index (following F _ν ∝ ν ^− ^α ) reveal a bimodal distribution using a one-day binning. These correlate with two extreme phases of 3C 454.3, an outburst or high-flux state and a quiescent or low-flux state, which are respectively jet- and AD-dominated. We have also conducted intraday variability studies of nine light curves and found that six of them are variable. Discrete correlation function analysis between different pairs of optical wave bands peaks at zero lags, indicating cospatial emission in different optical bands.
Published: 2024
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3. La riabilitazione post-chirurgica del nervo ulnare

Author: G. Ghelarducci, C. Marinelli, A. Bombardieri, and A. Poggetti
Published: 2022
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4. Effect of the Arabin pessary and natural progesterone on the vaginal microbiome

Author: Antonio G Amorim-Filho, Roberta C R Martins, Lucas A M Franco, Juliana V C Marinelli, Stela V Peres, Rossana P V Francisco, and Mário H B Carvalho
Abstract: Background Preterm birth is a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Regardless of its multifactorial nature, it has been demonstrated that vaginal infections, as well instability of the local microbiome, can play a role as risk factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible changes in vaginal microbiome composition due to the use of an Arabin pessary or vaginal progesterone tablets in pregnant women as secondary prevention of preterm birth. Results We did a prospective analysis of 44 pregnant women at risk of preterm birth for a short cervix (≤ 25 mm) observed on transvaginal ultrasound in the second trimester and randomly assigned to receive an Arabin pessary (PE, n = 22) or vaginal progesterone (PR, n = 22). Vaginal swabs were collected upon diagnosis of short cervix and 4 weeks after treatment initiation to determine the Nugent score and microbiome profiles. The observed microbiomes could be assigned to 3 Community-State Types (CSTs) and most of the samples were characterized by a low-diversity, lactobacilli-dominated microbiota composition that remained stable after the onset of treatment. No treatment-associated change in microbiome alpha diversity was observed in either PE or PR and beta diversity analyses showed no significant dissimilarity between study groups or sampling times. Also, by an analysis of composition (ANCOM) no taxa with differential abundance were demonstrated. Conclusions Pessary and progesterone treatment for a short cervix appear to be equivalent regarding stability of the vaginal microbiome and thus patients and practitioners should be reassured about the safety of these methods.
Published: 2023
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5. Painful Fungating Perianal Mass

Author: Kathleen C, Marinelli, Lisa M, Marinelli, Brian S, Yoon, and Wendi E, Wohltmann
Subjects: Humans, Pain, Perineum
Published: 2022

6. Características físicas del huevo incubable y pollitos nacidos de reproductores pesados cobb 500 en incubadoras con diferente humedad relativa

Author: M. YUÑO, M. BAKKER, R. CEPEDA, C. MARINELLI, and F. MALACALZA
Subjects: incubadoras, nacimientos, pérdida de humedad del huevo, reproductores cobb 500, Agriculture, Agriculture (General), S1-972
Abstract: Las características físicas del huevo incubable (peso –PH–, calidad de cáscara –C– y pérdida de humedad –H–) y pollitos nacidos (peso –PP– y porcentaje de nacimientos –N–) de reproductores pesados Cobb 500 de entre 28 y 65 semanas de edad, fueron evaluadas en tres incubadoras con diferente humedad relativa (HR) y comparados con los valores estándares para la línea genética. En todas las semanas de edad el PH (56,7- 73,2 g) fue 0,9 y 6,5% mayor (p
Published: 2013

7. Relationship between pest grasshopper densities and climate variables in the southern Pampas of Argentina

Author: Y. Mariottini, C. Marinelli, R. Cepeda, M. L. De Wysiecki, and C. E. Lange
Subjects: Insect Science, Climate, Population Dynamics, Argentina, Animals, General Medicine, Grasshoppers, Seasons, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: Grasshoppers are one of the most predominant insects in the grasslands of the southern Pampas. In this region,Dichroplus elongatus,Dichroplus maculipennis, Dichroplus pratensisandBorellia bruneriare the most abundant species and have the greatest economic importance. This study aimed to assess the relationship between temporal changes in the density of these species and climate variables associated with temperature and rainfall over an 11-year study period., We monitored 22 sites in different areas of Laprida county from 2005 to 2016. A total of 25 grasshopper species were collected. The most abundant species wereD. maculipennisandB. bruneriwhich reached the highest densities from 2008–2009 to 2010–2011. The rainfall accumulated from September (RAS) to the sampling date and the number of rainy days (RD) largely explained the density variation ofB. bruneri. Besides RD and RAS, winter rainfall, rainfall accumulated from October to the sampling date, and thermal amplitude of October (TAO) influenced the density ofD. maculipennis. Our results indicated that seasons with less rainfall and fewer RD favored these two species’ abundance. We identified that the RD and TAO contributed significantly to variations in the density ofD. elongatus.In contrast to the other two species, we recordedD. elongatusin seasons with high rainfall and high RD. A better understanding of the climate influence on the life cycle of these economically important insects may identify key factors in their population dynamics which in turn may improve management options.
Published: 2022

8. Dowling-Degos Disease Presenting With Associated Epidermal Inclusion Cysts: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Author: Mark S. Lincoln, Lisa M. Marinelli, Kathleen C. Marinelli, and Amanda M. Roberts
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Dowling-Degos Disease, business.industry, Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous, Epidermal Cyst, Genodermatosis, Skin Diseases, Genetic, Dermatology, General Medicine, Disease, Intertriginous, equipment and supplies, medicine.disease, Hyperpigmented macules, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Hyperpigmentation, Dermatologic diseases, Medicine, Humans, Hidradenitis suppurativa, business, Progressive disease
Abstract: Dowling-Degos Disease (DDD) is a rare and disfiguring autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by reticulate hyperpigmented macules or follicular comedone-like papules in the intertriginous areas that typically presents in the third or fourth decade of life. It is a progressive disease that is often treatment-resistant. Although its association with hidradenitis suppurativa has been well described, DDD has also been less commonly reported in conjunction with other dermatologic diseases with unknown etiologic associations. Herein, we present a case of DDD with associated epidermal inclusion cysts and conduct a literature review of dermatologic conditions reported in association with DDD.
Published: 2021

9. Subcutaneous gluteal abscess from Trichosporon asahii in an immunocompetent adult

Author: Dua Noor Butt, Azka Latif, Abubakar Tauseef, Joseph Thirumalareddy, Akshat Sood, Maryam Zafar, Kathleen C. Marinelli, and Sunil Nair
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, biology, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), General Medicine, Trichosporon asahii, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Dermatology, Case Studies, Trichosporon, medicine, Abscess, business, Gluteal abscess
Abstract: Fungal infections have been drastically increasing in incidence in recent years, preferentially affecting immunocompromised hosts and causing potentially fatal outcomes. One of the emerging fatal fungal pathogens is Trichosporon asahii, a non-Candida yeast that has been increasingly reported in recent years. Previous literature has described T. asahii as primarily affecting immunocompromised hosts, specifically those who are neutropenic, and causing fatal disseminated infections. Herein, we describe a case of an isolated subcutaneous abscess with T. asahii in an immunocompetent host without overlying skin manifestations or predisposing factors that resulted in complete mycotic cure when treated with voriconazole and terbinafine.
Published: 2021
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10. Is Vestibular Neuritis an Immune Related Vestibular Neuropathy Inducing Vertigo?

Author: A. Greco, G. F. Macri, A. Gallo, M. Fusconi, A. De Virgilio, G. Pagliuca, C. Marinelli, and M. de Vincentiis
Subjects: Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract: Objectives. To review the current knowledge of the aetiology of vestibular neuritis including viral infections, vascular occlusion, and immunomediated mechanisms and to discuss the pathogenesis with relevance to pharmacotherapy. Systematic Review Methodology. Relevant publications on the aetiology and treatment of vestibular neuritis from 1909 to 2013 were analysed. Results and Conclusions. Vestibular neuritis is the second most common cause of peripheral vestibular vertigo and is due to a sudden unilateral loss of vestibular function. Vestibular neuronitis is a disorder thought to represent the vestibular-nerve equivalent of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Histopathological studies of patients who died from unrelated clinical problems have demonstrated degeneration of the superior vestibular nerve. The characteristic signs and symptoms include sudden and prolonged vertigo, the absence of auditory symptoms, and the absence of other neurological symptoms. The aetiology and pathogenesis of the condition remain unknown. Proposed theories of causation include viral infections, vascular occlusion, and immunomediated mechanisms. The management of vestibular neuritis involves symptomatic treatment with antivertiginous drugs, causal treatment with corticosteroids, and physical therapy. Antiviral agents did not improve the outcomes.
Published: 2014
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11. ExtremeEarth meets satellite data from space

Author: Hagos, D.H. Kakantousis, T. Vlassov, V. Sheikholeslami, S. Wang, T. Dowling, J. Paris, C. Marinelli, D. Weikmann, G. Bruzzone, L. Khaleghian, S. Kraemer, T. Eltoft, T. Marinoni, A. Pantazi, D.-A. Stamoulis, G. Bilidas, D. Papadakis, G. Mandilaras, G. Koubarakis, M. Troumpoukis, A. Konstantopoulos, S. Muerth, M. Appel, F. Fleming, A. Cziferszky, A.
Abstract: Bringing together a number of cutting-edge technologies that range from storing extremely large volumes of data all the way to developing scalable machine learning and deep learning algorithms in a distributed manner and having them operate over the same infrastructure poses unprecedented challenges. One of these challenges is the integration of European Space Agency (ESA)'s Thematic Exploitation Platforms (TEPs) and data information access service platforms with a data platform, namely Hopsworks, which enables scalable data processing, machine learning, and deep learning on Copernicus data, and development of very large training datasets for deep learning architectures targeting the classification of Sentinel images. In this article, we present the software architecture of ExtremeEarth that aims at the development of scalable deep learning and geospatial analytics techniques for processing and analyzing petabytes of Copernicus data. The ExtremeEarth software infrastructure seamlessly integrates existing and novel software platforms and tools for storing, accessing, processing, analyzing, and visualizing large amounts of Copernicus data. New techniques in the areas of remote sensing and artificial intelligence with an emphasis on deep learning are developed. These techniques and corresponding software presented in this article are to be integrated with and used in two ESA TEPs, namely Polar and Food Security TEPs. Furthermore, we present the integration of Hopsworks with the Polar and Food Security use cases and the flow of events for the products offered through the TEPs. © 2008-2012 IEEE.
Published: 2021

12. Stenosis and Pseudostenosis of the Upper Extremity Arteries in Large-Vessel Vasculitis

Author: Kathleen C Marinelli, Robert Evers, Ashkan A. Malayeri, Mark A. Ahlman, Kaitlin A. Quinn, and Peter C. Grayson
Subjects: Takayasu's arteritis, medicine.medical_specialty, large‐vessel vasculitis, Magnetic resonance angiography, vasculitis, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.artery, Medicine, Arteritis, cardiovascular imaging, Subclavian artery, 030203 arthritis & rheumatology, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Arterial stenosis, giant cell arteritis, magnetic resonance angiography, General Medicine, Original Articles, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Giant cell arteritis, Stenosis, Original Article, Radiology, business, Vasculitis
Abstract: Objective Pseudostenosis is a magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) artifact that mimics arterial stenosis. The study objective was to compare imaging and clinical aspects of stenosis and pseudostenosis in a cohort of large‐vessel vasculitis (LVV), including giant‐cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu's arteritis (TAK). Methods Patients with LVV and comparator conditions (healthy or vasculopathies) underwent MRA of the aortic arch vessels. The subclavian and axillary arteries were systematically assessed for presence of stenosis and pseudostenosis by two independent readers. Serial and delayed imaging and clinical assessments were used to confirm suspected pseudostenoses. Multivariable regression analyses were used to identify associations between angiographic pathology and clinical findings. Results One hundred eighty‐four MRA scans were analyzed from patients with GCA (n = 36), TAK (n = 47), and comparators (n = 25). Pseudostenoses were frequently observed (48 of 184 scans, 26%) in the distal subclavian artery only on the side of injection and were shorter in length compared with true stenoses (25 mm vs 78 mm, P < 0.01). There was no difference in prevalence of pseudostenosis by diagnosis (GCA = 33%, TAK = 23%, comparator = 20%, P = 0.44), disease activity status (P = 0.31), or treatment status (P = 1.00). Percent and length of true stenosis were independently associated with pulse and blood pressure abnormalities in the upper extremity. Adjusting for length and stenosis degree, absence of collateral arteries was associated with arm claudication (odds ratio = 2.37, P = 0.03). Conclusion Although a pseudostenosis could be falsely interpreted as an arterial stenosis, radiographic and associated clinical features can help distinguish true disease from arterial susceptibility artifacts. In addition, the peripheral vascular examination can help to confirm a suspected true stenosis, as specific aspects of angiographic pathology are associated with vascular examination abnormalities in LVV.
Published: 2020

