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Abstract Background the independent association between parental obesity, sleep and lifestyle habits with cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents has been widely explored in the literature. Our study represents a novel approach to comprehensively investigate a complex model encompassing various aspects associated with cardiometabolic risk in youth. Thus, the aim of the present study was to verify the relationship between parental obesity and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents, considering the mediator role of health indicators according to sleep time. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 3,973 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years attending public and private schools in a city located in Southern Brazil. Sleep duration, lifestyle, physical activity, natural food consumption, and parental obesity were evaluated through self-reported questionnaires. Physical fitness was evaluated according to the protocols of Projeto Esporte Brasil. The body fat percentage was evaluated through the measures of tricipital and subscapular folds, and the body mass index was calculated. The clustered metabolic risk score (cMetS) considered the summing z-scores of waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and fasting glucose, divided by five. A structural equation model was applied for statistical analysis. Results: The relationship between parental obesity and cardiometabolic risk was observed in children and adolescents with adequate sleep, being significant (p

Abstract Background Considering the previous research that suggested that screen time (ST), sleep duration, physical activity (PA), obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors are related, it is essential to identify how these variables are associated over time, to provide knowledge for the development of intervention strategies to promote health in pediatric populations. Also, there is a lack of studies examining these associations longitudinally. The aims of the present study were: (1) to investigate the longitudinal relationships between ST, sleep duration, leisure PA, body mass index (BMI), and cardiometabolic risk score (cMetS) in children and adolescents; and (2) to verify scores and prevalence of cMetS risk zones at baseline and follow-up. Methods This observational longitudinal study included 331 children and adolescents (aged six to 17 years; girls = 57.7%) from schools in a southern city in Brazil. ST, sleep duration, and leisure PA were evaluated by a self-reported questionnaire. BMI was evaluated using the BMI z-scores (Z_BMI). The cMetS was determined by summing sex- and age-specific z-scores of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, triglycerides, glucose, and systolic blood pressure and dividing it by four. A two-wave cross-lagged model was implemented. Results ST, sleep duration, and leisure PA were not associated with cMetS after 2-years. However, it was observed that higher ST at baseline was associated with shorter sleep duration at follow-up (B=-0.074; 95%IC=-0.130; -0.012), while higher Z_BMI from baseline associated with higher cMetS of follow-up (B = 0.154; 95%CI = 0.083;0.226). The reciprocal model of relationships indicated that the variance of ST, sleep time, leisure PA, Z_BMI, and cMetS explained approximately 9%, 14%, 10%, 67% and 22%, respectively, of the model. Individual change scores and prevalence indicated that cMetS had individual changes from 2014 to 2016. Conclusion Sleep duration, ST and leisure PA were not associated with cMetS after 2 years. ST showed an inverse association with sleep duration, and Z_BMI was positively associated with cMetS after a 2-year follow-up. Finally, the prevalence of no clustering of risk factors increased after two years. These findings suggest the need to promote healthy lifestyle habits from childhood and considering individual factors that can influence cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents.

Abstract Background This study aims to verify the relationship between screen and sleep time, body mass index (BMI) and immunological factors with telomere length according to leisure-time physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study involving a sample of 476 schoolchildren of both sexes, aged seven to 17 years, from a community in southern Brazil. Behavioral variables (PA, sleep time, and screen time) were self-reported using a questionnaire. PA was classified as inactive and any PA (doing some physical activity). The associations of screen time, sleep time, BMI, and immunologic factors with telomere length were tested using multiple linear regression models, with the sample divided according to the schoolchildren’s leisure-time physical activity practices. Results An inverse association between BMI and telomere length (β: -0.239; 95% CI: -0.468; -0.010) and a direct association of leukocytes (β: 0.151; 95% CI: 0.029; 0.278) and neutrophils (β: 0.131; 95% CI: 0.008; 0.254) with telomeres were found in the inactive students. No association was found between screen time and sleep time and telomeres. No association was found among students who engaged in any PA. Conclusion The associations between telomeres, BMI, and immunologic factors were found only in inactive students. These results suggest that the association between BMI and immunological factors and telomere length may be influenced by physical activity.

Abstract Aim To verify the association between ideal sleep time and physical literacy components while also considering multiple mediators, such as quality of life and obesity, using a sample of adolescents. Methods This cross-sectional study consisted of 470 adolescents aged 11–17 years from southern Brazil. Sleep time, health-related quality of life, and physical literacy components (i.e., physical education enjoyment, sports participation, sedentary behavior, moderate to vigorous physical activity, sex, and age) were evaluated through self-reported questionnaires. In addition, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference were determined. The theoretical/statistical support of the structural equation model was evaluated according to fit parameters and strength of association. Results A direct association was observed between more sleep time and lower levels of obesity. The obesity indicators also had a negative association with HqOL, and HqOL had a positive association with physical literacy. The indirect associations indicated that the ideal sleep time was positively associated with HqOL and physical literacy components, considering the negative mediation effect of obesity. The model explains physical literacy in 31% of the variance (R = 0.31). Conclusion There was an indirect association between ideal sleep duration and quality of life and between both variables with physical literacy. These relationships occur even considering the negative influence of obesity. Therefore, a child who sleeps adequately has a higher likelihood of being physically active, regardless of obesity, potentially enhancing overall quality of life across various domains.

AbstractBackground: Iron deficiency is one of the leading causes of anaemia, with those most affected being children and women of childbearing age, in Brazil there is a scarcity of studies involving the local prevalence of anaemia. Aim: To evaluate anaemia and associated factors in schoolchildren in Santa Cruz do Sul through the analysis of biochemical and haematological markers and parasitological examination of faeces. Subjects and methods: School children from 10 to 12 years of age were evaluated through complete blood count, serum ferritin, C-reactive protein and stool parasitological examination, as well as socio-demographic characteristics and prophylaxis with ferrous sulphate in childhood. Results: It was found that 13.0% of the population was anaemic, girls were very slightly overrepresented among the anaemic children. Only 5.3% had altered haematocrit levels; 26.6% had low Mean Corpuscular Volume levels; 18.4% had low ferritin levels; 2.4% had increased C-reactive protein levels, and 21.7% had altered eosinophils. As for the socioeconomic level, classes A2 and D presented lower haemoglobin levels, as well as class D presenting lower ferritin levels, although without statistical significance. Only 6.0% of the population presented iron-deficiency anaemia and 46.0% of the schoolchildren had used ferrous sulphate supplementation in childhood. Conclusion: The prevalence of anaemia in the studied municipality is low, probably due to the high municipal human development index. Epidemiological studies are essential to characterise the population in a systematic form, to prevent future problems.

