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La consolidation sur Internet d’une « manosphere », ou convergent les defenseurs de la « cause masculine », temoigne du recalibrage des politiques masculinistes en fonction des avancees feministes. Les participants y critiquent les mouvements d’emancipation feminine des annees 1960 et denoncent les derives neoliberales engagees a compter des annees 1980, tout en idealisant une certaine vision de la societe francaise d’immediate apres-guerre. Le champ sentimental et sexuel apparait aujourd’hui comme le principal point de crispation des mouvements masculinistes en ligne. Partant d’une cartographie de la manosphere, cet article explore l’hybridation strategique entre la defense d’une domination traditionnelle du masculin sur le feminin et l’inscription dans l’individualisme contemporain, avec une recuperation adroite des outils et techniques feministes de conscientisation.

The 2018 reboot of ABC’s hit sitcom Roseanne was a significant attempt from a major network to reach a new “pro-Trump audience.” Turning its back on the feminist perspective of the original show (1...

During global health crises, different narratives regarding infectious disease epidemics circulate in traditional media (e.g. news agencies, television channels) and social media. Our study investigated the narratives related to sexual transmission of Zika virus that circulated on Twitter during a public health emergency and analyzed the relationship between information on Twitter and on traditional media. We examined 10,748 tweets posted during the peaks of Twitter activity between January and March 2016. Posts in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese and websites linked to tweets were manually reviewed and analyzed thematically. During the study period, there were three peaks of Twitter activity related to the sexual transmission of Zika. Most tweets in the first peak (

The paper presents an experimental study and a 0D dynamic modeling of a biomass boiler based on the Bond Graph formalism from mass and energy balance. The biomass boiler investigated in this study is an automatic pellet boiler with a nominal power of 30 kW with a fixed bed. The balances allow to model as time function the flue gas enthalpy flux variation and the thermal transfers between the flue gas and the walls of the boiler subsystems. The main objective is to build a model to represent the dynamic thermal behavior of the boiler. Indeed, small domestic boilers have discontinuous operating phases when the set temperature is reached. The global thermal transfer coefficients for the boiler subsystems are obtained according to an iterative calculation by inverse method. The boiler has an average efficiency of 67.5% under our operating conditions and the radiation is the dominant thermal transfer by reaching 97.6% of the total thermal transfers inside the combustion chamber. The understanding of the dynamic behavior of the boiler during the operating phases allows to evaluate its energy performances. The proposed model is both stimulated and validated using experimental results carried out on the boiler.

While sexual abuse by members of the Catholic Church is a topic of growing importance, and the subject of much work to understand its construction as a public problem, little research has attempted to analyse the press coverage of this phenomenon. This article focuses on French press coverage of sexual violence committed by Catholic Church members between 2016 and 2020, a period of intense coverage, and aims to grasp its causes and solutions as reported in the daily national press. Based on content analysis using an inductive framing grid that lists the causes and solutions reported by four major national daily newspapers, the study results reveal a tendency to highlight systemic causes, particularly the role played by the silence of the Church in the perpetuation of violence, while reporting extensively on individual cases. This reflects both the strong movement of recognition of the victims, as well as their driving role in the newspapers’ exposure of the phenomenon.

IF=5.302; International audience; Microwave sintering (MW) allows fast heating (≤30 min) and densification of ceramic materials, like alumina Al2O3. In order to predict the final material properties (density, size and grain size) the mechanical SOVS (Skorohold Olevsky Viscous Sintering) model is adapted and validated for conventional sintering of alumina. The model is implemented on ABAQUS with UMAT subroutine. Secondly, the SOVS model is modified for the microwave sintering by adapting the shear viscosity Arrhenius type law. Pre-exponential and exponential coefficients are modified for MW sintering. The calculated relative densities are compared to experimental results from conventional and microwave sintering and the relative difference remains under 3%. The coefficients identified for the MW sintering reveal a decrease in the shear viscosity by around 10 and an increase by up to 50 times in the grain boundaries diffusion coefficient.

L’image des femmes dans les series televisees aux Etats-Unis a tellement ete marquee par la sexualite liberee, le langage cru, les solidarites feminines et les introspections existentielles de Sex and the City et, dans une moindre mesure, d’Ally McBeal, que les series anterieures pourraient, par un effet d’ecrasement, apparaitre comme une simple protohistoire de ces productions televisuelles, et les series suivantes comme des queues de comete. Pourtant, des les annees 1950, des politiques antisexistes affleurent, qui ne sont pas seulement les germes annonciateurs des futures heroines, mais qui sont a la fois des mediatrices des agencements politiques de leur epoque et de puissantes matrices des heroines liberees (mais angoissees) des annees 1990. Critiques des politiques du care, du plafond de verre, des doubles standards d’un cote, mais aussi metaphores sexuelles, solidarites feminines et troubles dans le genre de l’autre, forment les nœuds narratifs de ces series que seule une perspective anachronique pourrait disqualifier.

