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O levantamento da familia Sapindaceae (Angiospermae) foi realizado em Mato Grosso do Sul, com base em dados bibliograficos e de colecoes. Foram levantadas 62 especies no estado, pertencentes a 17 generos. A maioria das especies foi encontrada em mata estacional semidecidua, em diferentes macrorregioes (Mata Atlântica, Pantanal e Cerrado). Comentarios sobre a riqueza de Sapindaceae no estado sao apresentados, bem como materiais-testemunhas e comentarios sobre a distribuicao de cada especie.

O estudo da familia Celastraceae e parte do levantamento da “Flora da Serra do Cipo”, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Em sua delimitacao mais recente, as Celastraceae sensu lato englobam as Hippocrateaceae, ja tratadas em levantamento anterior para a Serra Cipo, esta ultima com tres generos ( Cheiloclinium , Peritassa e Tontelea ) e quatro especies. A estes generos e especies de Hippocrateceae sao somadas agora as especies de Celastraceae sensu stricto , com o genero Maytenus (sete especies) e Plenckia , com uma especie, alem de duas especies de dois generos ( Pristimera e Salacia ) das tradicionais Hippocrateaceae coletadas apos a publicacao do levantamento. Com isso, para a Serra do Cipo sao registrados sete generos e 14 especies de Celastraceae sensu lato . Sao apresentadas chaves para os generos e especies de Celastraceae sensu lato e descricoes e ilustracoes das Celastraceae sensu stricto (nao tratadas anteriormente), alem de comentarios sobre sua distribuicao geografica, fenologia e variabilidade. Comentarios e uma lista atualizada de exsicatas das “Hippocrateaceae” sao tambem apresentados. Adicionalmente, e proposta a sinonimia de Maytenus salicifolia Reissek sob Maytenus gonoclada Mart.

Marine environment is one of the most important sources regarding natural products research. Besides, marine microorganisms have been denominated as a talented natural source for discovery of new leads. Although the association of macroalgae and fungi has been described regarding ecological issues, there is a lack of studies about marine seaweed endophytic fungi. In this context, the goal of this study was to evaluate cytotoxic, antifungal and antibacterial activities of endophytic fungi isolated from the Brazilian marine seaweed Bostrychia tenella (J.V. Lamouroux) J. Agardh (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). Forty-five endophytic microorganism strains were isolated from B. tenella. Crude extracts and organic fractions of ten selected strains were obtained after growth in rice medium. Samples were evaluated for cytotoxicity, antifungal and antibacterial assays. Penicillium strains showed positive results in a diversity of assays, and other five strains were active in at least one test. In addition, cytochalasin D was isolated from Xylaria sp. This alga is composed of a microbiological potential, since its endophytic strains exhibited remarkable biological properties. Moreover, cytochalasin D isolation has confirmed chemical potential of marine endophytic strains. This is the first study in which cultured fungi isolates from the Brazilian macroalga B. tenella were evaluated concerning biological properties. Results corroborated that this species could be a pharmaceutical source from marine environment. Furthermore, Acremonium implicatum is being firstly described as marine endophyte and Xylaria sp., Trichoderma atroviride and Nigrospora oryzae as marine seaweed endophytes. Thus, this work reports the first study relating detailed isolation, cultivation and biological evaluation (cytotoxic, antifungal and antibacterial) of endophytes Penicillium decaturense and P. waksmanii from the Brazilian marine red alga B. tenella. We are also reporting the isolation of cytochalasin D, a known antitumor and antibiotic compound, from Xylaria sp. strain. Despite widespread prevalence in terrestrial and marine habitats, this present work describes the first occurrence of cytochalasin D as a metabolite from marine seaweed endophyte. Keywords: Brazilian seaweed, Cytochalasin D, Penicillium, Xylaria

SUMMARY Unialgal cultures were established trom a 2.5 g branch ot a brown variant ot Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P. Silva, with the main objective to produce branches for monthly outplanting in the sea. Ditterent conditions were tested to optimize production ot branches in the laboratory. The best growth was obtained under culture conditions of 25 ± 2°C, 170–210 μmol photons m2 s−1, 14:10 LD photoperiod and salinity 32–35‰. Three culture media (Provasoli,‘F/2’and von Stosch) were tested. Deleterious ettects were observed in branches incubated continuously in full- or halt-strength Provasoli's enriched seawater medium (PES). Exponential growth rates ot about 3% day−1 were obtained using PES, pulse-fed 24 h per week, or other diluted media used continuously (one-quarter strength ‘F/2’and half-strength von Stosch). Laboratory-grown branches with mean weights from 2.97 to 4.25 g were successfully introduced into the sea at Ubatuba, SP, Brazil (23°26.9′S, 45°0.3′W) an area with mean monthly seawater temperature from 20.3 to 28.5°C (extremes: 17.0–31.0°C). Transplantation of branches produced in unialgal culture, as done in the present study, avoids the risk of introduction of unwanted species into new areas.