Abstract Background Physical education classes are widely accepted as one of the most effective settings for promoting physical activity and health and have often been used to implement physical activity interventions. The aim of this pilot study was to test a physical education intervention program on physical activity levels and physical fitness in a sample of school-age children. Methods Participants were a convenience sample of 50 children (34 experimental group and 16 in the comparative group) aged between 6 and 11 years old (Mean = 8.28 years). A 21-week intervention was implemented, consisting of high-intensity and physical fitness-focused exercises, in addition to a once-a-month extra class nutritional education. The following variables were evaluated before and post-intervention: physical fitness, sedentary behavior (SB), light physical activity (LPA), moderate physical activity (MVA), and vigorous physical activity (VPA). Propensity score analyses calculated the average treatment effect on the treated (ATET) within a quasi-experimental framework. Results Physical fitness variables showed improvements after the intervention, specifically for agility (ATET = -0.67 s; p

Introdução: Estudos apontam que o tempo de tela (TT) excessivo pode reduzir os níveis de atividade física da população infantojuvenil e tal redução pode contribuir para o excesso de peso. No entanto, pouco se sabe se outros hábitos de tela (HT) podem ser preditores desta condição. Objetivo: Avaliar se o excesso de peso está associado aos HT em estudantes do ensino fundamental de ambos os sexos residentes na cidade de Itaquaquecetuba- SP. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com uma amostra composta por 317 estudantes (masculino: n= 174) com idade entre 10 e 16 anos. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi utilizado para a classificação do estado nutricional e os HT foram verificados por meio de um questionário previamente estruturado. Resultados: Foi evidenciado um elevado TT diário, especialmente nas estudantes do sexo feminino (p0,05). Conclusão: Existem diferenças significativas nos HT de estudantes de ambos os sexos, mas não foi evidenciada associação significativa destas variáveis com o excesso de peso.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the interaction between screen time and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in their longitudinal association with waist circumference (WC) during a follow-up of 3 years from childhood to adolescence. Methods Observational 3-year longitudinal study with 401 students (224 females), seven to 15 years of age at baseline. The CRF was evaluated by estimating peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) from an indirect field-based test and body mass index. Screen time was assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Moderation analyses were tested using a multiple linear regression model with adjustments for sex, age, puberty stage, and ethnicity. Results A statistically significant interaction term was observed (B = -0.0003; 95% CI: -0.007; -0.0001). Since screen time was contextualized as the independent variable, the results show that relationship between screen time and WC varies across different CRF levels. Conclusion The findings suggest that higher CRF can attenuate the harmful association that increased sedentary behavior might have on abdominal adiposity.

Background: Little is known about the association between active commuting (i.e., walking or cycling to school) with lifestyle parameters and mental health in youths. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between mental health problems and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress with lifestyle (i.e., food habits, screen time, physical activity, and sleep quality), active commuting, and gender. Methods: A total of 511 children and adolescents (boys, n = 249; girls, n = 262) aged 10 to 17 years participated in the study. Lifestyle parameters and mental health were evaluated using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: Girls reported higher levels of anxiety (p = 0.001), depression (p = 0.001), and stress (p = 0.001). Mental health problems showed a positive association with gender (girls, β = 3.06, p < 0.001) and a negative association with food habits (β = −0.65, p = 0.019). Anxiety was positively associated with gender (β = 7.88, p < 0.001) and negatively associated with food habits (β = −0.23, p = 0.019). Gender (girls) and food habits were also associated with symptoms of depression (β = 2.29, p < 0.001 and β = −0.27, p = 0.005, respectively). Finally, active commuting was inversely associated with stress (β = −1.24, p = 0.008), and stress was positively linked to gender (β = 2.53, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Active commuting, lifestyle parameters, and gender were associated with mental health in children and adolescents. Moreover, girls reported higher levels of anxiety, symptoms of depression, and stress.

The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity is increasing around the world, which is generating a search for new diagnostic alternatives. Differentiating between metabolically healthy and metabolically unhealthy individuals can help both in the therapeutic plan and in the prognostic view. In this review, we will address the role of the following markers: total cholesterol, high-density cholesterol; low density lipoprotein; triglycerides; uric acid; fasting blood glucose; glycated haemoglobin; insulin; C-peptide; interleukin-6; tumour necrosis factor-α; C-reactive protein; adipokines (leptin and adiponectin); micro ribonucleic acids, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, vitamin D and thyroid-stimulating hormone. The presentation of specific reference values for children and adolescents in an objective and practical way will allow the identification the best moment for intervention in this population group.

Abstract Background The behavior of anthropometrics and the relationship with genetic factors through a long-term perspective should be better explored. This study aims to verify the odds of maintaining the nutritional status classification after three years, according to the rs9939609 polymorphism (FTO gene). Methods It was a retrospective longitudinal study with 355 schoolchildren (7–17 years). Body mass index, body-fat percentage (BF%), and waist circumference (WC) were measured at baseline and follow-up. The FTO gene was evaluated from blood collection and genotyping performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results For those homozygous with the A allele, the odds of being at less favorable classification at follow-up were 2.29 (1.24; 4.22) and 4.05 (2.08; 7.86) times higher than expected for BF% and WC, respectively, whereas the odds of being in the more favorable classification at follow-up were 0.34 (0.12; 0.93) and 0.11 (0.01; 0.78) for BF% and WC, respectively. The odds of being at less favorable classification were higher for AA carriers with less favorable classification at baseline for BF% and WC compared to AT and TT carriers. Conclusions Schoolchildren with a genetic predisposition to obesity and unfavorable anthropometric profile at baseline had more chances of maintaining their nutritional status after three years of follow-up.

Objetivo: Analisar o perfil clínico e antropométrico de pacientes internados para realização de cirurgia cardíaca em um hospital de referência em alta complexidade cardiovascular. Materiais e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal, descritivo, com amostra selecionada por conveniência com adultos e idosos de ambos os sexos, internados em um hospital-ensino localizado no interior do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) para realização de cirurgia cardíaca, de março a agosto de 2021. Aferiu-se peso, estatura, circunferências da cintura, quadril e pescoço, realizado cálculo de relação cintura/estatura (RCE) e relação cintura/quadril. A coleta de dados sobre estilo de vida, histórico de doenças, tipo de cirurgia e tempo de internação. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 30 pacientes. Foram realizadas cirurgias de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM), troca valvar (TV), e CRM combinada com TV, respectivamente. As doenças mais prevalentes foram hipertensão arterial, doença arterial coronariana e diabetes mellitus. A frequência de sobrepeso foi evidenciada em mais da metade da população. Toda amostra apresentou risco pela RCE e em risco pelas demais medidas antropométricas elevadas na maioria dos indivíduos. Conclusões: Os pacientes apresentaram um perfil clínico e antropométrico com fatores de risco cardiovascular pela presença de doenças crônicas e medidas antropométricas elevadas, que demonstraram serem bons e práticos marcadores no rastreamento de excesso de peso e risco cardiovascular, e por isso sugere-se a utilização das demais medidas antropométricas além de somente o índice de massa corporal na avaliação do paciente na rotina hospitalar.

Abstract Background The prevalence of several cardiovascular metabolic disorders are increasingly cause for concern in adolescents worldwide. Given the complex interrelations between metabolic risk (MR) and sociodemographic variables, the present study aims to examine the association between the presence of MR with sociodemographic characteristics (sex, skin color, residential area, and parental socioeconomic status) in adolescents from Southern Brazil. Methods Cross-sectional study conducted with 1,152 adolescents (507 males) aged between 12 and 17 years. MR was assessed using a continuous score (cMetS; sum of Z-scores of the following variables: waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C, inverse], triglycerides [TG], and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness [CRF, inverse]). Poisson regression was used to examine associations between sociodemographic variables with the dichotomized cMetS and separate metabolic variables. The results were expressed with prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results The presence of MR (evaluated by the cMetS) was observed in 8.7% of adolescents. Higher MR was less prevalent among non-white adolescents (PR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93; 0.99). Adolescents living in rural areas had a lower prevalence of the following metabolic variables; low HDL-C (PR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94; 0.97), elevated TG (PR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92; 0.99), elevated glucose (PR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.95; 0.98), and low CRF levels (PR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.85; 0.92). Whereas, SBP was higher in those living in rural areas (PR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.05; 1.17). In girls, there was a higher prevalence of raised TG (PR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02; 1.10) and lower levels of CRF (PR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.16; 1.24), but a lower prevalence of elevated glucose (PR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.97; 0.99). Conclusion Higher MR prevalence was lower in those self-reporting non-white skin color and selected MR factors were less prevalent in those living in rural areas. The identification of groups at higher MR is important for early prevention and monitoring strategies for both Type 2 diabetes and later cardiovascular disease. Future studies should be conducted to assess the socio-cultural aspects of the relationships between MR and socio-cultural and lifestyle variables.