Comment les contre-publics se consolident-ils en ligne, et comment mobilisent-ils l’espace public numerique comme arene symbolique pour la production du lien social et la publicisation de leurs ideologies ? Cet article propose de comprendre les « rites de marge » dans les conversations en ligne comme des rituels qui visent tant l’identification et l’allegeance a une communaute que le cadrage discursif des participants. Le terrain est celui de la manosphere, soit le contre-public antifeministe defendant le retour a un regime politique patriarcal, dont la valeur principale est sa relation contre le sens commun. A cet egard, les traces en ligne doivent a la fois etre saisies en elles-memes, et dans le cadre d’une strategie politique largement pensee hors ligne. Cet article exploite la notion de « chambre d’echo » afin de construire un outil de selection des commentateurs, faisant passer la manosphere de « big-data » a un reseau de taille moderee, et permettant de derouler une enquete a la fois quantitative et qualitative dans le reseau des commentaires. Ce faisant, la visualisation de donnees cree un cadrage methodologique solide pour, d’abord, l’identification des acteurs-cles d’une contre-culture, et, ensuite, la demarche ethnographique visant, elle, la comprehension des rituels liminaires et des re-ordonnancements des discours.

The current study focuses on the radiative characteristics of heavy smoking flames that are formatted by oxygen being added to the fuel stream of a steady laminar ethylene diffusion flame. In such a scenario, based on the experimental local soot temperature and volume fraction results, the soot local radiative fields are obtained by solving the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE). Along with the diluted range (oxygen volume fraction X O 2 a x from 0 to 32%), the flame undergoes two significant transitions, i.e., smoking and non-smoking; however, only one remarkable radiative intensity transition between 30% and 32% is identified. The radiative loss due to the oxygen chemical effect is further assessed by comparing with that of N2 diluted flames. It is found that the chemical effect on radiative loss promotion is undermined by approximately 25%, compared with that on soot formation promotion. In contrast, the oxygen dilution effect results in a similar reduction level on soot formation propensity and soot radiative loss. Furthermore, the correlations between relative soot consumption rate and cumulated radiative loss below the flame tip region are explored, and the results indicate that the initial relative oxidation rate at the position of z F v , max (the peak location of flame cross-section mean soot volume fraction) and its residence time are two important factors that may affect the final flame smoking/non-smoking transition. Eventually, these local soot radiative intensity fields, together with the local soot temperature and volume fraction fields, provide a more comprehensive benchmark to refine the soot oxidation model as the ISF workshop required and understand the flame transition mechanism in the sooting flames.

International audience; Stressors experience early in life by animals may have carry over impacts on life-traits over the life cycle. Accelerated telomere attrition induced by stress during development and growth could play a role in such delayed effects. Among stressors, exposure to chemicals may modify telomere dynamic but, to date, the trends evidenced between exposure and telomere shortening remains inconsistent. Moreover, the role of corticosterone as a possible mediator of chemical impact on telomere is not yet clearly established. Here, we investigated in wild populations of Red kite whether nestling exposure to metals and pesticides was related to corticosterone concentrations in feathers and telomere length measured in 47 individuals. Lead and mercury concentrations in blood ranged from 2.3 to 59.0 mu g L-1 and to 1.4 to 115.7 mu g L-1 respectively, and were below the toxicity thresholds proposed for wildlife. Rodenticides were detected in 30% of the chicks. Corticosterone increased with mercury and lead in interaction, showing a synergistic effect of these 2 non-essential metals on this stress hormone. Telomere length was not linked to metals and/or rodenticide exposure while it was related negatively to corticosterone. The relationship between telomere and corticosterone was modulated by nestling's age, which suggests that the rate of telomere shortening is higher when corticosterone increases. Our findings propose an effect of low exposure of Red Kite nestlings to mercury and lead mixture to raise baseline corticosterone in feathers. The relationships established suggest the hypothesis that telomere attrition could be an indirect consequence of metal exposure mediated by corticosterone.

