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Method We examined faecal samples, using the GA-map™ Dysbiosis Test, to associate gut microbiota composition with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and to identify markers for future biomarker identification. We conducted a prospective case-control study (EU-ref. no. 305676) in an inception cohort of 324 individuals (64 CD, 84 UC, 116 symptomatic non-IBD controls and 44 healthy controls) across five European centres and examined 54 predetermined bacterial markers. We categorized patients according to the Montreal Classification and calculated the dysbiosis index (DI). Non-parametric tests were used to compare groups and the Bonferroni correction to adjust for multiple comparisons. Results The fluorescent signals (FSSs) for Firmicutes and Eubacterium hallii were lower in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) vs. symptomatic controls (p

The essays in this volume examine how gender and otherness coalesced in the visual culture of the Middle Ages and early modern eras. They explore the intersections of gender and other cultural identities as expressed in objects from the past, and they illuminate and interrogate their persistent influence.

The relevant entry for “gender” in the Oxford English Dictionary defines it as “the state of being male or female as expressed by social or cultural distinctions and differences, rather than biological ones.” In insisting on this binary, the dictionary lags behind social media sites like Facebook, which provides a custom option for users who do not feel the fifty-eight choices offered provide adequate terms to describe their gender identities. Gendered readings of visual materials destabilize traditional interpretations, but they themselves are also unstable; they shift according to how ideologies of gender factor into the multiple identities of various viewers at different times. Reading medieval iconography through the lens of gender thus opens avenues of research and reveals new perspectives, which must challenge and revise our understanding of medieval art and society as well as its lasting impact on ourselves.

This article explores how the neo-Gothic building that was eventually built to commemorate Knute Rockne expresses a key moment in which the University of Notre Dame shaped its identity; it considers how the Knute Rockne Memorial Fieldhouse accordingly embodied and negotiated contradictory strains of manliness and civilization, populism and elitism, democracy and church authority.

Faecal microbiota in newly diagnosed Crohn's disease and its relation to treatment escalation

Faecal microbiota in treatment-naive ulcerative colitis and its relation to treatment escalation

This article draws upon the extensive accounting records associated with the construction of the Chartreuse de Champmol in Dijon in order to reconsider traditional assessments of the status of late medieval artists associated with the Burgundian court. Analysis of representative documents reveals a complex bureaucratic structure in which intermediary administrators played important roles. In the frequent absence of the patrons Philip the Bold and Margaret of Flanders, ducal officers, master craftsmen, and Carthusians shared authority in supervising artistic production. For the most part, image-makers at Champmol do not fit the conventional profile of the court artist who established a personal relationship with patrons and was rewarded for artistic successes. In fact, documents recording gifts emphasize loyalty to the duke and duchess rather than, as is sometimes claimed, approval for favored works; the gifts thus functioned to reinforce the seigneurial relationship between lord and subject. Even so, the ...