Abstract Background A better understanding of how cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and adiposity interact to associate with arterial blood pressure over time remains inconclusive. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine whether changes in CRF moderates the association between body fat percentage (BF%) and arterial blood pressure in children and adolescents. Methods This is an observational longitudinal study with 407 children and adolescents aged 8–17 years followed-up for three years from a city in Southern Brazil. Participants were evaluated in 2011 and 2014. CRF was measured by validated field-based tests following the Projeto Esporte Brazil protocols and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was estimated. BF% was determined by the measures of tricipital and subscapular skinfolds using equations according to sex. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were measured with a sphygmomanometer according to standard procedures. Moderation analyses included multiple linear regression models adjusted for sex, age, pubertal status, height, socioeconomic level, skin color, and the arterial blood pressure variable itself at baseline. Results It was observed a significant inverse association between VO2peak at baseline with SBP (β = − 0.646 CI95% = − 0.976 − 0.316) and DBP (β = − 0.649 CI95% = − 0.923 − 0.375) at follow-up and a positive association between BF% at baseline with SBP (β = 0.274; CI95% = 0.094 0.455) and DBP (β = 0.301; CI95% = 0.150 0.453) at follow-up. In addition, results indicated a significant interaction term between changes in VO2peak and BF% at baseline with both SBP (p = 0.034) and DBP at follow-up (p = 0.011), indicating that an increase of at least 0.35 mL/kg/min and 1.78 mL/kg/min in VO2peak attenuated the positive relationship between BF% with SBP and DBP. Conclusion CRF moderates the relationship between BF% and SBP and DBP in children and adolescents.

Resumo Fundamento O aumento de hipertensão em crianças e adolescentes tem atraído a atenção da comunidade científica, especialmente por sua associação com a epidemia da obesidade. Objetivos Descrever a incidência de hipertensão e sua relação com o perfil cardiometabólico e genético em crianças e adolescentes de uma cidade do sul do Brasil em um período de três anos. Métodos Este estudo longitudinal acompanhou 469 crianças e adolescentes com idade entre 7 e 17 anos (43,1% do sexo masculino), avaliados em dois momentos. Avaliamos pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), circunferência da cintura (CC), índice de massa corporal (IMC), porcentagem de gordura corporal (%GC), perfil lipídico, glicemia, aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR), e polimorfismo rs9939609 (gene FTO ) ( fat mass and obesity - associated gene ). A incidência cumulativa da hipertensão foi calculada, e realizada regressão logística multinominal. A diferença estatística foi estabelecida em p

Abstract Background Genetic factors along with inadequate lifestyle habits are associated with the development of cardiometabolic alterations. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the role of sedentary behavior on the relationship between rs9939609 polymorphism (fat mass and obesity-associated gene-FTO) and cardiometabolic risk score according to cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels in children and adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study with 1215 children and adolescents (692 girls), aged between 6 and 17 years. Screen time as a marker of sedentary behavior was evaluated through a self-reported questionnaire and CRF was estimated using the 6-min walking and running test. The genotyping of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was performed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Clustered cardiometabolic risk score (cMetS) was calculated by summing z-scores of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, glucose, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference, and dividing it by five. Moderation analyses were tested using multiple linear regression models. Results The coefficient of the interaction term of FTO (rs9939609) and screen time indicated that screen time was a significant moderator on the relationship between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and cMetS (p = 0.047) in children and adolescents classified with low CRF (β = 0.001; 95% CI = 0.001; 0.002). It was observed a significant association between genotype risk (AA) of FTO polymorphism and cMetS, in participants that spent more than 378 min a day in front of screen-based devices (β = 0.203; 95% CI = 0.000; 0.405). No interaction term was found for those with high CRF. Conclusions High sedentary behavior seems to influence the relationship between genetic predisposition to obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with low CRF.

Background A healthy lifestyle should be adopted by young people to maintain cardiometabolic health. Aim To verify the prevalence and the integrated role of lifestyle habits in cardiometabolic risk factors according to sex in adolescents. Subjects and methods Cross-sectional study developed with 1502 adolescents, aged 10–17 years. Lifestyle habits included physical activity, screen time and sleep duration evaluated through a questionnaire. Cardiometabolic risk score (CMRS) was calculated by summing z-scores, divided by 6. For statistical analyses, multivariable binary and multinomial logistic regression models were used. Results 80.7% of the boys classified with adverse CMRS presented physical inactivity, compared to normal CMRS. In girls, 42.6% showed inadequate sleep compared to normal CMRS. Boys classified as inactive showed higher odds for obesity, as well as altered triglycerides (TGs), and systolic blood pressure, risk for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), high waist circumference, and CMRS, compared to the active. A prolonged screen time increased the odds for altered glucose and decreased the odds for altered TGs. In girls, inadequate sleep duration presented higher odds for overweight, obesity, risk for CRF, and high CMRS, compared to adequate sleep. Conclusion Physical activity for boys and sleep duration for girls are important to maintain healthy metabolic health amongst youth.

Background Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is considered a beneficial effect of physical activity (PA). PA and excessive screen time have implications for cardiometabolic risk. Objective To verify the association between screen time and CRF grouped by cardiometabolic risk factors. Subjects and methods Cross-sectional study evaluated 1,253 schoolchildren (54.2% girls) aged seven to 17 years from southern Brazil. The outcomes were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic (DBP), glucose, and lipid profile. Exposure was a combined variable of self-reported screen time (television, video game, computer) and CRF. Results The main result is that CRF had a more consistent association with anthropometric factors than with metabolic variables. Low CRF students, regardless of screen time, showed a 15% increase in the risk of elevated WC (p

Abstract Background The increased incidence of cardiometabolic risk factors has become a public health issue, especially in childhood and adolescence. Thus, early identification is essential to avoid or reduce future complications in adulthood. In this sense, the present study aimed to verify the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as a moderator in the association between neck circumference (NC) and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study that included 2418 randomly selected children and adolescents (52.5% girls), aged 6 to 17 years old. Anthropometric measurements, such as NC and body mass index (BMI), and CRF was measured by the six-minute running/walking test, as well as cardiometabolic risk (systolic blood pressure, glucose, HDL-C, and triglycerides), were assessed. Results For all age groups, NC showed a negative relationship with CRF. A significant interaction term was found for CRF x NC with cardiometabolic risk for children (6 to 9 years old), early adolescents (10 to 12 years old), and middle adolescents (13 to 17 years old). It was found that children who accomplished more than 1092.49 m in CRF test were protected against cardiometabolic risk when considering NC. In adolescents, protection against cardiometabolic risk was found when the CRF test was completed above 1424.14 m and 1471.87 m (early and middle stage, respectively). Conclusions CRF is inversely associated with NC and acts as a moderator in the relationship between NC and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. Therefore, this detrimental health impact linked to fatness might be attenuated by improving CRF levels.