International audience; This paper describes mainly laser-based techniques applied to a boiler fueled by wood pellets which is a real complicated combustion system. To our knowledge, laser-induced incandescence (LII) and extinction are used to characterize particulate emission at the exhaust for the first time because laser diagnostics are generally applied to laboratory flames, automotive engines and aeroengines. The 30-kW boiler was first characterized by temperature mapping in the combustion chamber and particle diameter analysis by scanning mobility particle sizer at the exhaust and inside the first combustion chamber for a better understanding of the running of this complex combustion system. Non-intrusive laser-based diagnostics including broadband LII, two-color LII and laser extinction excited at 1064 nm have been employed to study the particulate emissions at the exhaust of the boiler during the start-up and the steady-state phases of the boiler. The cross analysis of the experimental results obtained with the different diagnostics shows that particle size distributions, particles volume fractions and the temperature distribution are strongly dependent on the boiler cycle linked to the pellets loading. Laser extinction and LII-based methods provided complementary information about the particulate emissions. The LII technique probes incandescent soot particles formed during the combustion of pellets, while laser extinction detects both soot and non-incandescent particles (such as dust, fly ashes).

International audience; This chapter assesses the environmental and economical performances of Jatropha biodiesel used as fuel by a diesel generator supplying electricity to the Ivorian remote locality of 500 inhabitants. It begins with a presentation of the Ivorian electric context and the Jatropha plant from which biodiesel is produced. Then, it presents the different assumptions adopted and the tools used, namely, the life cycle assessment (LCA), the calculation of the power of the diesel generator, and the calculation of the electricity production cost. By the end of the chapter, the results obtained from the LCA, the calculation of the diesel generator power, and the calculation of the cost of electricity generation from Jatropha biodiesel are presented. Of course, an interpretation of these results is carried out in order to draw the conclusions. The main results obtained at the end of this study are as follows:•One kilowatt-hour of electricity generation from Jatropha oil is more environmental efficient than the generation of 1 kW h of electricity from conventional diesel. In fact, there is no impact on global warming, no eutrophication, and there is the same impact on nonrenewable energy depletion with the use of conventional diesel.•The cost of electricity generation from Jatropha oil for an Ivorian village of 500 people (0.1€/kW h) is better than the fixed electricity generation cost from biomass (0.2€/kW h) but on the condition of developing a market for the oil cake.

Des mesures par thermocouples et thermographie infrarouge sont realisees sur le refroidisseur d'air suralimente d'un moteur a allumage commande (cylindree : 1,2 L, taux de compression : 10,5:1, puissance : 95,6 kW) pour plusieurs points de fonctionnement moteur. Une methode de calcul est developpee pour caracteriser localement les proprietes thermiques du fluide (masse volumique, chaleur specifique, viscosite dynamique, etc, …) selon la temperature pour ensuite determiner le coefficient de transfert de chaleur et le nombre de Nusselt.

International audience; This paper addresses the discrimination of dilution and thermal effects on soot production when nitrogen is added to the fuel stream of a steady laminar ethylene diffusion flame. In this context, the mixture-strength flame height Hf and visible flame height Hv are unambiguously documented and exhibit opposite trends within experimental diluted range (N2 volume fraction from 0 to 0.56). Simultaneous soot volume fraction and temperature fields are mapped for different N2 volume fractions by the Modulated Absorption/Emission (MAE) technique. Two characteristic flame heights and the temperature at the peak soot volume fraction are shown to be crucial parameters to assess the extent of the dilution and thermal effects together with their impact on soot formation in the flame. As a result, the mixture-strength flame height is proposed to characterize the soot formation rate within soot growth region, while the visible flame height is more appropriate to describe the overall sooting propensity in the flame. The probed soot temperature is recommended as the characteristic temperature to assess N2 dilution and thermal effects since the thermal effect is overestimated when using the adiabatic temperature.

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is giving rise to worldwide anxieties, rumours, and online misinformation. But it offers an opportunity to put into practice some lessons learned in studies of social media during epidemics, particularly with respect to the dynamics of online heroisation and blame.

