Search

Simple Summary Dog bites are a major public health problem throughout the world. The main consequences for human health include physical and psychological injuries of varying proportions, secondary infections, sequelae, risk of transmission of zoonoses and surgery, among others, which entail costs for the health care system and those affected. The objective of this review was to search and analyze the indexed scientific literature on canine bites resulting in death, published during the period 2013–2017. The results show that most of the articles on bite accidents resulting in death analyzed in this study have details about the victims, their injuries and the treatment received by the victim. These results reflect that most of these accidents are suffered by adults, in public spaces and by only one animal. The analysis of these antecedents, as well as others incorporated in this review, will be of great help to fully understand the incidents of dog bites resulting in death published in the scientific literature. Abstract Canine bites are an important public health problem, with consequences such as physical injuries, psychological trauma, transmission of zoonoses, infections and they can even cause death. To avoid deaths caused by this type of bite, multiple factors related to this issue must be considered. The objective of this review was to search and analyze the indexed scientific literature on canine bites resulting in death, published during the period 2013–2017. A search was carried out in various databases of indexed literature, in Spanish and English. After selecting and excluding items using PRISMA, they were classified according to SIGN guidelines to filter out the level of evidence and potential biases. Thirty-three scientific articles were retrieved and analyzed. In most of these, victims between 50 and 64 years of age (28.6%, 8/28) were registered. Additionally, in most of the articles, only one animal participated (80%, 16/20). The highest number of events occurred in public spaces (58.5%, 7/12). In conclusion, most of the scientific articles that report incidents of dog bites resulting in death, provide details about the victims, their injuries and the treatment received; however, few articles provide background information on the context of the attack and the biting animal.

Dog bites are a major public health problem, with consequences such as physical injury, psychological trauma, transmission of zoonoses, infections, and economic costs. For this reason, it is necessary to develop preventive programs, which require quality information to support the authorities’ decision-making and to raise public awareness about the application of the proposed measures. The objective of this review was to analyze the press, indexed and gray dog bite literature published during the 2013–2017 period. During that period, 385 articles from three sources of information were analyzed: Press literature, scientific literature, and gray literature. Of these, the greatest amount of information corresponding to the context and the aggressor animal was found in the press literature, where it was recorded that the greatest number of records reported in the Chilean articles were caused by potentially dangerous breeds (87.50%), having significant differences with the gray literature (p = 0.030), and in Spain, the greatest number of attacks was also made by potentially dangerous dogs 91.30% (21/23), statistically significant differences with the gray literature (p = 0.002) and with the indexed (p &lt, 0.001). In the case of the scientific and gray literature, the greatest amount of information was found about the victim of the attack and the treatments applied to them. In these cases, the highest percentage of victims included in the reports contained both sexes for the two literatures (44.62% and 87.71%, respectively). Regarding the treatment applied, in the scientific literature in most of the reports, the patients received washings, rabies vaccine, and tetanus vaccine (46.26%) and presented significant differences in Chile with the information contained in the gray literature (p = 0.023), in Spain with the gray (p = 0.017) and with the press (p = 0.023). In conclusion, the press literature differs in multiple variables with the information reported in the scientific literature and, in some cases, with the gray literature. The reason why the material that is being distributed to the population would not coincide in multiple relevant variables in other literature and the representative reality of the problem is the basis for this topic.

Dog bites are one of the main public health problems. They produce important consequences for those who suffer them (physical and psychological injuries, secondary infections, sequelae, risk of transmission of zoonoses and surgeries, among others). The objective of this study was to characterize epidemiologically the incidents of bites in Chile and the patterns of human-dog relationship involved. The records analyzed in this article were obtained from bitten patients who attended the main public health facilities in Chile during the period 17 September 2017 and 17 September 2018: In the period studied, 17,299 animal bites were recorded, however, only 7220 (41.74%) cases were analyzed in which the offending species could be identified. Of the bites analyzed, 6533 were caused by dogs (90.48%). Of these, 41.05% were caused by medium-sized dogs. Most bites were caused by dogs of mixed breeds (55.99%), followed by dogs of the German Shepherd breed (8.50%). Most of the dogs that bit were known to the victim (99.95%) and most of the attacks occurred indoors (57.48%). Although dog bite records have improved in Chile, it would be useful to also include background information on the context in which the incident occurred, which would be very useful for developing effective bite prevention programs.

Resumen es: En el presente estudio se evaluo la contribucion de los diversos insumos utilizados en la alimentacion de los cerdos, como fuente de contaminacion de dio...

In order to perform a gonadal histological study, adult specimens of Xenopus laevis at four sites in the central region of Chile were captured. The results showed no alterations in gonadal female instead the males showed testicular histological abnormalities, features of endocrine disruption, possibly generated by environmental pollution.