13. Soilless systems as an alternative to wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) traditional open-field cultivation in marginal lands of the Tuscan Apennines to enhance crop yield and producers’ income

Author: Stefania Nin, Edgardo Giordani, C. Marinelli, and William Antonio Petrucci
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Agroforestry, Crop yield, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Horticulture, Biology, Fragaria, 01 natural sciences, Yield (wine), 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Genetics, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Cultivar, 010606 plant biology & botany, Open air, Production system
Abstract: Yield and quality of wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) cultivars ‘Regina delle Valli’ and ‘Alpine’ cultivated in soil, as the traditional production system, and in soilless (both in open air and ...
Published: 2017
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14. Clinical risk factors for the development of late-onset circulatory collapse in premature infants

Author: Kathleen C, Marinelli, Elizabeth R, Lyden, and Eric S, Peeples
Subjects: Male, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Newborn, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Gestational Age, Shock, Infant, Premature, Diseases, Risk Factors, Humans, Infant, Very Low Birth Weight, Female, Steroids, Glucocorticoids, Infant, Premature, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants may be at risk for late-onset circulatory collapse (LCC) where otherwise stable infants develop hypotension resistant to vasoactive agents. The risk factors for LCC development are poorly defined, and it has been theorized that it may be in part due to withdrawal from exogenous prenatal steroids. The goal of this study was to define the clinical characteristics of LCC and investigate its association with antenatal steroid administration.This is a retrospective cohort study of infants born ≤1500 g. LCC was retrospectively diagnosed in infants requiring glucocorticoids for circulatory instability at1 week of life. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between groups using Mann-Whitney test.Three hundred and ten infants were included; 19 (6.1%) developed LCC. Infants with LCC were born at a median 4.6 weeks' lower gestation, 509 g lower birth weight than those without LCC. There was no difference in antenatal steroid delivery between the groups.LCC occurs in a distinct subset of VLBW infants, suggesting the need for monitoring in this high-risk population. Antenatal steroids did not significantly increase the risk of LCC development in this study.Late-onset circulatory collapse (LCC) is a life-threatening clinical entity occurring in around 6% in VLBW infants and is likely underdiagnosed in the United States. Targeting specific demographic characteristics such as birth weight (1000 g) and gestational age at birth (26 weeks) may allow for early identification of high-risk infants, allowing close monitoring and prompt treatment of LCC. No significant association was found between antenatal steroid administration and LCC development, suggesting that the theoretical risks of antenatal steroids on the fetal HPA axis does not outweigh the benefits of antenatal steroids in fetal lung maturity. To date, no studies characterizing LCC have originated outside of Asia. Therefore, providing a description of LCC in a U.S.-based cohort will provide insight into both its prevalence and presentation to inform clinicians about this potentially devastating disorder and foster early diagnosis and treatment. This study validates LCC characteristics and prevalence previously outlined by Asian studies in a single-center U.S.-based cohort while also identifying potential risk factors for LCC development. This manuscript will provide education for U.S. physicians about the risk factors and clinical presentation of LCC to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment, potentially decreasing neonatal mortality. With prompt recognition and treatment of LCC, infants may have decreased exposure to vasoactive medications that have significant systemic effects.
Published: 2019

15. Analysis of machine learning algorithms as integrative tools for validation of next generation sequencing data

Author: G, Marceddu, T, Dallavilla, G, Guerri, A, Zulian, C, Marinelli, and M, Bertelli
Subjects: Machine Learning, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Algorithms
Abstract: While next generation sequencing (NGS) has become the technology of choice for clinical diagnostics, most genetic laboratories still use Sanger sequencing for orthogonal confirmation of NGS results. Previous studies have shown that when the quality of NGS data is high, most calls are indicated by Sanger sequencing, making confirmation redundant. We aimed at establishing a set of criteria that make it possible to distinguish NGS calls that need orthogonal confirmation from those that do not would significantly decrease the amount of work necessary to reach a diagnosis.A data set of 7976 NGS calls confirmed as true or false positive by Sanger sequencing was used to train and test different machine learning (ML) approaches. By varying the size and class balance of the training dataset, we measured the performance of the different algorithms to determine the conditions under which ML is a valid approach for confirming NGS calls in a diagnostic environment.Our results indicate that machine learning is a valid approach to find variant calls that need more investigation, but in order to reach the high accuracy required in a clinical environment, the training data set must include enough observations and these observations must be well-balanced between true/false positive NGS calls.Our results show that it is possible to integrate the diagnostic NGS validation workflow with a machine learning approach to reduce the number of Sanger confirmations of high- quality NGS calls, reducing the time and costs of diagnosis.
Published: 2019

16. Observation of 7pP2

Author: S, Agustsson, G, Bianchi, R, Calabrese, L, Corradi, A, Dainelli, A, Khanbekyan, C, Marinelli, E, Mariotti, L, Marmugi, G, Mazzocca, L, Moi, L, Ricci, L, Stiaccini, and L, Tomassetti
Abstract: We report on the direct experimental observation of the 7pP2
Published: 2017

17. Identifying Potential Usability Challenges for Xbox 360 Kinect Exergames for Older Adults

Author: Wendy A. Rogers and Elena C. Marinelli
Subjects: Gerontology, Engineering, Multimedia, Muscle strengthening, business.industry, Physical fitness, Physical activity, Usability, Health benefits, computer.software_genre, Medical Terminology, Heuristic evaluation, Task analysis, business, computer, Health statistics, Medical Assisting and Transcription
Abstract: Many older adults could benefit from additional exercise. In 2011, over 54% of adults between the ages of 65 and 74 and 68% of adults ages 75 and above did not meet the 2008 U.S. Federal Physical Activity guidelines for either aerobic or muscle strengthening activities, according to the National Center for Health Statistics (Schiller, Lucas, & Peregoy, 2012, p. 100). Exergames, video games where players engage in physical activity, could help older adults elevate their levels of physical activity in order to gain associated health benefits. However, most exergames on the market are not designed for older users. Two exergames for Microsoft Xbox 360 with Kinect were evaluated using heuristic task analysis and heuristic evaluation with consideration of older adults’ abilities and limitations. Implications for developing training programs to maximize effective use of exergames for older adults are discussed.
Published: 2014
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18. Immunological Model and Otological Manifestations of Behçet's Disease

Author: G.F. Macri, Antonio Greco, A. De Virgilio, C. Marinelli, M. De Vincentiis, Andrea Gallo, Salvatore Martellucci, and M. Fusconi
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Hearing loss, business.industry, Immunology, Behcet's disease, Disease, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, Dermatology, Autoimmunity, Pathogenesis, stomatognathic diseases, Autoimmune Process, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, medicine.symptom, Vasculitis, business, Uveitis
Abstract: Behcet's disease (BD) is an autoimmune vasculitis of unknown aetiology that is characterised by relapsing episodes of oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, ocular lesions, skin lesions, and other manifestations, including vascular, gastrointestinal and neurological involvement. Behcet's disease exists worldwide, although there are significant regional differences, with the highest number of incidences in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Far East. Behcet's disease occurs mainly between 18 and 40 years of age, and the male-to-female ratio is 7:1. The cause of Behcet's disease is unknown. It is believed to be due to an autoimmune process triggered by an infectious or environmental agent (possibly local to a geographic region) in a genetically predisposed individual. T cell homeostasis perturbation, especially Th1 and Th17 expansions and decrease regulation by Tregs are now supposed to be the cornerstone of BD pathogenesis. Inflammatory cytokine such as IL21 plays a critical role in pathogenesis of BD. Inner ear involvement in Behcet's disease was first reported by Alajouanine in 1961. Thereafter, many cases of inner ear involvement were described by other authors. The otological features of Behcet's disease can be divided into hearing loss and disequilibrium. The incidence of hearing loss in Behcet's disease has been reported to be 12 to 80% in several studies in the literature. Recently, some authors observed a significant percentage (59.2%) of hearing loss associated with Behcet's disease. According to other studies, hearing loss can be the fourth or even the third most common manifestation of the disease. The treatment of inner ear lesions remains unsatisfactory and is based on immunosuppressive agents and will not be reviewed here. This review focuses on the etiophatogenesis and otological manifestations of Behcet's disease and specifies the role of the otorhinolaryngologist as an integral member of the multidisciplinary team for clinical management of these patients.
Published: 2014
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19. Evidence and Role of Autoantibodies in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps

Author: G.F. Macri, Antonio Greco, A. De Virgilio, M. De Vincentiis, C. Marinelli, Andrea Gallo, and Massimo Fusconi
Subjects: T-Lymphocytes, Immunology, Autoimmunity, Omalizumab, Antibodies, Nasal Polyps, Pharmacotherapy, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Antinuclear, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Immunology and Allergy, Nasal polyps, Sinusitis, Rhinitis, Asthma, Pharmacology, B-Lymphocytes, business.industry, medicine.disease, Belimumab, Treatment Outcome, Antibodies, Antinuclear, Chronic Disease, Etiology, Rituximab, Nasal Obstruction, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: In this study, we review our current knowledge of the autoimmune etiopathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps including bacterial infections, viral infections and immunomediated mechanisms and to discuss pathogenesis with relevance for pharmacotherapy. Relevant publications on the etiopathogenesis and treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) from 1977 to 2013 were analyzed. The characteristic signs and symptoms include appearance of relapsing nasal polyps, with typical symptoms such as nasal obstruction, nasal discharge and, usually, loss of the sense of smell. The etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown. Proposed theories of causation include bacterial or viral infections and immunomediated mechanisms. The autoimmune aetiology of of unknown origin or failure to respond to classic pharmacological treatments with nasal and oral steroids is now suspected. At present, the nature of the antigen trigger, the exact role played by B/T cells and anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis remains unclear. Corticosteroids and surgery are the first line of treatment in CRSwNP. In the case of corticosteroid treatment failure, other drugs can be used such as rituximab, belimumab or omalizumab which have demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of nasal polyposis with comorbid asthma. Immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate, and cyclophosphamide have also been used with varying degrees of success.
Published: 2014
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20. Morphological, nutraceutical and sensorial properties of cultivated Fragaria vesca L. berries: influence of genotype, plant age, fertilization treatment on the overall fruit quality