In this study, quantitative model of two-photon excitation and fluorescence spectra of carbon monoxide based on up-to-date spectroscopic constants collected during an extensive literature survey was developed. This semi-classical model takes into account Hönl–London factors, quenching effects (collisional broadening and shift), ionization and stark effect (broadening and shift), whereas predissociation is neglected. It was specifically developed to first reproduce with a high confidence level the behavior of our experimental spectra obtained from laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements, and then to allow us to extrapolate the fluorescence signal amplitude in other conditions than those used in these experiments. Synthetic two-photon excitation and fluorescence spectra of CO were calculated to predict the fluorescence signal at high pressures and temperatures, which are representative of gas turbine operating conditions. Comparison between experimental and calculated spectra is presented. Influence of temperature on both excitation and fluorescence spectra shapes and amplitudes is well reproduced by the simulated ones. It is then possible to estimate flame temperature from the comparison between experimental and calculated shapes of numerical excitation spectra. Influence of pressure on both excitation and fluorescence spectra was also investigated. Results show that for temperature below 600 K and pressure above 0.1 MPa, the usual Voigt profile is not suitable to reproduce the shape of the excitation spectrum. We found that the Lindholm profile is well suited to reproduce the pressure-dependence of the spectrum in the range 0.1 to 0.5 MPa at 300 K, and 0.1 to 0.7 MPa at 860 K. Beyond 0.7 MPa, in this temperature range, it is shown that the Lindholm profile does no longer match the spectral profiles, in particularly the red wing. Further analyses taking into account the line mixing phenomenon at higher pressure are thus discussed.

Regular pyrometry techniques have been extensively used to infer the temperature field in sooting flames from soot luminosity. However, correction for soot self-absorption along the line-of-sight needs to be considered. The original contribution of the present paper is to assess both numerical and experimental uncertainties that can be attributed to the soot self-absorption effect on the soot temperature field measured by the two-color Modulated Absorption/Emission (2C-MAE) technique. Unlike for regular pyrometry techniques, the design of the 2C-MAE technique actually enables the direct measurement of the local spectral absorption coefficient field. The proportion of flame emission trapping caused by the soot along the line-of-sight is first simulated for different levels of soot loading ranges. The retrieved temperature error when self-absorption is neglected can then be quantified as a function of the level of soot loading and the detection spectral ranges of the technique. As a result, it is found that the proportion of the flame emission attenuation due to self-absorption is directly proportional to the soot volume fraction $$f_\mathrm{v}$$ and hardly depends on the temperature field to be retrieved. These trends are emphasized as the lower spectral range of detection is shifted towards the smaller wavelength. In addition, a linear correlation between the absolute temperature error and the peak $$f_\mathrm{v}$$ in the flame can be extracted and confirmed by experimental results. Eventually, it is also found that selecting detection spectral ranges centered at 645 nm and 785 nm offer the minimum temperature deviation when soot self-absorption is neglected for any conditions of soot loading level within the three studied spectral combinations. This finding is especially relevant for the identification of the optimal operating conditions required by regular 2C-pyrometry for the sooting flames considered.

International audience; A dynamic model using the bond graph formalism of the expansion cylinder of an open Joule cycle Ericsson engine intended for a biomass-fuelled micro-CHP system is presented. Dynamic phenomena, such as the thermodynamic evolution of air, the instantaneous air mass flow rates linked to pressure drops crossing the valves, the heat transferred through the expansion cylinder wall and the mechanical friction losses, are included in the model. The influence on the Ericsson engine performances of the main operating conditions (intake air pressure and temperature, timing of intake and exhaust valve closing, rotational speed, mechanical friction losses and heat transfer at expansion cylinder wall) is studied. The operating conditions maximizing the performances of the Ericsson engine used in the a biomass-fuelled micro-CHP unit are an intake air pressure between 6 and 8 bar, a maximized intake air temperature, an adjustment of the intake and exhaust valve closing corresponding to an expansion cycle close to the theoretical Joule cycle, a rotational speed close to 800 rpm. The heat transfer at the expansion cylinder wall reduces the engine performances.

Introduction: The 2013-2015 outbreak of Ebola was by far the largest to date, affecting Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and secondarily, Nigeria, Senegal and the United States. Such an event raises questions about the circulation of health information across social networks. This article presents an analysis of tweets concerning a specific theme: the sexual transmission of the virus by survivors, at a time when there was a great uncertainty about the duration and even the possibility of such transmission. Methods: This article combines quantitative and qualitative analysis. From a sample of 50,000 tweets containing the words "Ebola" in French and English, posted between March 15 and November 8, 2014, we created a graphic representation of the number of tweets over time, and identified two peaks: the first between July 27 and August 16, 2014 (633 tweets) and the second between September 28 and November 8, 2014 (2,577 tweets). This sample was divided into two parts, and every accessible publication was analyzed and coded according to the authors' objectives, feelings expressed and/or publication type. Results: While the results confirm the significant role played by mainstream media in disseminating information, media did not create the debate around the sexual transmission of Ebola and Twitter does not fully reflect mainstream media contents. Social media rather work like a "filter": in the case of Ebola, Twitter preceded and amplified the debate with focusing more than the mainstream media on the sexual transmission, as expressed in jokes, questions and criticism. Discussion: Online debates can of course feed on journalistic or official information, but they also show great autonomy, tinged with emotions or criticisms. Although numerous studies have shown how this can lead to rumors and disinformation, our research suggests that this relative autonomy makes it possible for Twitter users to bring into the public sphere some types of information that have not been widely addressed. Our results encourage further research to understand how this "filter" works during health crises, with the potential to help public health authorities to adjust official communications accordingly. Without a doubt, the health authorities would be well advised to put in place a special watch on the comments circulating on social media (in addition to that used by the health monitoring agencies).

