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Medieval Archaeology, 17, 78-89, [SO 5040]. Careful examination of the structure of the roof of the 12th-century great hall has brought to light evidence that the hall, as originally built, had a clerestory and separate pent-roofs over the aisles. The proposed reconstruction is discussed with reference to surviving but incomplete examples of the same date at Leicester and Farnham, where the evidence for the architectural form is inconclusive. It is compared with earlier illustrations, including those in the Bayeux Tapestry. The evidence of the late 10th and 11th century churches with transverse (diaphragm) arches is also adduced. Au(abr)

The Byzantine ruins known as Tsaritsin Grad (the fortress of the Emperor) lie near Leskovats in southern Serbia, between Nish and Skoplje. The excavation of the site was begun by Professor Petkovits between 1937 and 1940. Work was resumed in 1947 as part of the plan laid down by the Archaeological Institute of the Serbian Academy of Sciences. The direction in that year was in the hands of Professor A. Deroko and Professor C. Radojtschits; from 1949 work has been continued by Dr Mano-Zisi. The progress up to 1950 is shown on the air photograph (PLATE I).The earlier excavations had already led Professor Petkovits to the conclusion that the site was Justiniana Prima, the city which Procopius describes in the following words: ‘Among the Dardanians of Europe … close to the fortress which is called Bederiana, there was a hamlet named Taurisium, whence sprang the Emperor Justinian, the founder of the civilized world. He therefore built a wall of small compass about this place in the form of a square, placing a tower at each corner, and caused it to be called, as it actually is, Tetrapyrgia. And close by this place he built a very notable city, which he named Justiniana Prima—thus paying a debt of gratitude to the home that fostered him . . . In that place also he constructed an aqueduct and so caused the city to be abundantly supplied with ever-running water. And many other enterprises were carried out by the founder of this city—works of great size and worthy of especial note. For to enumerate the churches is not easy and it is impossible to tell in words of the lodgings for magistrates, the great stoas, the fine market places, the fountains, the streets, the baths and the shops. In brief, the city is both great and populous and blessed in every way—a city worthy to be the metropolis of the whole region, for it has attained to this rank. It has also been allotted to the archbishop of Illyricum as his seat, the other cities conceding this honour to it as being first in point of size’.

In accordance with the plan to explore a representative mound in each area of Central Macedonia, the Toumba of Saratsé was selected as occupying a key position in the group of mounds that lies in the region of Lakes Lankadás and Beshik. Prehistoric finds in this district have so far been represented by the neolithic pottery from above the village of Aïváte (now Léte), which lies at the foot of the hills, by the entrance to the Dervéni Pass, and by surface finds from mounds at Drymínklava (now Drymós), and elsewhere. It was hoped that a deposit might possibly be found at Saratsé which would throw some light on certain obscure points of the Macedonian Neolithic Age. No such deposit was found, and only some half-dozen neolithic sherds (all except one, unstratified), but a sequence of pottery from the Early Bronze Age onwards was obtained, which makes it possible to place the site, and by inference the area, in relation to the rest of Central Macedonia and to Chalcidice.

It is not necessary, by way of introduction to the story of Whitby Abbey, to repeat the history of the conversion of Northumbria to Christianity in the seventh century, but the immediate causes of the foundation of the monastery may be shortly set down.

(1957). The Saxon House: A Review and Some Parallels. Medieval Archaeology: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 27-38.

The 1965 season's excavation at Cirencester was carried out on behalf of the Cirencester Excavation Committee from 12th July to 21st August, with a further extension until 18th September, in order to complete the work begun on the Saxon church. Grants towards the work were received from the Society of Antiquaries of London, Ministry of Public Building and Works, Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, Cirencester Archaeological and Historical Society, and the Haverfield Trust of the University of Oxford, to all of which bodies the committee extends its thanks. Approximately £4,000 was expended during the excavation. Some 200 people took part and, with such large numbers, much depended on the site supervisors without whose experience work on such a large scale would not have been possible. We were relieved of all administrative and financial problems by the unfailing support of Mr. W. A. Blythe, to whom the committee is much indebted for his services. Thanks must also go to the Cirencester Archaeological and Historical Society for much help, and for providing guides throughout the excavation. Donations by the public and purchases from the site stall totalled £250.