The EROD-H4IIE cell bioassay is a screening method for the detection of planar halogenated hydrocarbons (PHH), it has several advantages over analytical chemistry like speed, simplicity, accuracy, high sensitivity and low cost which makes it a valuable bioassay for biomonitoring studies. It has been successfully used as screening method for the detection of dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in meat from broiler chicken. The aim of this study was to detect PCDD/Fs in pork, by using both the bioassay and the high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/ HRMS). 59 composite samples of pork chuck loin were taken at a slaughtering plant of 6 Chilean production facilities between 2004 and 2007, with one sample being taken in 2011. Mean concentrations of PCDD/Fs obtained by HRGC/HRMS ranged between 0.22 and 0.34 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. The maximum was 0.71 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat. The average value of the congeners was 0.1 pg WHO-TEQ fat-2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (between 0.03 and 0.28 pg/g fat). Therefore, the samples did not exceed the maximum allowed by national and international legislation. When comparing the results obtained with the two methods, 36 out of 59 sample results were overestimated by the bioassay, while 19 were underestimated and 4 were similar. 15 samples exceeded 1 pg/g TCDD-EQ tissue and only 5 exceeded 2 pg TCDD-EQ/g tissue. It was not possible to establish an equivalence between EROD-H4IIE and HRGC/ HRMS for the detection of PCDD/Fs in pork since there was not a significant association between variables (r = -0.142, P ≥ 0.2840). &nbsp, El bioensayo EROD-H4IIE se utiliza en la detección de hidrocarburos halogenados planares, presentando ventajas sobre la química analítica, como velocidad, simplicidad, precisión, alta sensibilidad y bajo costo, siendo un valioso bioensayo para estudios de biomonitoreo. Se ha aplicado exitosamente como método de cribado para la detección de dioxinas y furanos (PCDD/Fs) en carne de pollos broiler. En el presente trabajo realizamos un estudio para detectar PCDD/Fs en carne de cerdo, aplicando el bioensayo y la cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas de alta resolución (HRGC/ HRMS). Se tomaron 59 muestras compuestas de lomo vetado de cerdo en la planta faenadora de 6 planteles de Chile, durante el beneficio de animales entre 2004 y 2007 y una muestra fue tomada en 2011. Los concentraciones promedio de PCDD/Fs obtenidas mediante HRGC/HRMS oscilaron entre 0,22 y 0,34 pg WHO-TEQ/g de grasa. El contenido máximo fue 0,71 pg/g de grasa. El mayor valor promedio de los congéneres fue 0,1 pg/g de grasa de 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (entre 0,03 y 0,28 pg/g de grasa). Por tanto, las muestras no excedieron los límites máximos permitidos por la legislación nacional e internacional. Comparando ambos métodos, de las 59 muestras el bioensayo sobrestimó 36 resultados, subestimó 19 y 4 fueron similares. 15 muestras excedieron 1 pg TCDD-EQ/g de tejido y 5 superaron los 2 pg TCDD-EQ/g de tejido. No se estableció una equivalencia entre EROD-H4IIE y HRGC/ HRMS para la detección de PCDD/Fs en carne de cerdo, no existiendo asociación significativa entre las variables (r = -0,142, P ≥ 0,2840). &nbsp

En el presente estudio se aplicó el bioensayo EROD con línea celular H4IIE para determinar la equivalencia de resultados para carnes de pollo, entre el bioensayo EROD-H4IIE en pg TCDD-EQ/g de tejido y los resultados de la cromatografía de gases de alta resolución acoplada a espectrometría de alta resolución (HRGC/HRMS) en pg WHO-TEQ/g de grasa. Para lo anterior se utilizaron 41 muestras compuestas de trutros de pollo. Éstas fueron obtenidas en la planta faenadora de 4 planteles diferentes de Chile, durante el beneficio de animales (38 y 43 días de edad) entre los años 2004 y 2007. Cada muestra fue analizada mediante ambas técnicas analíticas. Con los resultados se determinó un modelo de regresión para la equivalencia de ambas técnicas. De esta forma el modelo obtenido fue: HRGC/HRMS = 0,481 + 0,051[EROD-H4IIE]², R² = 0,885, en que para un valor en EROD-H4IIE de 2,2 pg TCDD-EQ/g de tejido se estima que corresponderá a 0,73 pg WHO-TEQ/g de grasa en HRGC/HRMS. Además, para el mismo valor de EROD-H4IIE con un 95% de confianza, se obtendrá una estimación como límite superior que equivaldrá a 0,83 pg WHO-TEQ/g de grasa en HRGC/HRMS. Al tomar el mismo valor de EROD-H4IIE con un 99% de confianza, se estima un límite superior que equivaldrá a 0,88 pg WHO-TEQ/g de grasa en HRGC/HRMS. De esta manera se concluye que el bioensayo EROD-H4IIE puede ser aplicado como método de cribado en sistemas de producción animal y específicamente en producción de pollos broiler.