Abstract Objective To verify the association between sleep duration and television time with cardiometabolic risk and the moderating role of age, gender, and skin color/ethnicity in this relationship among adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study with 1411 adolescents (800 girls) aged 10 to 17 years. Television time, sleep duration, age, gender, and skin color/ethnicity were obtained by self-reported questionnaire. Cardiometabolic risk was evaluated using the continuous metabolic risk score, by the sum of the standard z-score values for each risk factor: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glycemia, cardiorespiratory fitness, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference. Generalized linear regression models were used. Results There was an association between television time and cardiometabolic risk (β, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.003). Short sleep duration (β, 0.422; 95% CI, 0.012; 0.833) was positively associated with cardiometabolic risk. Additionally, age moderated the relationship between television time and cardiometabolic risk (β, − 0.009; 95% CI, − 0.002; − 0.001), suggesting that this relationship was stronger at ages 11 and 13 years (β, 0.004; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.006) compared to 13 to 15 years (β, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.004). No association was found in older adolescents (β, 0.001; 95% CI, − 0.002; 0.002). Conclusions Television time and sleep duration are associated with cardiometabolic risk; adolescents with short sleep have higher cardiometabolic risk. In addition, age plays a moderating role in the relationship between TV time and cardiometabolic risk, indicating that in younger adolescents the relationship is stronger compared to older ones.

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de uma intervenção nutricional em escolares de uma escola municipal do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, em relação ao consumo alimentar, estado nutricional, estilo de vida e risco cardiovascular. Métodos: Realizou-se um ensaio clínico randomizado através de uma intervenção nutricional, com 36 escolares divididos em grupo intervenção (GI) e grupo controle (GC), matriculados no 5° e 6° ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola municipal. Aplicaram-se estratégias de educação nutricional, aferiu-se peso, estatura e circunferência da cintura, verificou-se frequência de consumo alimentar e estilo de vida em ambos os grupos, antes e após um mês de intervenção. Resultados: No GI, 44,44% da amostra apresentou peso acima do adequado e no GC, 33,33%, não houve alteração no estado nutricional no período pós-teste. Analisando a diferença entre grupos, o GI apresentou após a intervenção aumento do consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados/protetor de risco cardiovascular, aumento do tempo de atividade física e leve diminuição das horas de tela, enquanto o GC apresentou aumento do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados/preditores de risco cardiovascular, aumento do peso (p=0,034), CC (p=0,004) e RCE (p=0,002). A RCE e CC correlacionaram-se positivamente com IMC e CC em ambos os grupos. Conclusão: Houve efeito positivo nos hábitos alimentares pela melhora significativa do comportamento alimentar no GI, aumento da atividade física e discreta melhora nos parâmetros antropométricos, enquanto o GC apresentou piora dos hábitos alimentares e aumento das medidas antropométricas, resultados que evidenciam a necessidade e benefícios da educação nutricional.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the evolution of seropositivity in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, through 10 consecutive surveys conducted between April 2020 and April 2021. METHODS Nine cities covering all regions of the State were studied, 500 households in each city. One resident in each household was randomly selected for testing. In survey rounds 1–8 we used the rapid WONDFO SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test (Wondfo Biotech Co., Guangzhou, China). In rounds 9–10, we used a direct ELISA test that identifies IgG to the viral S protein (S-UFRJ). In terms of social distancing, individuals were asked three questions, from which we generated an exposure score using principal components analysis. RESULTS Antibody prevalence in early April 2020 was 0.07%, increasing to 10.0% in February 2021, and to 18.2% in April 2021. In round 10, self-reported whites showed the lowest seroprevalence (17.3%), while indigenous individuals presented the highest (44.4%). Seropositivity increased by 40% when comparing the most with the least exposed. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of the population already infected by SARS-Cov-2 in the state is still far from any perspective of herd immunity and the infection affects population groups in very different levels.

Índices globais de obesidade aumentaram exponencialmente nas últimas décadas. Sendo assim, a obesidade se tornou um motivo de preocupação na saúde pública. Além de fatores ambientais, a genética tem contribuído para essa condição. SNPs como rs182052 presente no gene ADIPOQ, rs6548238 no TMEM18 e rs16835198 no FNDC5 e as proteínas séricas adiponectina e irisina têm sido associados com aumento de parâmetros de adiposidade. A partir disso, o objetivo do estudo foi relacionar a presença desses polimorfismos e níveis séricos plasmáticos dessas proteínas com parâmetros antropométricos e bioquímicos. Estudo de caráter transversal, contou com participação de 500 escolares, com idades entre sete e 17 anos. A genotipagem dos SNPs foi realizada pelo qPCR. O tratamento dos dados deu-se por estatística descritiva, UNIANOVA ajustado por sexo e idade e Kruskal-Wallis. Escolares com excesso de peso portadores do genótipo CC para o polimorfismo rs6548238 no TMEM18 estiveram relacionados a maiores médias para colesterol total (p=0,021). Portadores dos genótipos AG+AA para o polimorfismo rs182052 no ADIPOQ foram associados com maiores médias para circunferência da cintura (p=0,042) e triglicerídeos (p=0,021). Indivíduos eutróficos com os genótipos GT e GG para o SNP rs16835198 no FNDC5 foram associados com maiores valores de IMC (p=0,033) e circunferência da Cintura (p=0,044). Níveis séricos de adiponectina e irisina não demonstraram associação com nenhuma variável estudada.

Resumo: Introdução e objetivo: A hipertensão arterial pediátrica tem aumentado na última década, o que torna fundamental a identificação dos fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de pressão arterial (PA) elevada e outras doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar se existe associação entre PA alterada com fatores sociodemográficos e bioquímicos em escolares. Método: O estudo transversal foi composto por 1201 crianças e adolescentes, de sete a 17 anos de ambos os sexos. Os dados sociodemográficos avaliados foram: sexo, idade, rede escolar e nível socioeconómico. Entre os indicadores bioquímicos, avaliou‐se: glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, colesterol HDL (HDL‐c) e colesterol LDL (LDL‐c). Para a análise da PA alterada foram considerados os escolares limítrofes ou hipertensos. A associação foi testada por meio da regressão de Poisson, através dos valores de razão de prevalência (RP). Resultados: A PA alterada foi verificada em 16,2% dos escolares. No sexo feminino, houve prevalência 6% menor (p = 0,001) de PA alterada; a alteração foi maior entre os adolescentes (RP: 1,11; p

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever o perfil do estilo de vida dos sócios inscritos como atletas em um campeonato de Futebol 7 de um clube de Santa Cruz do Sul (RS). Participaram do estudo 113 sujeitos, entre 18 e 46 anos, que, através de questionário, responderam questões sobre os seguintes temas: nutrição, atividade física, comportamento preventivo, relacionamento e controle de estresse. Os resultados demonstraram que o perfil do sócio é caracterizado por buscar, através da prática esportiva, momentos de descontração e lazer entre amigos, de forma que se sinta ativo em seu meio social, embora peque em aspectos alimentares, alcoólicos e comportamentos preventivos relacionados à saúde. ABSTRACT Lifestyle profile of soccer 7’s amateur players from a social club of Santa Cruz do Sul-RS The present study aimed to describe the lifestyle of club’s members enrolled as athletes of a soccer championship in Santa Cruz do Sul (RS). A total of 113 subjects, aged between 18 and 46 years, answered, using questionnaires, questions about the following subjects: nutrition, exercise, preventive behavior, relationship and stress management. The results showed that the partner’s profile is characterized by seeking, through the sports’ practice, moments of relaxation and leisure among friends, that provides them to feel active in their social environment, although they sometimes don’t care about healthy food, alcohol consumption and preventive behaviors related to health way of life.