In 1929 the Duchy of Cornwall exercised its powers under the Ancient Monuments Acts, and placed Tintagel under the guardianship of the Commissioners of H.M. Works. During the clearance of the medieval castle it seemed desirable to investigate the earlier history of the site, in order to test the basis of the Arthurian traditions. In 1933 a fortunate discovery revealed dry-built walls on a terrace on the north-eastern cliffs. Subsequently an examination of the area surrounding the chapel disclosed indications of similar buildings, and trial excavations during 1933 and 1934 showed that these buildings belonged to a Celtic monastery.

Kirkton of Kilmahew, with the little chapel of St. Mahew, lies on the north side of the Clyde, some six miles north-west of Dumbarton. The site is in the west part of the parish of Cardross, about one mile from the river. Part of the lands of Kilmahew was already a possession of the Napiers at the end of the thirteenth century; they held under a charter from the Earls of Lennox.1 The chapel is mentioned in a charter of David II (1329-71) to Roger Cochrane and again in a charter from the

HODDOM lies in Dumfriesshire on the east bank of the Annan, about 10miles from the Solway. The valley, which now carries the main road and the railway from Carlisle to the north, has always been an important line of communication and Hoddom lies at a point where the river is easily passable. The name first appears in records of the 12th century, when the church of Hoddom was claimed as a possession of the See of Glasgow. But the importance of the site is far older as is shown by the magnificent series of crosses, illustrated in this article. The tradition of Glasgow would carry the story of Hoddom even further back, connecting the church with St. Kentigern, the founder of the See. The crosses have been found at various times in and around the site of the demolished parish church. The finest pieces, after a chequered history, unhappily disappeared during the second world war. It has therefore seemed desirable to publish a rather fuller record of the more important monuments, illustrating them with the excellent series of photographs taken by Dr 0. G. S. Crawford in 1936, when they were preserved at Hoddom Castle1. I am much indebted to Dr Crawford, who suggested the prepara- tion of this account and placed at my disposal his series of photographs. At Hoddom I had the assistance of Mr R. C. Reid, who made arrangements with the Dumfriesshire County Council and the Church of Scotland for the removal to the Burgh Museum of Dumfries of the later stones, which still lay in the kirkyard. In the course of unearthing stones half buried in the soil, opportunity was taken to re-examine the masonry of the medieval church. I would express my best thanks to Mr Reid and to all others con- cerned, to Mr A. E. Truckell, Curator of the Burgh Museum, and Miss B. Blanche for assistance in the preparation for publication of the later stones ; the drawings of the later stones are by Miss Blanche. Fig. I is reproduced, by kind permission of the Ashmolean Museum, from the late W. G. Collingwood's original drawing (Northumbrian Crosses of the Pre-Norman Age, fig, 51).

The Belgae have, in the last generation, played an increasingly important part in the archaeology of Britain in the pre-Roman Iron Age. In general the term has been confined to the two groups of invaders, who practised cremation and whose cemeteries have been traced over a wide area in the south-east and south of England. Beyond this area Belgic influence, in various forms, has been postulated in a number of districts. The Belgic origin of the invaders who practised cremation is not in doubt and it would be superfluous at this stage to argue the case once more. The nature of the Belgic influences traced beyond the area of the cremation cemeteries is more debatable, but the present essay is not intended to enter into that question. It is concerned with an earlier period and earlier invasions, which also have a right to be termed Belgic. The ultimate origin of the Continental Belgae will not be discussed, nor do the invasions considered necessarily cover all those settlements to which the term Belgic should be applied. As will be seen the traditional Irish accounts appear to demand a Belgic settlement in Britain at a date earlier than the oldest groups now identified. This is a question that can hardly be discussed to full advantage until a far wider conspectus of archaeological material is available both on the Continent and in these islands. In the meantime the question of a Belgic invasion of Britain in the Late Bronze Age is one that must remain open.