Author: Massimo Del Bubba, Leonardo Checchini, Sandra Furlanetto, William Antonio Petrucci, Edgardo Giordani, Daniele Morelli, Claudia Ancillotti, Lorenzo Ciofi, and C. Marinelli
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Sucrose, vitamin C, Berry, 010501 environmental sciences, radical scavenging activity, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Agriculture, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nutraceutical, Human fertilization, Botany, organic acids, Food science, lcsh:Agriculture (General), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Vitamin C, total polyphenols, lcsh:S, food and beverages, Fructose, Articles, Fragaria, lcsh:S1-972, chemistry, Polyphenol, strawberry, 010606 plant biology & botany, Food Science
Abstract: Sucrose, glucose, fructose, citric, malic, ascorbic (AA) and dehydroascorbic (DHAA) acids, total polyphenols (TP), radical scavenging activity (RSA), physicochemical and sensorial properties were determined on F. vesca Alpine (ALP) and Regina delle Valli (RDV) berries in relation to plant age and fertilisation treatment (Effective Microorganism Technology, EMT vs. traditional fertilization, TFT). ALP berries had a sum of AA and DHAA about 20% lower and TPs about 30% higher than RDV. Plant age affected most physicochemical parameters, sugars and organic acids, as well as sensorial appreciation, being them generally higher in berries produced in the second year. TPs were not affected by plant age. EMT produced an increase of 50%, 70% and 20% for TP, organic acids and RSA, respectively. Although changes in berry quality are expected with plant age, EMT cultivation of ALP should be preferred to the growth of RDV under TFT, to obtain fruits more valuable from the nutraceutical viewpoint.
Published: 2016

21. Carotid stenosis after adjuvant cervical radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancers: a prospective controlled study

Author: G.F. Macri, Antonio Greco, C. Marinelli, A. De Virgilio, M. De Vincentiis, Andrea Gallo, Giulio Pagliuca, and Massimo Fusconi
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Cross-sectional study, Incidence (epidemiology), medicine.medical_treatment, medicine.disease, Surgery, Duplex scanning, Radiation therapy, Stenosis, Otorhinolaryngology, medicine.artery, Medicine, Radiology, Internal carotid artery, business, Prospective cohort study, Adjuvant
Abstract: Clin. Otolaryngol. 2012, 37, 376–381 Objectives: To determine the prevalence of radiation-induced carotid stenosis, in patients who were treated for head and neck malignancies, using colour-flow duplex scanning. Design: Prospective controlled study at a single medical centre. Participants: We enrolled two groups of patients. The first (radiotherapy group) consisted of patients who received surgical treatment and adjuvant radiotherapy of the neck. The control group consisted of patients with head and neck malignancies who received only surgical treatment. Main outcome measures: All patients were evaluated with carotid artery ecoDoppler imaging 1 week before and 36 months after the surgical procedure. Intima-media thickness was measured bilaterally at the internal carotid artery and at the bifurcation. Carotid obstruction was classified as low (0–30%), moderate (31–49%) or severe (≥50%). Results: The preoperative stenosis grade did not differ between groups. In 15/25 patients (60%) in the radiotherapy group, mild stenosis evolved to moderate stenosis, while only 6/37 (16%) of the controls did (P = 0.004). Additionally, 9/39 (23%) patients in the radiotherapy group progressed to severe stenosis compared with only 3/54 (6%) controls (P = 0.029). The overall evolution showed that stenosis worsened in 24/32 (62%) patients in the radiotherapy group and 9/54 (17%) patients in the control groups (P
Published: 2012
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22. ESTUDIO DE LA INFLUENCIA DE LAS NUBES SOBRE LA RADIACIÓN UV EN LA CIUDAD DE RÍO GALLEGOS, ARGENTINA. STUDY OF THE CLOUD INFLUENCE ON THE UV RADIATION IN RIO GALLEGOS, ARGENTINA

Author: Pablo Facundo Orte, E. Wolfram, J. Salvador, R. D’Elia, E. Quel, and C. Marinelli
Subjects: General Physics and Astronomy
Abstract: The ozone layer is regarded as an invisible filter that protects all life from the dangerous overexposure to ultraviolet rays. The thinning of the ozone layer over the South Pole stratosphere of our planet is a seasonal phenomenon that takes place every year during the spring since the 80s and is known as the “ozone hole”. It is developed on the Antarctic, reaching an area of 30 million square kilometers approximately. In the spring begins to deform reached lower latitudes, presenting specific cases of low total ozone column over Rio Gallegos (51 ° 36 'S, 69 º 19' W) due to the passage of the hole and its border over this city, which can derive in UV indices greater increasing the UV radiation impact on surface. This study evaluates the statistical dependence of the UV index with total ozone column and cloud optical thickness in the Patagonian city of Rio Gallegos for spring and summer. Another aim is to quantify the attenuation of UV radiation produced for the clouds to cases that the ozone hole is passing over the city. The cloud optical thickness and UV index data analyzed were obtained at Station CEILAP RG (CITEFA-CONICET) with a narrowband multichannel radiometer GUV-541 (Biospherical Inc.), and the total ozone column data were extracted from the Satellite OMI / AURA database of NASA. All these belong to the spring and summer seasons of the October 2005-December 2008 period. It is noted that 25% of ozone hole cases in springtime, which would result in a high UVI on Rio Gallegos, are strongly attenuated by the clouds.
Published: 2010
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23. MARRONE DEL MUGELLO PGI: NUTRITIONAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC QUALITY OF EUROPEAN CHESTNUT (CASTANEA SATIVA MILL.)

Author: E. Bellini, E. Giordani, C. Marinelli, M. Migliorini, and L. Funghini
Subjects: Horticulture
Published: 2009
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24. MARRONE DEL MUGELLO PGI: THE 'WATER CURING' PROCESS

Author: Bruno Zanoni, T. Turchetti, C. Marinelli, S. Canuti, Marzia Migliorini, and L. Funghini
Subjects: biology, European community, Starch, food and beverages, Horticulture, biology.organism_classification, Shelf life, Fagaceae, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geographical indication, chemistry, Crop quality, Curing (chemistry), Woody plant
Abstract: "Marrone del Mugello" PGI (PGI=Protected Geographical Indication) is a quality trademark recognized by the European Community with regulation n. 1263/96 for fruits (fresh, dried or milled as flour) and obtained from European Chestnut Trees (Castanea sativa Mill.) growing in the Mugello area (Tuscany-Italy). The chestnut fruit has a particular chemical composition, very rich in carbohydrates and in starch, that decrease during the post harvest period. In the Mugello area (Tuscany-Italy) is diffused a traditional post-harvest methodology that belong to the past: the "water curing", that extends the preservation of these fruits up to four months. In fact "water curing" was known in the past as "novena" which means that fresh chestnut fruits were kept for nine days in the water to extend their shelf life. The objective of this method is to reduce the development of fungi during the storage processes and at the same time to promote the death of worms living in the chestnut fruits. This paper reports some preliminary results of some tests carried out during this treatment to verify its ability to preserve the nutritional values of chestnut fruits. Effects of "water curing" on the fungi development were observed.
Published: 2009
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25. A Malignant Cutaneous Neuroendocrine Tumor With Features of Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Differentiating Neuroblastoma

Author: Mahendra Ranchod, Elena C Marinelli, Vijay Vanchinathan, Uma Sundram, Reena V. Kartha, and Alison Uzieblo
Subjects: Adult, Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Skin Neoplasms, Biopsy, Neuroectodermal Tumors, Dermatology, Biology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Diagnosis, Differential, Neuroblastoma, Differentiating Neuroblastoma, Cytokeratin, medicine, Carcinoma, Humans, Child, Neuroectodermal tumor, Aged, Ganglioneuroblastoma, Aged, 80 and over, Merkel cell carcinoma, Infant, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Carcinoma, Merkel Cell, Child, Preschool, Primitive neuroectodermal tumor, Female
Abstract: We report an unusual primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma that shows histologic and immunohistochemical features of ganglioneuroblastoma/differentiating neuroblastoma. The neoplasm is composed predominantly of small atypical neoplastic cells embedded in distinct clusters of immature and mature ganglion cells with associated neuropil. The neoplastic cells show strong perinuclear staining for cytokeratin 20 (CK20) with a dot-like pattern, supporting our contention that this is an unusual variant of Merkel cell carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, ganglioneuroblastoma-like differentiation has not been previously described in Merkel cell carcinoma.
Published: 2009
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26. MARRONE DEL MUGELLO PGI: NUTRITIONAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC QUALITY OF EUROPEAN CHESTNUT (CASTANEA SATIVA MILL.) FLOUR

Author: Edgardo Giordani, Elvio Bellini, Marzia Migliorini, L. Funghini, and C. Marinelli
Subjects: biology, Dried fruit, Organoleptic, Flavour, Horticulture, biology.organism_classification, Sensory analysis, Geographical indication, Geography, Crop quality, Food science, Food quality, Aroma
Abstract: European chestnut has been cultivated in the Mugello territory (Tuscany) since the period of the Roman Empire. Marrone del Mugello chestnut was awarded PGI recognition (Protected Geographical Indication) for its typical natural and biological characteristics with EC Regulation n.1263/96. This paper reports the main results obtained after four years of evaluation of several samples of Marrone del Mugello PGI collected in the area of the Protected Geographical Indication, by means of chemical and sensorial tests and taking into account the complexity of compounds. The analysed samples included fresh nuts, fresh cured nuts, dried nuts and flour. Curing is a preservation process that consists in pouring chestnuts in water for almost seven days. The drying process is done according to the traditional method in special drying-houses ("metati") and takes about 40 days by warming up to 35-40°C the chestnuts. The dried nut is separated mechanically from shell and episperm and it could then be marketed as whole dried nut or milled to obtain flour. Macronutrients, microelements, vitamins and antioxidants (especially biophenols and tocopherols) were chemically analysed to underline the nutritional qualities of the fruit. Chemical analysis reveals high nutritional value and healthy compounds, justifying Marrone del Mugello PGI as part of the Mediterranean diet. Sensory analysis, with a specific Panel Test by trained assessors, provides a qualitative and quantitative characterization of Marrone del Mugello PGI taste and flavour. A preliminary investigation of the aroma compounds of chestnut flour was also carried out using an HS-SPME/GC-MS method.
Published: 2009
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27. Morphometric variables of honeybees Apis mellifera used in ecotypes characterization in Argentina

Author: Edgardo Rodríguez, C. García, A. Palacio, C. Andere, R. Cepeda, and C. Marinelli
Subjects: Wing, biology, Ecotype, Base population, Ecological Modeling, Geographic regions, Zoology, Hymenoptera, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, Canonical correlation, Genetic Materials, Proboscis (genus)
Abstract: The honeybee Apis mellifera has evolved in different environments and has developed different ecotypes. The objective of the Honeybee Genetic program in Argentina (MeGA) is to select honeybees adapted to different regions in the country using an important number of colonies as base population. In the last years, morphometric analyses are being incorporated into the Program as a tool for characterization of genetic materials; this fact has motivated the present work. A random sample of honeybee workers (250) was taken from 30 colonies situated in different regions in the country. The proboscis, right hind leg, right forewing and hind wing were placed on a slide and the following variables were measured: length and width of forewing and hind wing, different angles and length of wing veins, the length of the tibia, femur and metatarsi, the width of the metatarsi and the length of the proboscis. Thirty morphometrical variables were analyzed and the distribution and relation between them were recorded. First of all, a process of reduction of variables was carried out in order to reduce, in the future, the number of morphometric measurements to be taken of each specimen (honeybee), since the degree of complexity involved is considerable. The canonical correlation analysis was used, and high canonical correlations were recorded between length and angles of wing veins and between right wing length and proboscis length (p < 0.05). These results were used as previous information to make path analyses with a saturated model for each variable; and eleven independent morphometric variables were obtained. Then, by a linear discriminating analysis, geographic regions were classified according to the morphometric characteristics that could be observed in the local honeybees (p
Published: 2008
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28. Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