Objective: To verify the effect of a multicomponent intervention with overweight/obese adolescents on physical fitness, body composition, and insulin biomarkers.Methods: A quasi-experimental study with 37 adolescents, aged 10 to 17 years, of both sexes, overweight and obese, allocated in two groups (Intervention—IG Group, n = 17; Control—GC Group, n = 20). The IGs were submitted to a multicomponent intervention for 6 months (three weekly sessions) consisting of physical exercises (sports, functional circuit, recreational, and water activities) and nutritional and psychological guidance. Participants were assessed before and after intervention on body composition [body mass index (BMI), body fat, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)], physical fitness [cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and abdominal strength], and biomarkers of insulin (glucose, insulin, evaluation of the homeostasis model of insulin, and resistin resistance). The prevalence of responders in both groups was obtained according to the theoretical model applied in previous studies similar to this one to determine the cutoff points for response to intervention. Poisson regression was used to verify the difference in the prevalence ratio (PR) of the interviewees between the groups.Results: The responders' prevalence between groups CG and IG showed significant differences for body fat (CG = 30.0%; IG = 70.6%; PR = 1.396; p < 0.001), WHR (CG = 30.0%; IG = 76.5%; PR = 1.730; p < 0.001), and CRF (CG = 15.0%; IG = 52.5%; PR = 1.580; p < 0.001).Conclusions: A 6-month multicomponent intervention program improved certain body composition parameters and the CRF of overweight and obese adolescents but did not improve insulin biomarkers.Clinical Trial Registration: Clinical Trials under Protocol ID: 54985316.0.0000.5343.

A prevalência de obesidade é cada vez maior em todo o mundo, principalmente em crianças e adolescentes. Essa condição tem vários fatores causais, entre eles os ambientais, nutricionais e genéticos. Para tanto, esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação entre antropometria e perfil clínico com polimorfismos (SNPs) dos genes FNDC5 rs16835198 e RBP4 rs3758539. Estudo transversal composto por 496 crianças e adolescentes, com idades entre seis e 17 anos, de escolas da rede pública (estadual e municipal) e privada do município de Santa Cruz do Sul/RS. Foram coletados dados antropométricos e realizados testes bioquímicos e clínicos. A caracterização dos genótipos foi realizada através de PCR em tempo real utilizando o sistema Taqman™. Com este estudo foi observada prevalência de excesso de peso de 36,5% dos escolares avaliados. Além disso, foi observada associação do genótipo TT do SNP rs3758539 RBP4 com maiores níveis de c-LDL, e maiores níveis de circunferência da cintura em portadores do genótipo CT.

A obesidade é uma doença multifatorial e poligênica, relacionada ao desenvolvimento de complicações metabólicas e cardiorrespiratórias. Sugere-se que fatores genéticos contribuam de 40 a 70% na susceptibilidade de desenvolvimento da obesidade e, nesse contexto, Polimorfismos de Nucleotídeo Único (SNPs) nos genes FTO (Fat mass obesity-associated), TMEM18 (proteína transmembranar 18) e ADIPOQ (Adiponectina) se mostraram relacionados à alterações nos parâmetros antropométricos e bioquímicos. A partir disso, objetivou-se analisar a relação entre os SNPs nos genes FTO (rs9939609), TMEM18 (rs6548238) e ADIPOQ (rs182052) com o excesso de peso e as características antropométricas e bioquímicas em escolares de Santa Cruz do Sul/RS. Esse estudo, de caráter transversal, contou com participação de 600 escolares, com idades entre sete e 17 anos. A genotipagem dos SNPs foi realizada através de qPCR. O tratamento dos dados deu-se por estatística descritiva, ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis. Observou-se neste estudo, que a prevalência de excesso de peso é de 38,3%, que portadores do genótipo AT do rs9939609 (FTO) apresentaram maiores valores de índice de massa corporal (p=0,042), percentual de gordura (%G) (p=0,045) e triglicerídeos (p

Justificativa e objetivos: O presente estudo comparativo objetiva verificar se existem diferenças nos níveis de flexibilidade, resistência abdominal e aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) de escolares da zona urbana e rural de Santa Cruz do Sul-RS. Métodos: A amostra é composta por 230 crianças e adolescentes, sendo 107 do sexo masculino, com idades entre 7 a 17 anos. Para avaliação do teste de flexibilidade, foi utilizado o banco de Wells. O nível de resistência abdominal foi avaliado através do número máximo de repetições em um minuto. Para avaliação de APCR, foi aplicado o teste de corrida/caminhada de 6 minutos. Resultados: Entre os meninos, resultados mais satisfatórios foram encontrados na escola municipal da zona rural, em comparação à escola estadual urbana, apresentando maiores níveis de flexibilidade (23,1 cm versus 18,7 cm; p=0,029) e de APCR (1534,9 m versus 1275,6 m; p=0,013) e IMC inferior (18,6 kg/m² versus 21,3 kg/m²; p=0,027). As meninas da escola municipal rural apresentaram melhores níveis de APCR em comparação às meninas da escola municipal urbana (1197,3 m versus 1084,1 m; p=0,006). Conclusões: Meninos da escola municipal rural apresentam melhores níveis de índice de massa corporal, flexibilidade e aptidão cardiorrespiratória, em comparação aos escolares da escola estadual urbana. As meninas da escola municipal rural apresentaram melhores níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória quando comparadas às alunas da escola municipal urbana.

Background and objectives: Physical fitness and motor performance are important cardiometabolic risk predictors. The aim of this cross-sectional study was check for associations between commuting to school in school, physical fitness related to motor performance. Methods: The sample consists of 751 children and adolescents, 349 females and 312 males, aged between 7 and 17 years living in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul. For the evaluation of commuting to school a questionnaire was used. For the assessment of physical fitness, the agility, speed, horizontal jump and medicine ball test were performed. Results: Most of the boys (81.4%) and girls (84.1%) moves in sedentary way to school, and girls moving actively to school have better strength levels of upper limbs (p = 0.023) and speed (p = 0.003). No significant result was observed in boys relating physical fitness and commuting to school. Conclusion: It was found that active commuting girls have shown better results in physical fitness tests. KEYWORDS: Adolescent. Physical Fitness. Child. Motor Skills. Schools.

Abstract Background: The presence of dyslipidemia and behavioral aspects are determinants of cardiovascular risk, especially in childhood and adolescence. Objective: To verify possible relationships between dyslipidemia, cultural factors, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in schoolchildren. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated a sample of 1,254 children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17 from the South of Brazil, 686 of whom were female. Dyslipidemia was defined as increased levels of at least one of the following lipid profile parameters: triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and fractions of high (HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c). Cultural aspects were evaluated by a self-reported questionnaire. Data were analyzed by logistic regression, considering the odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) at 95%. Results: The results revealed a high prevalence of dyslipidemia (41.9%), which was associated with female sex (OR: 1.56; IC: 1.24-1.96) and overweight/obese status (OR: 1.55; IC: 1.20-2.00). When lipid profile parameters were evaluated separately, high levels of LDL-c were observed to be associated with sedentary school transport (OR: 1.59; IC: 1.20-2.09). Schoolchildren who were overweight/obese had higher chances of elevated levels of TC (OR: 1.40; IC: 1.07-1.84) and TG (OR: 3.21; IC: 1.96-5.26). HDL-c was shown to be related to high television time (OR: 1.59; IC: 1.00-2.54). Conclusion: Alterations in lipid parameters are associated with cultural factors, especially those related to sedentary lifestyle and low levels of CRF.