As a result of the destruction by the enemy of All Hallows, Barking, a portion of a Saxon church on the site was uncovered, and also some fragments of what must have been an imposing Saxon cross. A grant from the Society's William and Jane Morris Fund has enabled a protecting screen to be built in front of the main architectural feature exposed, a blocked archway, and, by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum, the principal fragments of the cross have been placed in a Museum repository. The Society has reason to be grateful to the vicar, the Rev. P. T. B. Clayton, for reporting the discoveries as soon as they came to his notice, and for the friendly and helpful way in which he and the staff of All Hallows collaborated with the Ministry of Works, the British Museum, and the Society in the task of quickly recording the finds and safeguarding them.

This paper deals with a period of transition from prehistory to history. This age of transition is one which the Prehistoric Society cannot overlook, for its very title implies an interest in the historical method. But the transition raises special problems. History, starting from the written record, is largely occupied with political questions and political entities. Man, as we learnt from Aristotle, is a political animal and no-one, who studies the archaeology of the historical ages, would wish to deny the profound influence of political factors on the development of cultures. But prehistory, based on the natural sciences and on archaeology, focuses attention primarily on material phenomena, though the growing interest in the sociological implications of these phenomena points the way to a better appreciation of the political factors, which were operative in prehistoric as in later times.

(1970). The Later Pre-Conquest Boroughs and their Defences. Medieval Archaeology: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 83-103.

It is not my intention in this paper to deal with the whole field of antiquities found on the southwestern moors and I shall only refer to the sepulchral and other remains of a ritual character in so far as they have a direct bearing on the interpretation of the settlements (fig. 1). Inclusion of the Cornish moors is prompted by the fact that certain stages in the development of the settlements are not represented on Dartmoor but can be illustrated from the lower moorlands further west.The material on which my interpretation is based is largely the result of work carried out by the Dartmoor Exploration Committee of the Devonshire Association. Beginning in 1894 this Committee, in addition to other work, explored some 20 settlements excavating nearly 150 hut circles. The objects discovered are mostly in the City Museum at Plymouth and some of the pottery is now illustrated for the first time. Most of the Committee's work was carried out in the first ten years of its existence, but the excavation of a site now flooded by the Torquay Corporation's reservoir was undertaken as late as 1933 and the Committee remained in existence until 1950, when the Association reconstituted its arrangements in respect of Dartmoor. As the last surviving member of the old Dartmoor Exploration Committee it is perhaps fitting that it should fall to my lot to interpret the results then obtained in the light of more modern knowledge and methods. The Association has kindly sanctioned the republication of figs. 4, 5, 6 and 9.

Excavations designed to throw light on the evolution of this castle, and to obtain a series of stratified potsherds were carried out in August, 1930, by one of us, and the results obtained were checked and extended by both of us in further excavations carried out in March, 1931. The work was necessarily limited in respect of the area examined, and in time (ten days in all), but it is hoped that the results are sufficiently suggestive for permanent record, and as indications of the lines on which further research at the castle might be undertaken. Before presenting the report of the excavations we should like to offer our thanks for the assistance we have received. To the President, owing to whose initiative the work was undertaken, we owe thanks both for facilities granted during the excavations, and for advice in the preparation of the report. The plans and photographs of Kidwelly are the work of the architectural and photographic staff of the Office of Works, to whom we are also indebted for other assistance. Prof. J. E. Lloyd has kindly supplied us with certain details about the history of the site. Mr. G. C. Dunning has contributed the valuable inventory of the English polychrome jugs, and has allowed us to use other information which is incorporated in our report. Mr. O'Neil was present during the later excavations, and assisted in the recording of the material during their progress.

The rapid progress of archaeological research and discovery in Italy has made it difficult to appreciate the importance and interest of many of the results. Full reports of the more recent excavations are seldom available and many of the provisional accounts have appeared in publications not easily accessible to the English scholar. These notes attempt to call attention to some of the more important discoveries of the classical period and to indicate the sources from which further information may be drawn. The area covered is Rome and Latium, the Sabina and Samnium, Picenum, Umbria, the Ager Gallicus and north-east Italy, including Istria. It is hoped later to publish a second article covering the other provinces of Italy. While the greater number of the excavations and studies belong to the period since 1935, a few of earlier date have been included. Within these limits I have attempted to note all the more important discoveries. Less extensive finds or those about which little information is available have been omitted, as a full list is published in the Archäologischer Anzeiger of the German Archaeological Institute and elsewhere.