Author: Klionsky, D.J. Abdelmohsen, K. Abe, A. Abedin, M.J. Abeliovich, H. Arozena, A.A. Adachi, H. Adams, C.M. Adams, P.D. Adeli, K. Adhihetty, P.J. Adler, S.G. Agam, G. Agarwal, R. Aghi, M.K. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguilar, P.V. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. Airoldi, E.M. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akporiaye, E.T. Al-Rubeai, M. Albaiceta, G.M. Albanese, C. Albani, D. Albert, M.L. Aldudo, J. Algül, H. Alirezaei, M. Alloza, I. Almasan, A. Almonte-Beceril, M. Alnemri, E.S. Alonso, C. Altan-Bonnet, N. Altieri, D.C. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Erviti, L. Alves, S. Amadoro, G. Amano, A. Amantini, C. Ambrosio, S. Amelio, I. Amer, A.O. Amessou, M. Amon, A. An, Z. Anania, F.A. Andersen, S.U. Andley, U.P. Andreadi, C.K. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anel, A. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Antonioli, M. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Aquila, S. Aquilano, K. Araki, K. Arama, E. Aranda, A. Araya, J. Arcaro, A. Arias, E. Arimoto, H. Ariosa, A.R. Armstrong, J.L. Arnould, T. Arsov, I. Asanuma, K. Askanas, V. Asselin, E. Atarashi, R. Atherton, S.S. Atkin, J.D. Attardi, L.D. Auberger, P. Auburger, G. Aurelian, L. Autelli, R. Avagliano, L. Avantaggiati, M.L. Avrahami, L. Azad, N. Awale, S. Bachetti, T. Backer, J.M. Bae, D.-H. Bae, J.-S. Bae, O.-N. Bae, S.H. Baehrecke, E.H. Baek, S.-H. Baghdiguian, S. Bagniewska-Zadworna, A. Bai, H. Bai, J. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Balaji, K.N. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Balzan, R. Banerjee, R. Bánhegyi, G. Bao, H. Barbeau, B. Barrachina, M.D. Barreiro, E. Bartel, B. Bartolomé, A. Bassham, D.C. Bassi, M.T. Bast, R.C., Jr. Basu, A. Batista, M.T. Batoko, H. Battino, M. Bauckman, K. Baumgarner, B.L. Bayer, K.U. Beale, R. Beaulieu, J.-F. Beck, G.R., Jr. Becker, C. Beckham, J.D. Bédard, P.-A. Bednarski, P.J. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Behrens, G.M.N. Behrns, K.E. Bejarano, E. Belaid, A. Belleudi, F. Bénard, G. Berchem, G. Bergamaschi, D. Bergami, M. Berkhout, B. Berliocchi, L. Bernard, A. Bernard, M. Bernassola, F. Bertolotti, A. Bess, A.S. Besteiro, S. Bettuzzi, S. Bhalla, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhutia, S.K. Biagosch, C. Bianchi, M.W. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Billes, V. Bincoletto, C. Bingol, B. Bird, S.W. Bitoun, M. Bjedov, I. Blackstone, C. Blanc, L. Blanco, G.A. Blomhoff, H.K. Boada-Romero, E. Böckler, S. Boes, M. Boesze-Battaglia, K. Boise, L.H. Bolino, A. Boman, A. Bonaldo, P. Bordi, M. Bosch, J. Botana, L.M. Botti, J. Bou, G. Bouché, M. Bouchecareilh, M. Boucher, M.-J. Boulton, M.E. Bouret, S.G. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N. Braga, V.M.M. Brancolini, C. Braus, G.H. Bravo-San-Pedro, J.M. Brennan, L.A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bringer, M.-A. Brini, M. Brito, G.C. Brodin, B. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brown, K. Broxmeyer, H.E. Bruhat, A. Brum, P.C. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Bryson-Richardson, R.J. Buch, S. Buchan, A.M. Budak, H. Bulavin, D.V. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Bumbasirevic, V. Burelle, Y. Burke, R.E. Burmeister, M. Bütikofer, P. Caberlotto, L. Cadwell, K. Cahova, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calatayud, S. Camougrand, N. Campanella, M. Campbell, G.R. Campbell, M. Campello, S. Candau, R. Caniggia, I. Cantoni, L. Cao, L. Caplan, A.B. Caraglia, M. Cardinali, C. Cardoso, S.M. Carew, J.S. Carleton, L.A. Carlin, C.R. Carloni, S. Carlsson, S.R. Carmona-Gutierrez, D. Carneiro, L.A.M. Carnevali, O. Carra, S. Carrier, A. Carroll, B. Casas, C. Casas, J. Cassinelli, G. Castets, P. Castro-Obregon, S. Cavallini, G. Ceccherini, I. Cecconi, F. Cederbaum, A.I. Ceña, V. Cenci, S. Cerella, C. Cervia, D. Cetrullo, S. Chaachouay, H. Chae, H.-J. Chagin, A.S. Chai, C.-Y. Chakrabarti, G. Chamilos, G. Chan, E.Y.W. Chan, M.T.V. Chandra, D. Chandra, P. Chang, C.-P. Chang, R.C.-C. Chang, T.Y. Chatham, J.C. Chatterjee, S. Chauhan, S. Che, Y. Cheetham, M.E. Cheluvappa, R. Chen, C.-J. Chen, G. Chen, G.-C. Chen, G. Chen, H. Chen, J.W. Chen, J.-K. Chen, M. Chen, M. Chen, P. Chen, Q. Chen, Q. Chen, S.-D. Chen, S. Chen, S.S.-L. Chen, W. Chen, W.-J. Chen, W.Q. Chen, W. Chen, X. Chen, Y.-H. Chen, Y.-G. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y.-J. Chen, Y.-Q. Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Cheng, A. Cheng, C.H.K. Cheng, H. Cheong, H. Cherry, S. Chesney, J. Cheung, C.H.A. Chevet, E. Chi, H.C. Chi, S.-G. Chiacchiera, F. Chiang, H.-L. Chiarelli, R. Chiariello, M. Chieppa, M. Chin, L.-S. Chiong, M. Chiu, G.N.C. Cho, D.-H. Cho, S.-G. Cho, W.C. Cho, Y.-Y. Cho, Y.-S. Choi, A.M.K. Choi, E.-J. Choi, E.-K. Choi, J. Choi, M.E. Choi, S.-I. Chou, T.-F. Chouaib, S. Choubey, D. Choubey, V. Chow, K.-C. Chowdhury, K. Chu, C.T. Chuang, T.-H. Chun, T. Chung, H. Chung, T. Chung, Y.-L. Chwae, Y.-J. Cianfanelli, V. Ciarcia, R. Ciechomska, I.A. Ciriolo, M.R. Cirone, M. Claerhout, S. Clague, M.J. Cl� ria, J. Clarke, P.G.H. Clarke, R. Clementi, E. Cleyrat, C. Cnop, M. Coccia, E.M. Cocco, T. Codogno, P. Coers, J. Cohen, E.E.W. Colecchia, D. Coletto, L. Coll, N.S. Colucci-Guyon, E. Comincini, S. Condello, M. Cook, K.L. Coombs, G.H. Cooper, C.D. Cooper, J.M. Coppens, I. Corasaniti, M.T. Corazzari, M. Corbalan, R. Corcelle-Termeau, E. Cordero, M.D. Corral-Ramos, C. Corti, O. Cossarizza, A. Costelli, P. Costes, S. Cotman, S.L. Coto-Montes, A. Cottet, S. Couve, E. Covey, L.R. Cowart, L.A. Cox, J.S. Coxon, F.P. Coyne, C.B. Cragg, M.S. Craven, R.J. Crepaldi, T. Crespo, J.L. Criollo, A. Crippa, V. Cruz, M.T. Cuervo, A.M. Cuezva, J.M. Cui, T. Cutillas, P.R. Czaja, M.J. Czyzyk-Krzeska, M.F. Dagda, R.K. Dahmen, U. Dai, C. Dai, W. Dai, Y. Dalby, K.N. Valle, L.D. Dalmasso, G. D'amelio, M. Damme, M. Darfeuille-Michaud, A. Dargemont, C. Darley-Usmar, V.M. Dasarathy, S. Dasgupta, B. Dash, S. Dass, C.R. Davey, H.M. Davids, L.M. Dávila, D. Davis, R.J. Dawson, T.M. Dawson, V.L. Daza, P. de Belleroche, J. de Figueiredo, P. de Figueiredo, R.C.B.Q. de la Fuente, J. De Martino, L. De Matteis, A. De Meyer, G.R.Y. De Milito, A. De Santi, M. de Souza, W. De Tata, V. De Zio, D. Debnath, J. Dechant, R. Decuypere, J.-P. Deegan, S. Dehay, B. Del Bello, B. Del Re, D.P. Delage-Mourroux, R. Delbridge, L.M.D. Deldicque, L. Delorme-Axford, E. Deng, Y. Dengjel, J. Denizot, M. Dent, P. Der, C.J. Deretic, V. Derrien, B. Deutsch, E. Devarenne, T.P. Devenish, R.J. Di Bartolomeo, S. Di Daniele, N. Di Domenico, F. Di Nardo, A. Di Paola, S. Di Pietro, A. Di Renzo, L. Di Antonio, A. Díaz-Araya, G. Díaz-Laviada, I. Diaz-Meco, M.T. Diaz-Nido, J. Dickey, C.A. Dickson, R.C. Diederich, M. Digard, P. Dikic, I. Dinesh-Kumar, S.P. Ding, C. Ding, W.-X. Ding, Z. Dini, L. Distler, J.H.W. Diwan, A. Djavaheri-Mergny, M. Dmytruk, K. Dobson, R.C.J. Doetsch, V. Dokladny, K. Dokudovskaya, S. Donadelli, M. Dong, X.C. Dong, X. Dong, Z. Donohue, T.M., Jr. Donohue-Jr, T.M. Doran, K.S. D'orazi, G. Dorn, G.W., II Dosenko, V. Dridi, S. Drucker, L. Du, J. Du, L.-L. Du, L. du Toit, A. Dua, P. Duan, L. Duann, P. Dubey, V.K. Duchen, M.R. Duchosal, M.A. Duez, H. Dugail, I. Dumit, V.I. Duncan, M.C. Dunlop, E.A. Dunn, W.A., Jr. Dupont, N. Dupuis, L. Durán, R.V. Durcan, T.M. Duvezin-Caubet, S. Duvvuri, U. Eapen, V. Ebrahimi-Fakhari, D. Echard, A. Eckhart, L. Edelstein, C.L. Edinger, A.L. Eichinger, L. Eisenberg, T. Eisenberg-Lerner, A. Eissa, N.T. El-Deiry, W.S. El-Khoury, V. Elazar, Z. Eldar-Finkelman, H. Elliott, C.J.H. Emanuele, E. Emmenegger, U. Engedal, N. Engelbrecht, A.-M. Engelender, S. Enserink, J.M. Erdmann, R. Erenpreisa, J. Eri, R. Eriksen, J.L. Erman, A. Escalante, R. Eskelinen, E.-L. Espert, L. Esteban-Martínez, L. Evans, T.J. Fabri, M. Fabrias, G. Fabrizi, C. Facchiano, A. Færgeman, N.J. Faggioni, A. Fairlie, W.D. Fan, C. Fan, D. Fan, J. Fang, S. Fanto, M. Fanzani, A. Farkas, T. Faure, M. Favier, F.B. Fearnhead, H. Federici, M. Fei, E. Felizardo, T.C. Feng, H. Feng, Y. Feng, Y. Ferguson, T.A. Fernández, Á.F. Fernandez-Barrena, M.G. Fernandez-Checa, J.C. Fernández-López, A. Fernandez-Zapico, M.E. Feron, O. Ferraro, E. Ferreira-Halder, C.V. Fesus, L. Feuer, R. Fiesel, F.C. Filippi-Chiela, E.C. Filomeni, G. Fimia, G.M. Fingert, J.H. Finkbeiner, S. Finkel, T. Fiorito, F. Fisher, P.B. Flajolet, M. 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Vaccaro, M.I. Váchová, L. Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H. Valdor, R. Valente, E.M. Vallette, F. Valverde, A.M. Van den Berghe, G. Van Den Bosch, L. van den Brink, G.R. van der Goot, F.G. van der Klei, I.J. van der Laan, L.J.W. van Doorn, W.G. van Egmond, M. van Golen, K.L. Van Kaer, L. Campagne, M.L. Vandenabeele, P. Vandenberghe, W. Vanhorebeek, I. Varela-Nieto, I. Vasconcelos, M.H. Vasko, R. Vavvas, D.G. Vega-Naredo, I. Velasco, G. Velentzas, A.D. Velentzas, P.D. Vellai, T. Vellenga, E. Vendelbo, M.H. Venkatachalam, K. Ventura, N. Ventura, S. Veras, P.S.T. Verdier, M. Vertessy, B.G. Viale, A. Vidal, M. Vieira, H.L.A. Vierstra, R.D. Vigneswaran, N. Vij, N. Vila, M. Villar, M. Villar, V.H. Villarroya, J. Vindis, C. Viola, G. Viscomi, M.T. Vitale, G. Vogl, D.T. Voitsekhovskaja, O.V. von Haefen, C. von Schwarzenberg, K. Voth, D.E. Vouret-Craviari, V. Vuori, K. Vyas, J.M. Waeber, C. Walker, C.L. Walker, M.J. Walter, J. Wan, L. Wan, X. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, C.-Y. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, C. 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Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J.-P. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, M.-Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, M. Zhao, W.-L. Zhao, X. Zhao, Y.G. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y.-X. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Z.J. Zheng, D. Zheng, X.-L. Zheng, X. Zhivotovsky, B. Zhong, Q. Zhou, G.-Z. Zhou, G. Zhou, H. Zhou, S.-F. Zhou, X.-J. Zhu, H. Zhu, H. Zhu, W.-G. Zhu, W. Zhu, X.-F. Zhu, Y. Zhuang, S.-M. Zhuang, X. Ziparo, E. Zois, C.E. Zoladek, T. Zong, W.-X. Zorzano, A. Zughaier, S.M.
Published: 2016

29. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

Author: Klionsky, D.J. Abdelmohsen, K. Abe, A. Abedin, M.J. Abeliovich, H. Arozena, A.A. Adachi, H. Adams, C.M. Adams, P.D. Adeli, K. Adhihetty, P.J. Adler, S.G. Agam, G. Agarwal, R. Aghi, M.K. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguilar, P.V. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. Airoldi, E.M. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akporiaye, E.T. Al-Rubeai, M. Albaiceta, G.M. Albanese, C. Albani, D. Albert, M.L. Aldudo, J. Algül, H. Alirezaei, M. Alloza, I. Almasan, A. Almonte-Beceril, M. Alnemri, E.S. Alonso, C. Altan-Bonnet, N. Altieri, D.C. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Erviti, L. Alves, S. Amadoro, G. Amano, A. Amantini, C. Ambrosio, S. Amelio, I. Amer, A.O. Amessou, M. Amon, A. An, Z. Anania, F.A. Andersen, S.U. Andley, U.P. Andreadi, C.K. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anel, A. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Antonioli, M. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Aquila, S. Aquilano, K. Araki, K. Arama, E. Aranda, A. Araya, J. Arcaro, A. Arias, E. Arimoto, H. Ariosa, A.R. Armstrong, J.L. Arnould, T. Arsov, I. Asanuma, K. Askanas, V. Asselin, E. Atarashi, R. Atherton, S.S. Atkin, J.D. Attardi, L.D. Auberger, P. Auburger, G. Aurelian, L. Autelli, R. Avagliano, L. Avantaggiati, M.L. Avrahami, L. Azad, N. Awale, S. Bachetti, T. Backer, J.M. Bae, D.-H. Bae, J.-S. Bae, O.-N. Bae, S.H. Baehrecke, E.H. Baek, S.-H. Baghdiguian, S. Bagniewska-Zadworna, A. Bai, H. Bai, J. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Balaji, K.N. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Balzan, R. Banerjee, R. Bánhegyi, G. Bao, H. Barbeau, B. Barrachina, M.D. Barreiro, E. Bartel, B. Bartolomé, A. Bassham, D.C. Bassi, M.T. Bast, R.C., Jr. Basu, A. Batista, M.T. Batoko, H. Battino, M. Bauckman, K. Baumgarner, B.L. Bayer, K.U. Beale, R. Beaulieu, J.-F. Beck, G.R., Jr. Becker, C. Beckham, J.D. Bédard, P.-A. Bednarski, P.J. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Behrens, G.M.N. Behrns, K.E. Bejarano, E. Belaid, A. Belleudi, F. Bénard, G. Berchem, G. Bergamaschi, D. Bergami, M. Berkhout, B. Berliocchi, L. Bernard, A. Bernard, M. Bernassola, F. Bertolotti, A. Bess, A.S. Besteiro, S. Bettuzzi, S. Bhalla, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhutia, S.K. Biagosch, C. Bianchi, M.W. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Billes, V. Bincoletto, C. Bingol, B. Bird, S.W. Bitoun, M. Bjedov, I. Blackstone, C. Blanc, L. Blanco, G.A. Blomhoff, H.K. Boada-Romero, E. Böckler, S. Boes, M. Boesze-Battaglia, K. Boise, L.H. Bolino, A. Boman, A. Bonaldo, P. Bordi, M. Bosch, J. Botana, L.M. Botti, J. Bou, G. Bouché, M. Bouchecareilh, M. Boucher, M.-J. Boulton, M.E. Bouret, S.G. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N. Braga, V.M.M. Brancolini, C. Braus, G.H. Bravo-San-Pedro, J.M. Brennan, L.A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bringer, M.-A. Brini, M. Brito, G.C. Brodin, B. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brown, K. Broxmeyer, H.E. Bruhat, A. Brum, P.C. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Bryson-Richardson, R.J. Buch, S. Buchan, A.M. Budak, H. Bulavin, D.V. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Bumbasirevic, V. Burelle, Y. Burke, R.E. Burmeister, M. Bütikofer, P. Caberlotto, L. Cadwell, K. Cahova, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calatayud, S. Camougrand, N. Campanella, M. Campbell, G.R. Campbell, M. Campello, S. Candau, R. Caniggia, I. Cantoni, L. Cao, L. Caplan, A.B. Caraglia, M. Cardinali, C. Cardoso, S.M. Carew, J.S. Carleton, L.A. Carlin, C.R. Carloni, S. Carlsson, S.R. Carmona-Gutierrez, D. Carneiro, L.A.M. Carnevali, O. Carra, S. Carrier, A. Carroll, B. Casas, C. Casas, J. Cassinelli, G. Castets, P. Castro-Obregon, S. Cavallini, G. Ceccherini, I. Cecconi, F. Cederbaum, A.I. Ceña, V. Cenci, S. Cerella, C. Cervia, D. Cetrullo, S. Chaachouay, H. Chae, H.-J. Chagin, A.S. Chai, C.-Y. Chakrabarti, G. Chamilos, G. Chan, E.Y.W. Chan, M.T.V. Chandra, D. Chandra, P. Chang, C.-P. Chang, R.C.-C. Chang, T.Y. Chatham, J.C. Chatterjee, S. Chauhan, S. Che, Y. Cheetham, M.E. Cheluvappa, R. Chen, C.-J. Chen, G. Chen, G.-C. Chen, G. Chen, H. Chen, J.W. Chen, J.-K. Chen, M. Chen, M. Chen, P. Chen, Q. Chen, Q. Chen, S.-D. Chen, S. Chen, S.S.-L. Chen, W. Chen, W.-J. Chen, W.Q. Chen, W. Chen, X. Chen, Y.-H. Chen, Y.-G. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y.-J. Chen, Y.-Q. Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Cheng, A. Cheng, C.H.K. Cheng, H. Cheong, H. Cherry, S. Chesney, J. Cheung, C.H.A. Chevet, E. Chi, H.C. Chi, S.-G. Chiacchiera, F. Chiang, H.-L. Chiarelli, R. Chiariello, M. Chieppa, M. Chin, L.-S. Chiong, M. Chiu, G.N.C. Cho, D.-H. Cho, S.-G. Cho, W.C. Cho, Y.-Y. Cho, Y.-S. Choi, A.M.K. Choi, E.-J. Choi, E.-K. Choi, J. Choi, M.E. Choi, S.-I. Chou, T.-F. Chouaib, S. Choubey, D. Choubey, V. Chow, K.-C. Chowdhury, K. Chu, C.T. Chuang, T.-H. Chun, T. Chung, H. Chung, T. Chung, Y.-L. Chwae, Y.-J. Cianfanelli, V. Ciarcia, R. Ciechomska, I.A. Ciriolo, M.R. Cirone, M. Claerhout, S. Clague, M.J. Clària, J. Clarke, P.G.H. Clarke, R. Clementi, E. Cleyrat, C. Cnop, M. Coccia, E.M. Cocco, T. Codogno, P. Coers, J. Cohen, E.E.W. Colecchia, D. Coletto, L. Coll, N.S. Colucci-Guyon, E. Comincini, S. Condello, M. Cook, K.L. Coombs, G.H. Cooper, C.D. Cooper, J.M. Coppens, I. Corasaniti, M.T. Corazzari, M. Corbalan, R. 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Satriano, J. Savaraj, N. Saveljeva, S. Schaefer, L. Schaible, U.E. Scharl, M. Schatzl, H.M. Schekman, R. Scheper, W. Schiavi, A. Schipper, H.M. Schmeisser, H. Schmidt, J. Schmitz, I. Schneider, B.E. Schneider, E.M. Schneider, J.L. Schon, E.A. Schönenberger, M.J. Schönthal, A.H. Schorderet, D.F. Schröder, B. Schuck, S. Schulze, R.J. Schwarten, M. Schwarz, T.L. Sciarretta, S. Scotto, K. Scovassi, A.I. Screaton, R.A. Screen, M. Seca, H. Sedej, S. Segatori, L. Segev, N. Seglen, P.O. Seguí-Simarro, J.M. Segura-Aguilar, J. Seiliez, I. Seki, E. Sell, C. Semenkovich, C.F. Semenza, G.L. Sen, U. Serra, A.L. Serrano-Puebla, A. Sesaki, H. Setoguchi, T. Settembre, C. Shacka, J.J. Shajahan-Haq, A.N. Shapiro, I.M. Sharma, S. She, H. Shen, C.-K.J. Shen, C.-C. Shen, H.-M. Shen, S. Shen, W. Sheng, R. Sheng, X. Sheng, Z.-H. Shepherd, T.G. Shi, J. Shi, Q. Shi, Q. Shi, Y. Shibutani, S. Shibuya, K. Shidoji, Y. Shieh, J.-J. Shih, C.-M. Shimada, Y. Shimizu, S. Shin, D.W. Shinohara, M.L. Shintani, M. Shintani, T. Shioi, T. Shirabe, K. Shiri-Sverdlov, R. Shirihai, O. Shore, G.C. Shu, C.-W. Shukla, D. Sibirny, A.A. Sica, V. Sigurdson, C.J. Sigurdsson, E.M. Sijwali, P.S. Sikorska, B. Silveira, W.A. Silvente-Poirot, S. Silverman, G.A. Simak, J. Simmet, T. Simon, A.K. Simon, H.-U. Simone, C. Simons, M. Simonsen, A. Singh, R. Singh, S.V. Singh, S.K. Sinha, D. Sinha, S. Sinicrope, F.A. Sirko, A. Sirohi, K. Sishi, B.J.N. Sittler, A. Siu, P.M. Sivridis, E. Skwarska, A. Slack, R. Slaninová, I. Slavov, N. Smaili, S.S. Smalley, K.S.M. Smith, D.R. Soenen, S.J. Soleimanpour, S.A. Solhaug, A. Somasundaram, K. Son, J.H. Sonawane, A. Song, C. Song, F. Song, H.K. Song, J.-X. Song, W. Soo, K.Y. Sood, A.K. Soong, T.W. Soontornniyomkij, V. Sorice, M. Sotgia, F. Soto-Pantoja, D.R. Sotthibundhu, A. Sousa, M.J. Spaink, H.P. Span, P.N. Spang, A. Sparks, J.D. Speck, P.G. Spector, S.A. Spies, C.D. Springer, W. Clair, D.S. Stacchiotti, A. Staels, B. Stang, M.T. Starczynowski, D.T. Starokadomskyy, P. Steegborn, C. Steele, J.W. Stefanis, L. Steffan, J. Stellrecht, C.M. Stenmark, H. Stepkowski, T.M. Stern, S.T. Stevens, C. Stockwell, B.R. Stoka, V. Storchova, Z. Stork, B. Stratoulias, V. Stravopodis, D.J. Strnad, P. Strohecker, A.M. Ström, A.-L. Stromhaug, P. Stulik, J. Su, Y.-X. Su, Z. Subauste, C.S. Subramaniam, S. Sue, C.M. Suh, S.W. Sui, X. Sukseree, S. Sulzer, D. Sun, F.-L. Sun, J. Sun, J. Sun, S.-Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sundaramoorthy, V. Sung, J. Suzuki, H. Suzuki, K. Suzuki, N. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, Y.J. Swanson, M.S. Swanton, C. Swärd, K. Swarup, G. Sweeney, S.T. Sylvester, P.W. Szatmari, Z. Szegezdi, E. Szlosarek, P.W. Taegtmeyer, H. Tafani, M. Taillebourg, E. Tait, S.W.G. Takacs-Vellai, K. Takahashi, Y. Takáts, S. Takemura, G. Takigawa, N. Talbot, N.J. Tamagno, E. Tamburini, J. Tan, C.-P. Tan, L. Tan, M.L. Tan, M. Tan, Y.-J. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Tang, D. Tang, D. Tang, G. Tanida, I. Tanji, K. Tannous, B.A. Tapia, J.A. Tasset-Cuevas, I. Tatar, M. Tavassoly, I. Tavernarakis, N. Taylor, A. Taylor, G.S. Taylor, G.A. Taylor, J.P. Taylor, M.J. Tchetina, E.V. Tee, A.R. Teixeira-Clerc, F. Telang, S. Tencomnao, T. Teng, B.-B. Teng, R.-J. Terro, F. Tettamanti, G. Theiss, A.L. Theron, A.E. Thomas, K.J. Thomé, M.P. Thomes, P.G. Thorburn, A. Thorner, J. Thum, T. Thumm, M. Thurston, T.L.M. Tian, L. Till, A. Ting, J.P.-Y. Ting, J.P.Y. Titorenko, V.I. Toker, L. Toldo, S. Tooze, S.A. Topisirovic, I. Torgersen, M.L. Torosantucci, L. Torriglia, A. Torrisi, M.R. Tournier, C. Towns, R. Trajkovic, V. Travassos, L.H. Triola, G. Tripathi, D.N. Trisciuoglio, D. Troncoso, R. Trougakos, I.P. Truttmann, A.C. Tsai, K.-J. Tschan, M.P. Tseng, Y.-H. Tsukuba, T. Tsung, A. Tsvetkov, A.S. Tu, S. Tuan, H.-Y. Tucci, M. Tumbarello, D.A. Turk, B. Turk, V. Turner, R.F.B. Tveita, A.A. Tyagi, S.C. Ubukata, M. Uchiyama, Y. Udelnow, A. Ueno, T. Umekawa, M. Umemiya-Shirafuji, R. Underwood, B.R. Ungermann, C. Ureshino, R.P. Ushioda, R. Uversky, V.N. Uzcátegui, N.L. Vaccari, T. Vaccaro, M.I. Váchová, L. Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H. Valdor, R. Valente, E.M. Vallette, F. Valverde, A.M. Van den Berghe, G. Van Den Bosch, L. van den Brink, G.R. van der Goot, F.G. van der Klei, I.J. van der Laan, L.J.W. van Doorn, W.G. van Egmond, M. van Golen, K.L. Van Kaer, L. Campagne, M.L. Vandenabeele, P. Vandenberghe, W. Vanhorebeek, I. Varela-Nieto, I. Vasconcelos, M.H. Vasko, R. Vavvas, D.G. Vega-Naredo, I. Velasco, G. Velentzas, A.D. Velentzas, P.D. Vellai, T. Vellenga, E. Vendelbo, M.H. Venkatachalam, K. Ventura, N. Ventura, S. Veras, P.S.T. Verdier, M. Vertessy, B.G. Viale, A. Vidal, M. Vieira, H.L.A. Vierstra, R.D. Vigneswaran, N. Vij, N. Vila, M. Villar, M. Villar, V.H. Villarroya, J. Vindis, C. Viola, G. Viscomi, M.T. Vitale, G. Vogl, D.T. Voitsekhovskaja, O.V. von Haefen, C. von Schwarzenberg, K. Voth, D.E. Vouret-Craviari, V. Vuori, K. Vyas, J.M. Waeber, C. Walker, C.L. Walker, M.J. Walter, J. Wan, L. Wan, X. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, C.-Y. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, C. 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Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J.-P. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, M.-Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, M. Zhao, W.-L. Zhao, X. Zhao, Y.G. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y.-X. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Z.J. Zheng, D. Zheng, X.-L. Zheng, X. Zhivotovsky, B. Zhong, Q. Zhou, G.-Z. Zhou, G. Zhou, H. Zhou, S.-F. Zhou, X.-J. Zhu, H. Zhu, H. Zhu, W.-G. Zhu, W. Zhu, X.-F. Zhu, Y. Zhuang, S.-M. Zhuang, X. Ziparo, E. Zois, C.E. Zoladek, T. Zong, W.-X. Zorzano, A. Zughaier, S.M.
Published: 2016