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify if there is an association between cardiometabolic risk factors and active daily commuting to school among children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 1,743 schoolchildren aged 7 to 17 years old were evaluated in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul (RS). The way of commuting to school was investigated with a questionnaire, and the cardiometabolic risk factors analyzed were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC) and fractions, LDL and HDL. Results: The prevalence of active commuting among schoolchildren was 48.0% (95%CI 45.7-50.4), and it was associated, in the crude analysis, with blood glucose and LDL cholesterol levels. Passive schoolchildren had a 1.1 higher prevalence ratio of high glucose and LDL cholesterol levels. However, when sociodemographic variables were included in the model, these associations were not maintained. Conclusions: The prevalence of active commuting in the sample studied is low and it was shown to have a crude association with glucose and LDL cholesterol levels in students. However, sociodemographic factors seem to influence these associations.

Information regarding urban-rural differences in health indicators are scarce in Brazil. This study sought to identify rural-urban differences in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in Brazilian children and adolescents whilst controlling for the important confounding variables including social economic status (SES). This is a cross-sectional study developed with children and adolescents (n = 2250, age 11.54 ± 2.76) selected from a city in the south of Brazil. CRF was estimated using a 6-minute run/walk test. CMR scores were calculated by summing different cardiometabolic risk indicators. CRF was analysed assuming a multiplicative model with allometric body-size components. CMR differences in residential locations was assessed using Analysis of caovariance (ANCOVA) adopting SES, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), age and fitness as covariates. Results indicated a main effect of location (p < 0.001) with children living a rural environment having the highest CRF, and children living in the periphery of towns having the lowest. Analysis also revealed significant main effects of location (p < 0.001) with children living a rural environment having the lowest CMR and children living in the centre of towns having the highest. Therefore, Brazilian children living in a rural environment appear to have superior health benefits.

Justificativa e Objetivo: Polimorfismos no gene relacionado à massa gorda e obesidade - FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) têm sido associados com obesidade pelos seus efeitos na homeostase de energia do indivíduo. Assim, busca-se verificar se escolares portadores do alelo de risco para obesidade (A), do polimorfismo rs9939609, do gene FTO, respondem diferentemente a um programa de intervenção com exercício físico e orientação nutricional, em comparação aos escolares que não possuem este alelo, com relação ao Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Métodos: estudo quase-experimental, realizado com 46 escolares, distribuídos, igualmente, em grupos experimental e controle, da zona rural do município de Santa Cruz do Sul-RS. A variante A/T, do polimorfismo rs9939609 do gene FTO, foi genotipada utilizando-se o sistemaTaqManTM, em equipamento automatizado StepOne Plus. O programa interdisciplinar teve duração de 4 meses, sendo realizado 3 vezes por semana, no turno contrário ao das aulas. A duração de cada foi de 1 hora e 30 minutos. Resultados: no grupo experimental, um escolar com genótipo TT que apresentava sobrepeso, passou a ter IMC normal após o programa. Para os genótipos AT + AA, os escolares mantiveram a classificação (obesidade), sendo que um escolar que apresentava sobrepeso, passou a apresentar obesidade, após o término da intervenção. A análise dos valores de IMC, antes e após a intervenção, revelou que não houve diferença significativa, tanto no grupo experimental (p=0,088), quanto no controle (p=0,964). Conclusão: independente do genótipo, os escolares responderam de forma semelhante ao programa interdisciplinar com exercícios físicos e orientação nutricional.

Objective: To determine the association between overweight/obesity in schoolchildren with FTO rs9939609 polymorphism (fatmass and obesity associated) and family history of obesity. Methods: Cross‐sectional study comprising a sample of 406 children aged 7–17 years in a city in southern Brazil. Overweight/obesity in schoolchildren was assessed by body mass index (BMI), and family history of obesity was self‐reported by parents. Polymorphism genotyping was performed by real time PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The association between the nutritional status of schoolchildren with the presence of family obesity, stratified by polymorphism genotypes (AA [at‐risk for obesity], AT, and TT), was assessed by prevalence ratio values (PR) through Poisson regression. Results: Among schoolchildren with the AA genotype, 57.4% had overweight/obesity; the percentage was lower for the AT and TT genotypes (33.1% and 28.9%, respectively). Overweight/obesity in schoolchildren was associated with a family history of obesity, especially among children with the AA genotype. The prevalence was higher among those with an obese mother (PR: 1.28; p

Abstract Objective Verify the association between metabolic risk profile in students with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index, as well as the nutritional status of their parents. Methods A cross-sectional study comprising 1.254 schoolchildren aged between seven and 17 years. The metabolic risk profile was calculated by summing the standardized values of high density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins, triglycerides, glucose and systolic blood pressure. The parents’ nutritional status was evaluated by self-reported weight and height data, for body mass index calculating. The body mass index of schoolchildren was classified as underweight/normal weight and overweight/obesity. The cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by 9-minute running/walk test, being categorized as fit (good levels) and unfit (low levels). Data were analyzed using prevalence ratio values (PR). Results The data indicates a higher occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren whose mother is obese (PR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.23), and even higher for those whose father and mother are obese (PR: 2, 79, 95% CI: 1.41; 5.51). Students who have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity have higher occurrence of presenting metabolic risk profile (PR: 5.25; 95% CI: 3.31; 8.16). Conclusion the occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren increase when they have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity, and the presence of parental obesity.

Abstract This longitudinal study evaluated the association between the incidence of youth overweight/obesity (Ow/Ob) and low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) over 4 years and youths' and their parents' demographic and nutritional characteristics. The randomized sample comprised 398 youth, aged 7-17 years at baseline, from a city in southern Brazil. Subjects were classified as being Ow/Ob according to international body mass index (BMI) parameters. Parental weight and height were determined by direct questioning. Youth CRF was measured by a 9-minute walk-and-run test. The cumulative incidences of Ow/Ob and of low CRF levels were 25.1% and 20.5%, respectively. Relative to other youth, youth who were classified as "unhealthy" at baseline (with respect to CRF) and by the fourth year were more likely to be classified as Ow/Ob (relative risks: 1.12 and 1.10, respectively). Youth whose mothers were categorized as Ow/Ob were at higher risk of being classified as Ow/Ob than youth whose mothers had normal BMIs (relative risks: 1.19 at baseline and 1.20 in the fourth year). The incidence of Ow/Ob among the former youth was associated with low CRF levels and with maternal Ob.

Backgound and Objectives: The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has increased significantly all over the world. Consequently, the prevalence of diseases that were once considered adult, has also affected young, increasingly early. To investigate whether there are differences in the rates of obesity and hypertension among schoolchildren of the Northern hemisphere, south, east and west of the rural municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul-RS. Methods: A cross-sectional study involved students, aged 7-17 years, from 5 schools in the rural municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul- RS. Anthropometric indices such as BMI (body mass index), WC (waist circumference), %BF (body fat percentage) and both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) were evaluated. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 program through descriptive analysis and chi-square test, considering significant differences p≤0,005. Results: Were evaluated 726 students, 350 male and 376 female. Prevalence rates in five schools assessed were similar, except for the fat percentage, where the school 3 presented significantly higher prevalence of elevated %BF for both male and female. Conclusion: The closest school urban area showed the highest prevalence of elevated %BF, the other parameters prevalence rates were similar. KEYWORDS: Obesity. Hypertension. Child. Adolescent. Rural Population.