Endophytic fungi isolated from the red seaweed Bostrychia radicans were studied to identify their molecularly diverse and biologically active natural chemical products. According to 28S ribosomal DNA-based identification, the strain named C81 was 98% identical to Phomopsis longicolla. This strain was cultivated in solid rice medium and produced three major metabolites identified as 18-deoxycytochalasin H (1), mycophenolic acid (2), and dicerandrol C (3). The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance as well as by mass spectrometry. Dicerandrol C had significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (ATCC 15305), with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1 and 2 μg ml-1(1.33 and 2.66 μm), respectively. These results show the presence of promising metabolites and indicate that these natural products should be considered in the development of new antibiotics.

O ambiente marinho, pela própria diversidade orgânica que representa, tem sido reconhecido como fonte promissora de metabólitos secundários biologicamente ativos. Algas marinhas produzem grande variedade de substância terpenoídicas, aromáticas e de origem policetídica, e bioensaios têm demonstrado importante potencial biológico relativo a estes metabólitos. Micro-organismos associados às algas, tais como fungos endofíticos, também representam importante e promissora fonte de produtos naturais com esqueletos estruturalmente diversos. Bostrychia é um gênero algal fisiológica e biogeograficamente bem estudado mas são escassas as informações quanto à sua composição química, predominando a descrição de polióis e de moléculas de baixo peso molecular. Neste trabalho, os resultados da comparação dos perfis cromatográficos de espécies de Bostrychia representam uma primeira abordagem qualitativa dos constituintes polares do conjunto de espécies desse gênero ocorrentes no litoral norte do estado de São Paulo, e deverá ser complementado por meio do isolamento e identificação estrutural de seus constituintes majoritários. O isolamento de fungos endofíticos a partir de B. radicans (coletadas em ambiente de costão rochoso e manguezal) e B. tenella (coletadas no costão rochoso) possibilitou a preservação de 135 linhagens disponíveis para estudos posteriores. Dentre as linhagens isoladas de B. radicans costão, dez foram selecionadas para cultivo em meio sólido e entre estas três (C75, C81 e C82) foram selecionadas para estudos químicos e biológicos. As linhagens C81 e C82 foram identificadas por dados moleculares como Phomopsis longicolla e Penicillium brevicompactum, respectivamente. Foram isoladas e identificadas três substâncias conhecidas a partir de P. longicolla (18-deoxicitocalasina H, ácido micofenólico e dicerandrol C) e duas a partir de P. brevicompactum (ácido micofenólico e seu derivado metilado). Nos ensaios biológicos, a fração hexânica de P. longicolla apresentou alta atividade antimicrobiana (abaixo de 100g.mL-1), bem como um de seus metabólitos isolados (atividade abaixo de 10g.mL-1), frente às bactérias Staphylococcus aureus e S. saprophyticus. Esse mesmo metabólito também apresentou potencial de inibição de degranulação de mastócitos e atividade citotóxica, reforçando o potencial dos micro-organismos endofíticos na biossíntese de compostos que possam auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos. Em conjunto, os resultados obtidos mostram que algas marinhas e fungos endofíticos associados representam uma importante área a ser explorada em relação ao potencial biológico de produtos naturais. The marine environment, due to its organic diversity, has been recognized as a promising source of new biologically active secondary metabolites. Seaweeds produce a large variety of terpenoidic, aromatic and poliketids substances. Bioassays have been demonstrated significant biological potential concerning these metabolites. Microorganisms associated with algae, such as endophytic fungi, also represent important and promising source of natural products with molecularly-diverse structures. Bostrychia is an ecophysiology, biogeographically well-studied algal genus, but information about its chemical composition is scarce, prevailing reports about its polyol and low-molecular-weight contents. In this work, the results of the comparison of the chromatographic profiles of Bostrychia species growing in the north coast of São Paulo State represent a first qualitative approach of the polar constituent in this genus, and may be complemented by isolation and identification of their majority constituents. The isolation of endophytic fungi from B. radicans (collected in rocky shore and mangrove environment) and B. tenella (collected in the rocky shore) allowed the preservation of 135 strains available for posterior studies. Among the strains isolated from B. radicans rocky shore, ten were selected for cultivation in solid medium and three (C75, C81 e C82) were selected for chemical and biological studies. C81 and C82 strains were identified by molecular data as Phomopsis longicolla and Penicillium brevicompactum, respectively. Three known substances were isolated and identified from P. longicolla (18-deoxycytochalasin H, mycophenolic acid and dicerandrol C) and two from P. brevicompactum (mycophenolic acid and its methyl derivative). Biological assays revealed the hexanic fraction of P. longicolla presenting high antimicrobial activity (below of 100g.mL-1) against Staphylococcus aureus and S. saprophyticus, as well as one of its isolated metabolites (activity below of 10g.mL-1). This metabolite also presented mast cell degranulation inhibition and cytotoxic activity, reinforcing the potential of endophytic microorganisms in the byosinthesis of compounds that can be useful in the new drugs development. As a summary, the results show that algae and their endophytic fungi associated represent an important field to be explored in terms of biological potential of natural products.