30. Clinic manifestations in granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Author: Massimo Fusconi, Andrea Gallo, A. De Virgilio, G.F. Macri, C. Marinelli, Antonio Greco, Zambetti G, and M. De Vincentiis
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Pathology, Respiratory System, Immunology, Population, neurological symptoms, Kidney, medicine.disease_cause, vasculitis, Autoimmunity, vascular symptoms, vertigo, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, stomatognathic system, Azathioprine, autoimmunity, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, wegener's granulomatosis, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, education, Cyclophosphamide, Glucocorticoids, Survival rate, Nose, Inflammation, 030203 arthritis & rheumatology, Pharmacology, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Incidence, Editorials, medicine.disease, Dermatology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Paranasal sinuses, Etiology, business, Vasculitis, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG), is an uncommon immunologically mediated systemic small-vessel vasculitis that is pathologically characterised by an inflammatory reaction pattern (necrosis, granulomatous inflammation and vasculitis) that occurs in the upper and lower respiratory tracts and kidneys. Although the aetiology of GPA remains largely unknown, it is believed to be autoimmune in origin and triggered by environmental events on a background of genetic susceptibility. In Europe, the prevalence of GPA is five cases per 100,000 population, with greater incidence in Northern Europe. GPA can occur in all racial groups but predominantly affects Caucasians. Both sexes are affected equally. GPA affects a wide age range (age range, 8–99 years). Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is characterised by necrotising granulomatous lesions of the respiratory tract, vasculitis and glomerulonephritis. Classically, the acronym ELK is used to describe the clinical involvement of the ear, nose and throat (ENT); lungs; and kidneys. Because the upper respiratory tract is involved in 70–100% of cases of GPA, classic otorhinolaryngologic symptoms may be the first clinical manifestation of disease. The nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses are the most common sites of involvement in the head and neck area (85–100%), whereas otological disease is found in approximately 35% (range, 19–61%) of cases. Diagnosis of GPA is achieved through clinical assessment, serological tests for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and histological analysis. The 10-year survival rate is estimated to be 40% when the kidneys are involved and 60–70% when there is no kidney involvement. The standard therapy for GPA is a combination of glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide. In young patients, cyclophosphamide should be switched to azathioprine in the maintenance phase. A multidisciplinary approach, involving otorhinolaryngologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, oral physicians, rheumatologists, renal and respiratory physicians, and ophthalmologists, is necessary for the diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of GPA. ENT physicians have a determining role in recognising the early onset of the disease and starting an appropriate therapy.
Published: 2016

31. Beneficial Effects Induced by High Temperature Cycling in Aged Duplex Stainless Steel

Author: Gérard Degallaix, C. Marinelli, A.F. Armas, I. Alvarez-Armas, Suzanne Degallaix, S. Hereñú, Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille - FRE 3723 (LML), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centrale Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Toughness, Materials science, Spinodal decomposition, Mechanical Engineering, Metallurgy, 02 engineering and technology, Temperature cycling, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, high temperature, embrittlement, Mechanics of Materials, Duplex (building), Ferrite (iron), 0103 physical sciences, fatigue, General Materials Science, Duplex stainless steel, 0210 nano-technology, Cycling, Embrittlement, Chemical composition
Abstract: The cyclic behavior of type DIN 1.4460 duplex stainless steels in as-received and aged conditions was investigated at room temperature and at 500°C. At room temperature, the aged samples showed embrittlement effects such as loss of toughness and reduction of fatigue life. At 500°C, beneficial effects of the synergy between temperature and strain cycling were observed. It is proposed that at high temperature in the ferrite the strain cycling can decompose the chemical composition fluctuations, promoting a demodulation of the spinodal decomposition formed by aging.
Published: 2007
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32. Assessment of three year experience of a strategy for patient selection and timing of operation in the management of acute thoracic and lumbar spine fractures: a prospective study

Author: R. Conti, H Mouchaty, C. Marinelli, Peter S. Conti, M. D’Andrea, S. Aito, and N. Di Lorenzo
Subjects: Adult, Diagnostic Imaging, Male, Emergency Medical Services, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Adolescent, Neurosurgical Procedures, Thoracic Vertebrae, Lumbar, Clinical Protocols, Preoperative Care, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Child, Prospective cohort study, Spinal Cord Injuries, Selection (genetic algorithm), Aged, Neuroradiology, Aged, 80 and over, Neurologic Examination, Lumbar Vertebrae, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Patient Selection, Interventional radiology, Middle Aged, Decompression, Surgical, Radiography, Treatment Outcome, Physical therapy, Acute spinal cord injury, Spinal Fractures, Female, Surgery, Lumbar spine, Neurology (clinical), Neurosurgery, business, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to report experience gained over three years of the use of a protocol for patient selection and timing of operation for acute thoracic and lumbar fractures.At admission, all patients underwent neurological and imaging exams. All patients with a spinal cord lesion scored as ASIA A at any level inferior to T10 and as ASIA B, C or D at any level, were categorized as emergency and operated on within eight hours from trauma. ASIA A cases in the T1-T10 tract and ASIA E cases at any level were treated in the ordinary operative work schedule.Ninety-four patients with surgically treated lumbar or thoracic fractures took part in this study. On the imaging studies, 12 patients were classified as A, 50 as B and 32 as C following the AO classification. At the neurological exam, 39 patients were scored as ASIA A, nine as B, six as C, two as D and 38 as E. At follow-up, of the 39 patients scored as ASIA A, 13 (33%) improved at least one grade and of the 17 scored as ASIA B, C or D, 11 (64.7%) improved. None of the 38 patients scored as ASIA E deteriorated.The findings show that the strategy in the protocol was safe and followed by satisfactory rates of neurological outcome. Larger prospective studies, preferably randomized, are needed to establish definitively its place in the management of patients with spinal injury.
Published: 2006
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33. MARRONE DEL MUGELLO PGI CHESTNUT NUTRITIONAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC QUALITY

Author: B. Perucca, Edgardo Giordani, C. Marinelli, and Elvio Bellini
Subjects: Horticulture, media_common.quotation_subject, Organoleptic, Quality (business), Biology, media_common
Published: 2005
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34. Characterization of the temperature sensitivity of gain and recombination mechanisms in 1.3-/spl mu/m AlGaInAs MQW lasers