FUNDAMENTO: A obesidade tem sido identificada como importante fator de risco no desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares, porém outros fatores exercem influência, combinados ou não à obesidade, e devem ser considerados na estratificação de risco cardiovascular em pediatria. OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre medidas antropométricas e fatores de risco cardiovascular, investigar os determinantes para as mudanças da pressão arterial (PA) e propor uma equação de predição para circunferência de cintura (CC) em crianças e adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 1.950 crianças e adolescentes, com idade entre 7-18 anos. Foi investigada a gordura visceral pela CC e a relação cintura-quadril, PA e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Em uma subamostra selecionada aleatoriamente desses voluntários (n = 578), foram medidos o colesterol total, a glicemia e os triglicerídeos. RESULTADOS: A CC se correlacionou positivamente com o IMC (r = 0,85; p < 0,001) e a PA (PAS r = 0,45 e PAD = 0,37; p < 0,001). A glicemia e os triglicerídeos apresentaram correlação fraca com a CC (r = 0,110; p = 0,008 e r = 0,201; p < 0,001, respectivamente). O colesterol total não se correlacionou com nenhuma variável. Idade, IMC e CC foram preditores significativos nos modelos de regressão para PA (p < 0,001). Propõe-se uma equação de predição da CC para crianças e adolescentes: meninos: y = 17,243 + 0,316 (altura em cm); meninas: y = 25,197 + 0,256 (altura em cm). CONCLUSÃO: A CC está associada com fatores de risco cardiovascular e apresenta-se como fator preditor de risco para hipertensão em crianças e adolescentes. A equação de predição para CC proposta em nosso estudo deve ser testada em futuros trabalhos.

Backgound and Objectives: The practice of physical activity and the potential benefits of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) should be considered as primary prevention of chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to relate CRF with risk factors causing cardiovascular diseases (obesity and hypertension) and arterial hypertension), in the municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul – RS. Method: the study of transversal character, utilized a sample of 1666 students, aged 7 – 17 years. The CRF was evaluated through the general resistance test (9 minutes); for cardiovascular risks factors, systolic and diastolic blood pressure was taken into consideration, along with anthropometric evaluations that indicate obesity, like the BMI, the sum of cutaneous flaps (ΣCF), body fat percentage (%BF), waist circumference and waist-hip ratio (WHR). Results: a high percentage of children with unsatisfactory cardiorespiratory fitness was found (70.9% for the boys and 69.4% for the girls). By comparing the CRF with cardiovascular risk factors (obesity and hypertension), it is observed that students with satisfactory cardiorespiratory fitness have better averages for BMI, WC, ΣCF,% F, SBP for both sexes, and DBP, for males. Found only a weak correlation between age (r = 0.431, p

Abstract Background: Both poor aerobic fitness and obesity, separately, are associated with abnormal lipid profiles. Objective: To identify possible relationships of dyslipidemia with cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity, evaluated together, in children and adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1,243 children and adolescents (563 males and 680 females) between 7 and 17 years of age from 19 schools. Obesity was assessed using body mass index (BMI) measurements, and cardiorespiratory fitness was determined via a 9-minute run/walk test. To analyze the lipid profile of each subject, the following markers were used: total cholesterol, cholesterol fractions (high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein) and triglycerides. Data were analyzed using SPSS v. 20.0, via prevalence ratio (PR), using the Poisson regression. Results: Dyslipidemia is more prevalent among unfit/overweight-obese children and adolescents compared with fit/underweight-normal weight boys (PR: 1.25; p = 0.007) and girls (PR: 1.30, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of dyslipidemia is directly related to both obesity and lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness.

Colorectal cancer has a high incidence in Brazil, with the South and Southeast regions presenting the largest number of cases. OBJECTIVE: Identify the epidemiological characteristics and the regimens used as first-line treatment of patients with colorectal cancer treated at a cancer center in Santa Cruz do Sul (RS, Brazil) from 2006 to 2011. METHODS: The records of 130 patients were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics, such as age, gender, ethnic group, stage of disease, primary site of disease and first-line treatment, were evaluated. The association of significance was evaluated using the chi-square and Fischer exact tests. The confidence interval used was 95% (pNo Brasil, o câncer colorretal apresenta uma elevada incidência, sendo as Regiões Sul e Sudeste as com maior número de casos. OBJETIVO: Identificar as características epidemiológicas e os esquemas terapêuticos utilizados como primo-tratamento dos pacientes portadores de câncer colorretal atendidos em um centro especializado em oncologia em Santa Cruz do Sul (RS) no período de 2006 a 2011. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente 130 prontuários de pacientes portadores de câncer colorretal. Características clínicas e epidemiológicas como idade, sexo, cor da pele, estádio da doença, sítio primário da doença e primo-tratamento foram avaliadas. A associação de significância foi avaliada pelos testes do qui-quadrado e exato de Fischer. O intervalo de confiança utilizado foi de 95% (p

A obesidade é um grave pro¬blema de saúde pública e está relacionada a um baixo grau de inflamação crô¬nica. A Proteína C Reativa (PCR) é caracterizada como proteína de fase aguda, mas em resposta à inflamação e em estados crônicos, pode assumir um papel pró-inflamatório, como no caso da obesidade. Para tanto, teve-se por objetivo avaliar a possível relação dos níveis de PCR circulante e do SNP rs1205 do gene CRP com obesidade, características antropométricas e marcadores bioquímicos em escolares de Santa Cruz do Sul – RS. Este estudo caracteriza-se por ser transversal retrospectivo, sendo realizado com 380 escolares de 07 a 17 anos de idade. A genotipagem do polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único (SNP) rs1205C/T foi realizada através de PCR em tempo real. Foram coletados dados antropométricos e realizados testes bioquímicos. O tratamento estatístico foi realizado por estatística descritiva, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney e regressão logística multivariada. Com este estudo, foi observada prevalência de 25,3% de sobrepeso e obesidade nos escolares estudados, e que portadores do alelo de risco (T) apresentaram maior chance de desenvolver hipercolesterolemia (OR =2,67; 95% IC: 1,265 - 5,657). O SNP rs1205 do gene CRP foi associado à hipercolesterolemia, podendo assim, aumentar o risco de problemas cardiovasculares na fase adulta.

FUNDAMENTO: Durante a infância e adolescência, o sedentarismo, o excesso de peso e a alimentação inadequada são fatores de risco para doenças crônicas, sobretudo obesidade, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabete melito. A intervenção precoce pode prevenir o desenvolvimento dessas complicações. OBJETIVO: Verificar a presença de fatores de risco cardiovasculares (obesidade e hipertensão arterial) e suas possíveis interações com a capacidade cardiorrespiratória. Métodos: Estudo transversal composto de amostra estratificada por conglomerados, de 1.666 escolares, com idades entre 7 e 17 anos, 873 (52,4%) do sexo masculino e 793 (47,6%) do sexo feminino. Avaliaram-se as pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), índice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura (%G) e capacidade cardiorrespiratória. Ainda, PAS e PAD foram correlacionadas com circunferência da cintura (CC), relação cintura-quadril (RCQ), somatório de dobras cutâneas (ΣDC) e capacidade cardiorrespiratória. RESULTADOS: A avaliação do IMC dos escolares evidenciou 26,7% de sobrepeso ou obesidade e 35,9% com o percentual de gordura acima de moderadamente alto. Com relação aos níveis pressóricos, encontraram-se 13,9% e 12,1% de escolares limítrofes e hipertensos, para PAS e PAD, respectivamente. Houve associação entre hipertensão, obesidade e capacidade cardiorrespiratória. Observou-se correlação significativa em relação à PAS e PAD, para todas as variáveis analisadas, apresentando, ainda, uma relação fraca a moderada com as variáveis idade, peso, estatura, IMC e circunferência da cintura. CONCLUSÃO: A presença da hipertensão arterial associada à obesidade e seu reflexo na capacidade cardiorrespiratória reforçam a importância de se propor, já na infância, um estilo de vida mais ativo e saudável.BACKGROUND: During childhood and adolescence, physical inactivity, excess weight, and poor nutrition are risk factors for chronic diseases, especially obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Early intervention can prevent the development of these complications. OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence of cardiovascular risk (obesity and hypertension) in schoolchildren and its potential interactions with cardio-respiratory fitness. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a stratified cluster sample of 1,666 schoolchildren, aged between 7 and 17 years, 873 (52.4%) of them male and 793 (47.6%) of them female. The following variables were evaluated: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF %), and cardio-respiratory fitness. SBP and DBP were correlated with waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), sum of skin folds (ΣSF), and cardio-respiratory fitness. RESULTS: A BMI assessment of the students showed that 26.7% of them were overweight or obese, and 35.9% had body fat percentage over moderately high. As to blood pressure, we found that 13.9% and 12.1% of the students were borderline or hypertensive, for SBP and DBP, respectively. There was an association among hypertension, obesity, and cardio-respiratory fitness. There was a significant correlation of SBP and DBP with all variables, and also a weak to moderate correlation with age, weight, height, BMI, and waist circumference. CONCLUSION: The presence of hypertension associated with obesity and its effects on cardio-respiratory fitness stress the importance of recommending, since childhood, a more active and healthy lifestyle.