As mudanças climáticas globais, sem dúvida, vêm impactanto muitas culturas de plantas agrícolas e pastagens, afetando potencialmente o crescimento e a produtividade das plantas. Os efeitos significativos podem ser causados pelo aumento das concentrações de CO2 e temperatura no quadro da mudança global. As plantas C3 em termos de fotossíntese e produção de biomassa geralmente respondem positivamente em elevado CO2 atmosférico do que as plantas C4. No entanto, os efeitos do elevado CO2 e do aquecimento podem ser mais complexos do que previsto anteriormente, devido às interações desses fatores. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do elevado CO2 (600 ppm) e aquecimento (2 °C de aumento sobre a temperatura ambiente) sobre a fisiologia e bioquímica da forrageira tropical C4 Panicum maximum Jacq. cultivada em um Trop-T-Face (Tropical-Temperature free-air controlled enhancement and free-air carbon dioxide enrichment) sem limitação de água e nutrientes. Foi estimado que o elevado CO2 quando combinado com o aquecimento (eC+eT) aumentou a massa seca do colmo (93%), a biomassa seca total (52%), a área foliar específica (AFE) (12%) e reduziu a razão folha/colmo (30%). Aos 30 dias de experimento, os açúcares solúveis totais das folhas aumentaram com o elevado CO2 (eC) e aquecimento (eT) e depois de 80 dias os açúcares redutores e amido reduziram em eC+eT. Em relação aos carboidratos estruturais, o teor de celulose nas folhas não sofreu variação significativa entre os tratamentos, no entanto, o teor de lignina aumentou em 100% sob eC. Além do incremento em biomassa as plantas foram capazes de evitar fotoinibição do aparato fotossintético e peroxidação lipídica. No tratamento eT os níveis de clorofila aumentaram em 12% e os níveis de -tocoferol reduziram em média de 55%. Os níveis de zeaxantina e luteína, o ciclo de xantofila (VAZ) e o estado de-epoxidação (DPS) do ciclo da xantofila foram alterados pelo elevado CO2 e aquecimento somente depois de 60 dias. Conclui-se que o elevado CO2 e o aquecimento apesar de promoverem uma redução no mecanismo de fotoproteção, a eficiência fotoquímica do fotossistema (PSII) não é danificada se as plantas são cultivadas em condições de disponibilidade hídrica e sem limitação nutricional. No entanto, apesar do aumento em biomassa com elevado CO2 combinado com aquecimento, o elevado CO2 parece resultar em diminuição da qualidade da forragem. Global climate change undoubtedly impact many agricultural plant crops and grasslands, potentially affecting plant growth and yield. Significant effects may be caused by increased temperature and CO2 concentrations in the frame of global change. It is generally thought that C3 plants may respond positively to atmospheric CO2 enrichment than C4 plants in terms of photosynthesis and biomass accumulation. However, the effects of elevated CO2 and warming may be more complex than previously anticipated due to interactions between these factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of elevated CO2 (600 ppm) and warming (2 °C increase above ambient temperature) over physiology and biochemistry of the tropical C4 forage Panicum maximum Jacq. grown in a Trop-T-FACE (Tropical-Temperature free-air controlled enhancement and free-air carbon dioxide enrichment) facility under well-watered conditions without nutrient limitation. The combination of elevated CO2 and warming (eC+eT) increased stem dry weight (93%), total dry biomass (52%), specific leaf area (SLA) and decreased the ratio leaves/stem (30%). After 30 days of experiment, total soluble sugar of leaves increased under elevated CO2 (eC) and warming (eT) and carbohydrate sugars and starch decreased in elevated CO2 combined with warming, after 80 days. Regarding structural carbohydrates, cellulose content in leaves had no significant variation between treatments, however, lignin content increased 100% under eC. Furthermore, beyond increase in biomass, plants were able to avoid photoinhibition of the photosynthetic apparatus and lipid peroxidation in response to elevated CO2 and warming. In treatment eT chlorophyll levels increased by 12% and -tocopherol levels decreased by 55%. The de-epoxidation state (DPS) of the xanthophyll cycle, an indicator of excess energy dissipation as heat, xanthophyll cycle pool (VAZ) and both zeaxanthin and lutein levels were changed by elevated CO2 and warming only after 60 days. We conclude that the elevated CO2 and warming while promoting a reduction in photoprotection mechanism, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PSII) is not damaged if plants are grown under well-watered and adequate nutritional conditions. However, despite growth increase with elevated CO2 combined warming, elevated CO2 appears to result in decreased quality of forage.