Author: J.C.L. Yong, J.K. White, T.J. Houle, B. Garrett, A.J. SpringThorpe, Judy M Rorison, C Marinelli, Ian H. White, and Siyuan Yu
Subjects: Materials science, Differential gain, Auger effect, business.industry, Gain, Analytical chemistry, Carrier lifetime, Atmospheric temperature range, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Semiconductor laser theory, symbols.namesake, symbols, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Current density, Diode
Abstract: The potential of 1.3-/spl mu/m AlGaInAs multiple quantum-well (MQW) laser diodes for uncooled operation in high-speed optical communication systems is experimentally evaluated by characterizing the temperature dependence of key parameters such as the threshold current, transparency current density, optical gain and carrier lifetime. Detailed measurements performed in the 20/spl deg/C-100/spl deg/C temperature range indicate a localized T/sub 0/ value of 68 K at 98/spl deg/C for a device with a 2.8 /spl mu/m ridge width and 700-/spl mu/m cavity length. The transparency current density is measured for temperatures from 20/spl deg/C to 60/spl deg/C and found to increase at a rate of 7.7 A/spl middot/cm/sup -2//spl middot/ /spl deg/C/sup -1/. Optical gain characterizations show that the peak modal gain at threshold is independent of temperature, whereas the differential gain decreases linearly with temperature at a rate of 3/spl times/10/sup -4/ A/sup -1//spl middot//spl deg/C/sup -1/. The differential carrier lifetime is determined from electrical impedance measurements and found to decrease with temperature. From the measured carrier lifetime we derive the monomolecular ( A), radiative (B), and nonradiative Auger (C) recombination coefficients and determine their temperature dependence in the 20/spl deg/C-80/spl deg/C range. Our study shows that A is temperature independent, B decreases with temperature, and C exhibits a less pronounced increase with temperature. The experimental observations are discussed and compared with theoretical predictions and measurements performed on other material systems.
Published: 2005
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35. Rare and massive odontogenic parakeratotic cyst treated by endoscopic sinus surgery: a case report

Author: Giannicola Iannella, Melissa Zelli, Giuseppe Magliulo, Dario Marcotullio, and C. Marinelli
Subjects: Male, Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery, medicine.medical_specialty, Maxillary sinus, medicine.medical_treatment, Enucleation, Endoscopic sinus surgery, Case Report, Young Adult, Maxillary Diseases, Surgical oncology, medicine, Humans, Cyst, Keratocystic odontogenic tumor, Maxillary Sinus, Odontogenic Cysts, Medicine (all), Medicine(all), business.industry, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Marsupialization, Surgery, stomatognathic diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor, business
Abstract: Introduction Keratocystic odontogenic tumors are benign neoplasms of odontogenic origin with a potential for aggressive and infiltrative behavior. Many different treatments for this type of lesion have been reported. However, no common consensus has emerged to date regarding the most effective therapeutic approach. Cases of maxillary sinus giant keratocystic odontogenic tumors completely excised by enucleation or marsupialization via endoscopic sinus surgery are extremely rare, and, to the best of our knowledge, only one case has been described in the literature since 2005. Case presentation We report a case of a 24-year-old Italian man who came to our department with maxillary sinus region swelling, pain and left nasal obstruction. A massive keratocystic odontogenic tumor involving the right maxillary sinus and causing focal erosions of the bony walls was diagnosed. The keratocystic odontogenic tumor was removed as much as possible by a transnasal approach using endoscopic sinus surgery, which produced optimal surgical and prognostic outcomes. Follow-up is reported for an 8-year period. Conclusion Conservative management in this case demonstrated good therapeutic efficacy with a low risk of recurrence. For injuries involving the maxillary sinus, the possibility of decompression or marsupialization by endoscopic sinus surgery should always be considered because it demonstrated the potential to lead to excellent results even after 8 years of follow-up in our patient. To our knowledge, no case report has described follow-up longer than 8 years for a maxillary sinus keratocystic odontogenic tumor treated with endoscopic sinus surgery.
Published: 2014
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36. How to classify the stylohyoid complex syndrome in the ICHD

Author: Salvo Martellucci, Flaminia Campo, Antonio Greco, Massimo Fusconi, C. Marinelli, Andrea Gallo, Andrea Ciofalo, and Marco de Vincentiis
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, eagle’s syndrome, business.industry, Headache Disorders, General Medicine, Dermatology, stylohyoid complex syndrome, stylohyoid complex, headache, International Classification of Diseases, Medicine, Humans, Neurology (clinical), business
Published: 2014

37. NeckGraffe

Author: Rushil Khurana, Tulika A. Saraf, Shan Li, and Elena C. Marinelli
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, education.field_of_study, Neck pain, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Population, medicine, medicine.symptom, education, Affect (psychology), Psychology, Discount points, Office workers, Simulation
Abstract: Common, complex, and burdensome to individuals and society alike, neck pain is estimated to affect more than 70% of the population at some point in life and between 12-34% of the population at a given time, with one study finding that 45.5% of office workers experienced neck pain in a 12-month period [1]. We plan to build a system that would give real time alert to the user, each time they maintain an unhealthy neck posture. The system would give a visual data analysis of the amount of time the user maintains an unhealthy neck posture and provide feedback to assume a healthy posture; and the threats involved with maintaining unhealthy posture over a long time.
Published: 2014
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38. Use of electrochemotherapy in a case of neck skin metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: Case report and considerations

Author: Andrea Gallo, Marco de Vincentiis, G.F. Macri, Antonio Greco, C. Marinelli, and Massimo Fusconi
Subjects: Male, Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Electrochemotherapy, Skin Neoplasms, medicine.medical_treatment, Case Reports, Bleomycin, Metastasis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Internal medicine, Humans, Medicine, Basal cell, Skin metastasis, Mouth neoplasm, Chemotherapy, Antibiotics, Antineoplastic, bleomycin, business.industry, skin metastasis, oral cancer, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, neck, Radiation therapy, Otorhinolaryngology, chemistry, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Mouth Neoplasms, business
Abstract: Background Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common oral cavity malignant tumor. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have been the major options for its treatment. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a novel local treatment successfully used in secondary or primary skin or subcutaneous tumors. This new cancer treatment is a modality in which a locally applied electrical field enhances cell membrane permeability, thereby allowing greater intracellular accumulation of a chemotherapeutic agent. Methods We report a case of a man affected by an ulcerated SCC. The man was treated with ECT with good results. Results In our case, ECT was successful in the management of extensive metastasis of SCC in clinical conditions, whereas other approaches were rejected. Conclusion This case shows good clinical results; however, other studies are necessary to show that ECT should be considered as a promising treatment option. © 2014 The Authors. Head & Neck Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: E86–E90, 2014
Published: 2014
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39. Electromagnetically Induced Trasparency on the first and second Resonance lines of Potassium

Author: L. Marmugi, S. Gozzini, A. Lucchesini, C. Marinelli, S. Cartaleva, S. Gateva, and A.K. Nasyrov
Subjects: diode laser, CPT resonance, potassium
Abstract: Coherent Population Trapping (CPT) is observed on the first and second resonance lines of potassium, by irradiating the vapor by 770.1 nm and 404.5 nm diode laser light, respectively. With the 770.1 nm excitation, narrow CPT resonance is observed demonstrating 80 times larger contrast than in case of Cs vapor, in coated optical cell. A theoretical model is proposed to explain strong resonance contrast enhancement. Irradiating K vapor with the 404.5 nm laser, the CPT resonance is observed both on the 404.5 nm and 770.1 nm lines, which makes the study of various cascade transitions in potassium possible.
Published: 2014

40. Neurofibromatosis type 1 with adrenal pheochromocytoma and renal artery stenosis: an uncommon entity of arterial hypertension

Author: L Petramala, L Zinnamosca, A Settevendemmie, A Concistré, C Marinelli, S Giustini, A De Luca, V Pinna, M Fedecostante, R Sarzani, and C Letizia
Subjects: Embryology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Cell Biology, Renal artery stenosis, medicine.disease, Pheochromocytoma, Adrenal Pheochromocytoma, Internal medicine, Cardiology, Medicine, Anatomy, Neurofibromatosis, business, Developmental Biology
Published: 2014

41. Is vestibular neuritis an immune related vestibular neuropathy inducing vertigo?

Author: C. Marinelli, G.F. Macri, A. De Virgilio, Massimo Fusconi, G. Pagliuca, M. De Vincentiis, Andrea Gallo, and Antonio Greco
Subjects: lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Pathology, medicine, Immunology, animals, humans, infection, vertigo, vestibular nerve, vestibular neuronitis, Review Article, Vestibular Nerve, Infections, Vascular occlusion, Pathogenesis, Immune system, Pharmacotherapy, Vertigo, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, Immunology and Allergy, Animals, Humans, Vestibular Neuronitis, Vestibular system, biology, business.industry, General Medicine, Vestibular nerve, biology.organism_classification, Etiology, sense organs, medicine.symptom, business, lcsh:RC581-607
Abstract: Objectives. To review the current knowledge of the aetiology of vestibular neuritis including viral infections, vascular occlusion, and immunomediated mechanisms and to discuss the pathogenesis with relevance to pharmacotherapy.Systematic Review Methodology. Relevant publications on the aetiology and treatment of vestibular neuritis from 1909 to 2013 were analysed.Results and Conclusions. Vestibular neuritis is the second most common cause of peripheral vestibular vertigo and is due to a sudden unilateral loss of vestibular function. Vestibular neuronitis is a disorder thought to represent the vestibular-nerve equivalent of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Histopathological studies of patients who died from unrelated clinical problems have demonstrated degeneration of the superior vestibular nerve. The characteristic signs and symptoms include sudden and prolonged vertigo, the absence of auditory symptoms, and the absence of other neurological symptoms. The aetiology and pathogenesis of the condition remain unknown. Proposed theories of causation include viral infections, vascular occlusion, and immunomediated mechanisms. The management of vestibular neuritis involves symptomatic treatment with antivertiginous drugs, causal treatment with corticosteroids, and physical therapy. Antiviral agents did not improve the outcomes.
Published: 2013

42. Rib waveguide dye-doped polymer amplifier with up to 26dB optical gain at 625nm

Author: Ian H. White, M. A. Reilly, Richard V. Penty, C.N. Morgan, Donal D. C. Bradley, M. C. Ramon, Ruidong Xia, M. Ariu, and C Marinelli
Subjects: Optical amplifier, Photoluminescence, Materials science, Dye laser, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, Amplifier, Waveguide (optics), Signal, Optical pumping, Rhodamine, chemistry.chemical_compound, Optics, chemistry, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract: We report optical signal amplification in a solid-state dye-doped polymer with a rib waveguide structure. A 625nm pulsed signal and a collinear 575nm pump are coupled into a 1μm×120μm poly(methyl methacrylate) waveguide doped with 1% by weight Rhodamine 640 dye. Depending on the signal intensity, a maximum optical gain in the 21–26dB range is obtained from a 1.2-cm-long device, accompanied by a signal-to-noise ratio in the 9–16dB range.
Published: 2004
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43. 35GHz mode-locking of 1.3μm quantum dot lasers

Author: Richard V. Penty, M. Lammlin, K.T. Tan, Matthias Kuntz, C Marinelli, V.M. Ustinov, Mark G. Thompson, Dieter Bimberg, Ian H. White, A. R. Kovsh, A.E. Zhukov, Yu. M. Shernyakov, and Gerrit Fiol
Subjects: Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, Laser, Active layer, Semiconductor laser theory, Gallium arsenide, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Optics, chemistry, Mode-locking, Quantum dot laser, Etching (microfabrication), law, Optoelectronics, business, Jitter
Abstract: 35GHz passive mode-locking of 1.3μm (InGa)As∕GaAs quantum dot lasers is reported. Hybrid mode-locking was achieved at frequencies up to 20GHz. The minimum pulse width of the Fourier-limited pulses was 7ps with a peak power of 6mW. Low uncorrelated timing jitter below 1ps was found in cross correlation experiments. High-frequency operation of the lasers was eased by a ridge waveguide design that includes etching through the active layer.
Published: 2004
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44. High Bit Rate and Elevated Temperature Data Transmission Using InGaAs Quantum-Dot Lasers