A hiperglicemia, as dislipidemias e a obesidade são alguns dos critérios para diagnóstico de síndrome metabólica, caracterizada como um conjunto de fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares, vasculares periféricas e diabetes. O presente estudo transversal objetiva comparar o perfil lipídico e glicêmico com o estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes da zona urbana de Santa Cruz do Sul-RS. O estudo contou com a participação de 713 escolares, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 7 e 17 anos. Os resultados mostram maior prevalência de excesso de peso, entre o sexo masculino. Escolares com sobrepeso/obesidade apresentaram maior prevalência de colesterol total e triglicerídeos alterados, havendo diferença significativa para o coleterol total no sexo masculino e triglicerídeos em ambos os sexos. Conclui-se que há associação entre sobrepeso/obesidade e alteração de níveis séricos de colesterol total e triglicerídeos na amostra estudada.

A anemia é caracterizada como um processo patológico em que a concentração de hemoglobina está abaixo dos níveis considerados normais e a sua principal causa na infância é a deficiência de ferro. Altas prevalências de anemia e suas consequências à saúde tornam esta patologia um grave problema de saúde pública. O objetivo deste trabalho é estimar a prevalência de anemia em crianças e adolescentes, estudantes de escolas municipais, estaduais e particulares de Santa Cruz do Sul, RS. É um estudo transversal realizado com 1.590 crianças e adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de 7 a 17 anos, no período de 2011 a 2012. A concentração de hemoglobina foi medida através de espectrofotometria na região do visível, utilizando o método de cianeto de hemoglobina (HiCN). Encontrou-se uma prevalência de 14,3% de anemia. A frequência de casos de anemia foi maior entre as meninas. A prevalência de anemia nos escolares da rede privada foi mais alta em comparação às demais escolas e os adolescentes apresentaram porcentagem superior de anemia quando comparados às crianças (p = 0,042). Com base neste estudo é possível delinear estratégias de saúde pública para prevenção.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade de crianças e adolescentes de Santa Cruz do Sul- RS, relacionada com a região urbana das escolas (centro e bairros da periferia) em que vivem. A amostra foi constituída por 605 escolares, com idade entre 7 e 17 anos, de 14 escolas do município. Para avaliarmos sobrepeso/obesidade, utilizou-se o índice de massa corporal (IMC). As análises dos dados foram realizadas no programa SPSS for Windows 20.0 considerando diferença significativa para p≤ 0,05. Ao avaliarmos os índices de sobrepeso/obesidade, em relação ao local da escola, observou-se uma maior prevalência na zona Leste, apresentando um percentual de 31,6%. A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade, quando avaliada em relação ao sexo, mostra um percentual de 25,2% para meninos e 25,4% para meninas; entre estes, 31,1% são crianças e 21,0% adolescentes. Dentre os resultados evidenciados, observou-se maior prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade nos bairros da região leste e entre crianças. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os sexos e sugere-se uma avaliação mais criteriosa dos projetos e ações em saúde desenvolvida com crianças e adolescentes dentro do município, além de investigação nos bairros sobre os locais para realização de exercícios físicos e práticas de lazer/esporte.

O objetivo foi identificar as principais atividades culturais, esportivas e de lazer realizadas pelos pais dos escolares do centro, periferia e zona rural do município de Santa Cruz do Sul - RS. Participaram deste estudo transversal 188 adultos. Constatou-se que no sexo masculino o estilo de vida é mais ativo em seu tempo de lazer e que as mães da periferia foram as que se mostraram mais sedentárias. De forma geral, percebemos um predomínio de atividades pouco ativas, sendo preocupante o baixo percentual de pais que declararam realizar algum tipo de atividade física no lazer, pois além de predispostos a fatores de risco, os pais servem de exemplo aos filhos; passando a eles um exemplo indesejável, o sedentarismo.

Abstract Objective: To determine the association between overweight/obesity in schoolchildren with FTO rs9939609 polymorphism (fatmass and obesity associated) and family history of obesity. Methods: Cross-sectional study comprising a sample of 406 children aged 7-17 years in a city in southern Brazil. Overweight/obesity in schoolchildren was assessed by body mass index (BMI), and family history of obesity was self-reported by parents. Polymorphism genotyping was performed by real time PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The association between the nutritional status of schoolchildren with the presence of family obesity, stratified by polymorphism genotypes (AA [at-risk for obesity], AT, and TT), was assessed by prevalence ratio values (PR) through Poisson regression. Results: Among schoolchildren with the AA genotype, 57.4% had overweight/obesity; the percentage was lower for the AT and TT genotypes (33.1% and 28.9%, respectively). Overweight/obesity in schoolchildren was associated with a family history of obesity, especially among children with the AA genotype. The prevalence was higher among those with an obese mother (PR: 1.28; p < 0.001), obese maternal or paternal grandmother (PR: 1.22; p = 0.047), and obese paternal grandfather (PR: 1.32; p < 0.001). Conclusions: There is an association between the AA genotype of rs9939609 polymorphism and BMI among schoolchildren. The association between overweight/obesity in schoolchildren with a family history of obesity was found mainly among students with the AA genotype.

Abstract Objective: To describe the factors associated with dental caries among students from Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a random sample of 623 students of both genders, aged 10-17 years old. Tooth decay was performed using the index of the World Health Organization (1997), DMFT (permanent dentition) that expresses the sum of decayed, missing and filled teeth per person. The maternal educational level was rated using criteria of the Brazilian Association of Market Research Companies. The remaining variables were obtained by a structured questionnaire. Poisson regression analysis was used to test the association between variables using robust models and a subsequently adjusted model. Data were expressed as prevalence ratio (PR). Results: Multivariate analysis identified the following factors related to the experience of dental caries: residence in rural municipalities (PR: 1.15; 95%CI: 1.0-1.3), attending a city school (PR: 3.30; 95%CI: 1.1-9.4) or a state school (PR: 3.40; 95%CI: 1.1-9.6); and having an illiterate mother or a mother that only attended up to the 4th year of school (PR: 1.67; 95%CI: 1.1-2.4) or high school (PR: 1.54; 95%CI: 1.1-2.2). Conclusions: The presence of caries in students in southern Brazil was associated with residence in rural areas, mother with little education and attendance to a public school.