Author: M. Lammlin, Richard V. Penty, Dieter Bimberg, N. N. Ledentsov, K.T. Tan, Ian H. White, Mark Silver, V.M. Ustinov, Roman Sellin, A.E. Zhukov, Matthias Kuntz, C Marinelli, Adrian Wonfor, A. R. Kovsh, and Mark G. Thompson
Subjects: Multi-mode optical fiber, Materials science, business.industry, Single-mode optical fiber, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Optics, Transmission (telecommunications), Quantum dot laser, Modulation, Fiber laser, Q factor, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Data transmission
Abstract: A 5-Gb/s data modulation and transmission is investigated using Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot InGaAs quantum-dot lasers emitting at approximately 1.3 /spl mu/m. Error-free transmission of 5-Gb/s data at room temperature over 4 km of single-mode fiber (SMF) and over 500 m of installed grade multimode fiber are demonstrated for the first time. The temperature dependence of the data modulation performance is also studied. We report error-free 2.5-Gb/s data modulation up to 50/spl deg/C and transmission over 4 km of SMF with a Q-factor penalty of 0.5 dB. Error-free 5-Gb/s data modulation is observed up to 30/spl deg/C and 5-Gb/s data transmission over 4 km of SMF with a Q-factor penalty of 0.8 dB is obtained at 40/spl deg/C. The lack of overshoot and ringing in the eye diagrams is attributed to the large damping factor observed under small-signal modulation.
Published: 2004
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45. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome

Author: Rosaria Turchetta, G.F. Macri, Antonio Greco, C. Marinelli, A. De Virgilio, M. De Vincentiis, Andrea Gallo, and Massimo Fusconi
Subjects: Immunology, Autoimmunity, Vitiligo, Disease, Autoimmune Diseases, Uveitis, Pharmacotherapy, Autoimmunity, Harada syndrome, Hearing loss, Hypoacusis, Uveitis, Autoimmune Process, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, Humans, Autoimmune disease, Hypoacusis, business.industry, Hearing loss, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Self Tolerance, Harada syndrome, business, Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome, Meningitis, Poliosis, HLA-DRB1 Chains
Abstract: Objectives The objectives of this study are to review our current knowledge of the aetiopathogenesis of Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome, including viral infection, genetic factors and immunomediated mechanisms, and to discuss pathogenesis and its relevance to pharmacotherapy. Systematic review methodology Relevant publications from 1965 to 2012 on the aetiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of VKHS were analysed. Results and conclusion Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome (VKHS) is a rare multisystemic autoimmune disease that affects tissues containing melanin, including the eye, inner ear, meninges, and skin. The disease is characterised by bilateral uveitis associated with a varying constellation of auditory, neurological and cutaneous manifestations. The disease occurs more frequently among people with darker skin pigmentation. Asians, Native Americans, and Hispanics are most frequently affected. It predominates in patients aged between 20 and 50 years, and females are affected more frequently, with a female:male ratio of 2:1. The classic clinical course is characterised by bilateral panuveitis, hypoacusis, and meningitis, in addition to cutaneous involvement with poliosis, vitiligo, and alopecia. Although the exact cause of VKH disease remains unknown, it is thought to be a T-cell-mediated autoimmune process directed against melanocytes. VKHS classically begins with vague systemic symptoms suggestive of a viral infection, although a clear association between a specific viral agent and the disease has not been established. Genetic factors may play an important role in the loss of self-tolerance in VKHS. The HLA-DRB1*0405 allele is the main susceptibility allele for VKHS. Early and aggressive systemic corticosteroids are still the primary initial therapy for VKHS. Ocular complications may require an intravitreous injection of corticosteroids. Despite proper treatment with steroids, a number of patients experience recurrent attacks or steroid-associated complications. Thus, non steroid immunomodulatory therapy (IMT) has become necessary for the treatment of VKHS.
Published: 2013

46. Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma and Tonsil Metastasis

Author: G.F. Macri, Giuseppe Magliulo, C. Marinelli, Melissa Zelli, Dario Marcotullio, and Giannicola Iannella
Subjects: Renal clear cell carcinoma, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Histology, Case Report, General Medicine, renal carcinoma, medicine.disease, lcsh:Otorhinolaryngology, lcsh:RF1-547, Nephrectomy, Tonsillectomy, Metastasis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Renal cell carcinoma, Tonsil, tonsil, Clear cell carcinoma, medicine, metastasis, business
Abstract: Renal cell carcinoma is the most common renal tumor in adults. Clear cell carcinoma represents 85% of all histological subtypes. In February 2012 a 72-year-old woman came to our department due to the appearance of massive hemoptysis and pharyngodinia. Previously, this patient was diagnosed with a renal cell carcinoma treated with left nephrectomy. We observed an exophytic, grayish, and ulcerated mass in the left tonsillar lodge and decided to subject the patient to an immediate tonsillectomy. Postoperative histology showed nests of cells with highly hyperchromatic nuclei and clear cytoplasm. These features enabled us to make the diagnosis of renal clear cell carcinoma metastasis. Only few authors described metastasis of renal cell carcinoma in this specific site.
Published: 2013

47. Cogan's syndrome: an autoimmune inner ear disease

Author: C. Marinelli, Antonio Greco, Massimo Fusconi, A. De Virgilio, M. De Vincentiis, Andrea Gallo, R. Turchetta, Giuseppe Magliulo, and G.F. Macri
Subjects: Systemic disease, business.industry, Immunology, Labyrinth Diseases, Autoimmune inner ear disease, Disease, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, Autoimmunity, Autoimmune Diseases, Pathogenesis, Pharmacotherapy, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Animals, Cogan Syndrome, Humans, Vasculitis, business, Pathological, autoimmune inner ear diseases, aetiopathogenesis, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic auto-antibody, vasculitis, therapy, cogan's syndrome, autoimmunity, Autoantibodies
Abstract: Objectives The objective of our study was to review our current knowledge of the aetiopathogenesis of Cogan's syndrome, including viral infection and autoimmunity, and to discuss disease pathogenesis with relevance to pharmacotherapy. Systematic review methodology Relevant publications on the aetiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of Cogan's syndrome from 1945 to 2012 were analysed. Results and conclusions Cogan's syndrome is a rare autoimmune vasculitis, and its pathogenesis is unknown. Infection, but primarily autoimmunity, may play contributing roles in the pathogenesis of this disease. It is characterised by ocular and audiovestibular symptoms similar to those of Meniere's syndrome. Approximately 70% of patients have systemic disease, of which vasculitis is considered the pathological mechanism. The immunologic theory is based on the release of auto-antibodies against corneal, inner ear and endothelial antigens, and of anti-nuclear cytoplasmic auto-antibodies (ANCA). Corticosteroids are the first line of treatment, and multiple immunosuppressive drugs have been tried with varying degrees of success. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha blockers are a category of immunosuppressive agents representing a recent novel therapeutic option in Cogan's syndrome.
Published: 2012

48. Cricoarytenoid joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: radiologic evaluation

Author: G.F. Macri, Antonio Greco, Anna Teresa Benincasa, Marco de Vincentiis, Massimo Fusconi, C. Marinelli, and Elisabetta Polettini
Subjects: musculoskeletal diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, Arthritis, Cricoarytenoid Joint, Cricoid Cartilage, Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Diagnosis, Differential, Pathognomonic, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, medicine, Humans, Subluxation, business.industry, Cartilage, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Dysphagia, Surgery, medicine.anatomical_structure, Otorhinolaryngology, Rheumatoid arthritis, Female, Radiology, medicine.symptom, business, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Odynophagia, Arytenoid Cartilage
Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis rarely involves the cricoarytenoid joint. The possible consequent symptom includes hoarseness, dysphagia, odynophagia, dysfunctional dysphonia, and acute dyspnea. Etiologic diagnosis is possible with high-resolution computed tomography, which can show spacing of the articular cartilage, density and volume alterations, and subluxation of the cartilage. However, these radiologic signs are not pathognomonic for rheumatoid arthritis, and they should be combined with anamnestic data.
Published: 2012

49. Meniere's disease might be an autoimmune condition?

Author: C. Marinelli, M. De Vincentiis, Antonio Greco, Andrea Gallo, G.F. Macri, and Massimo Fusconi
Subjects: Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Immunology, Disease, meniere's disease, Etanercept, Autoimmune Diseases, Pathogenesis, Antiphospholipid syndrome, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, medicine, aetiopathogenesis, Immunology and Allergy, Animals, Humans, Meniere Disease, therapy, business.industry, Autoimmune inner ear disease, histopathology, medicine.disease, Ear, Inner, Sensorineural hearing loss, sense organs, medicine.symptom, business, Tinnitus, medicine.drug, Meniere's disease
Abstract: Objectives To review our current knowledge of the pathogenesis of Meniere's disease, including viral infection and immune system-mediated mechanisms, and to discuss the pathogenesis as it relates to pharmacotherapy. Systematic review methodology Relevant publications on the aetiopathogenesis, molecular biology, genetics and histopathology of Meniere's disease from 1861 to 2011 were analysed. Results and conclusions Meniere's disease is characterised by intermittent episodes of vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural pressure. The aetiology and pathogenesis remain unknown. Proposed theories of causation include viral infections and immune system-mediated mechanisms. The immune response in Meniere's disease is focused on inner ear antigens. Approximately one-third of Meniere's disease cases seem to be of an autoimmune origin although the immunological mechanisms involved are not clear. The diagnosis of autoimmune inner ear disease is based either on clinical criteria or on a positive response to steroids. The antiviral approach has virtually eliminated the use of various surgical methods used in the past. Steroid responsiveness is high, and with prompt treatment, inner ear damage may be reversible. The administration of etanercept improves or stabilises symptoms in treated patients. Treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome can be directed toward preventing thromboembolic events by using antithrombotic medications. Only warfarin has been shown to be effective. Gene therapy can be used to transfer genetic material into inner ear cells using viral vectors and to protect, rescue, and even regenerate hair cells of the inner ear.
Published: 2012

50. Bell's palsy and autoimmunity

Author: C. Marinelli, G.F. Macri, M. De Vincentiis, Antonio Greco, Andrea Gallo, and Massimo Fusconi
Subjects: aetiology, Immunology, medicine.disease_cause, Autoimmunity, bell's palsy, Myelin, Bell's palsy, Bell Palsy, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, pathogenesis, therapy, autoimmunity, Autoimmune disease, Palsy, business.industry, Cranial nerves, medicine.disease, Facial nerve, stomatognathic diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, Etiology, business
Abstract: Objectives To review our current knowledge of the etiopathogenesis of Bell's palsy, including viral infection or autoimmunity, and to discuss disease pathogenesis with respect to pharmacotherapy. Systematic review methodology Relevant publications on the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and histopathology of Bell's palsy from 1975 to 2012 were analysed. Results and conclusions Bell's palsy is an idiopathic peripheral nerve palsy involving the facial nerve. It accounts for 60 to 75% of all cases of unilateral facial paralysis. The annual incidence of Bell's palsy is 15 to 30 per 100,000 people. The peak incidence occurs between the second and fourth decades (15 to 45 years). The aetiology of Bell's palsy is unknown but viral infection or autoimmune disease has been postulated as possible pathomechanisms. Bell's palsy may be caused when latent herpes viruses (herpes simplex, herpes zoster) are reactivated from cranial nerve ganglia. A cell-mediated autoimmune mechanism against a myelin basic protein has been suggested for the pathogenesis of Bell's palsy. Bell's palsy may be an autoimmune demyelinating cranial neuritis, and in most cases, it is a mononeuritic variant of Guillain–Barre syndrome, a neurologic disorder with recognised cell-mediated immunity against peripheral nerve myelin antigens. In Bell's palsy and GBS, a viral infection or the reactivation of a latent virus may provoke an autoimmune reaction against peripheral nerve myelin components, leading to the demyelination of cranial nerves, especially the facial nerve. Given the safety profile of acyclovir, valacyclovir, and short-course oral corticosteroids, patients who present within three days of the onset of symptoms should be offered combination therapy. However it seems logical that in fact, steroids exert their beneficial effect via immunosuppressive action, as is the case in some other autoimmune disorders. It is to be hoped that (monoclonal) antibodies and/or T-cell immunotherapy might provide more specific treatment guidelines in the management of Bell's palsy.
Published: 2012

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