IF=1.743; International audience; In this paper, a comparison of exergetic models between two hot air engines (a Gamma type Stirling prototype having a maximum output mechanical power of 500 W and an Ericsson hot air engine with a maximum power of 300 W) is made. Referring to previous energetic analyses, exergetic models are set up in order to quantify the exergy destruction and efficiencies in each type of engine. The repartition of the exergy fluxes in each part of the two engines are determined and represented in Sankey diagrams, using dimensionless exergy fluxes. The results show a similar proportion in both engines of destroyed exergy compared to the exergy flux from the hot source. The compression cylinders generate the highest exergy destruction, whereas the expansion cylinders generate the lowest one. The regenerator of the Stirling engine increases the exergy resource at the inlet of the expansion cylinder, which might be also set up in the Ericsson engine, using a preheater between the exhaust air and the compressed air transferred to the hot heat exchanger

Les approches issues des cultural studies ont insuffle a la recherche sur les productions mediatiques et culturelles une vigueur nouvelle et necessaire. Cependant, il devient de plus en plus clair au fil des ans qu’elles rencontrent egalement de serieuses limites. L’evaluation menee dans cet article repose sur une premiere partie dans laquelle nous explorons, en profitant du recul historique, la periode d’opposition entre les cultural studies et l’economie politique des annees 1990, en distinguant ce que nous appelons les modes theorique et populiste des cultural studies. Nous esquissons ensuite les trois « ecoles » des approches cultural studies vis-a-vis de la production et de l’economie : cultural economy, production studies, et creative industries analysis. Selon nous, ces approches en cultural studies de la production et de l’industrie dans le domaine de la culture pechent, tant dans leur mode populiste que dans leur mode theorique, par le manque d’attention portee a des problematiques fondamentales liees a la normativite dans les rapports entre la culture, les medias et l’economie. Dans les deux dernieres parties, portant sur le tournant du cultural labour et le concept d’economie morale, nous suggererons des solutions pour une prise en compte plus explicite des problemes de normativite, proposant ainsi une base ethique potentiellement plus rigoureuse pour l’etude de questions importantes dans le champ de la production culturelle. Nous appliquerons succinctement ce systeme au rapport problematique entre les biens culturels et le bien-etre dans les societes modernes.

Ce texte est la traduction d’un article de Lawrence Grossberg publie en 1995 dans la revue Critical Studies in Mass Communication. L’auteur repond a Nicholas Garnham en rejetant la definition et la genealogie que ce dernier donne des cultural studies et de l’economie politique de la communication. Grossberg observe que le courant populiste et celebratoire auquel Garnham assimile les cultural studies est en realite minoritaire et conteste au sein meme de cet espace de recherche. Tout en reaffirmant que l’economie politique n’est toujours pas parvenue a se defaire du reductionnisme, il defend le bien-fonde des frontieres epistemologiques et empiriques entre economie politique et cultural studies. Finalement, il plaide, non pour leur reconciliation, mais pour un usage etendu du concept d’articulation afin de saisir les liens entre politique, economie et culture.

Ce texte est la traduction d’un article de Nicholas Garnham publie en 1995 dans la revue Critical Studies in Mass Communication. L’auteur considere que l’antagonisme profond entre economie politique et cultural studies peut etre surmonte a condition que les cultural studies renoncent a l’accusation d’economisme et de reductionnisme formulee a l’egard de l’economie politique. Il invite neanmoins les chercheurs des cultural studies a prendre davantage en compte les determinations economiques dans leur theorisation du pouvoir en matiere de culture, et a ne pas rejeter trop rapidement les possibilites de fausse conscience des individus face aux productions culturelles et mediatiques qui leur sont soumises. Dans ce texte encore tres impregne du modele marxiste traditionnel, l’auteur revient enfin sur la place accordee aux rapports de race et de genre dans les structures de domination, en defendant le primat de la classe sociale.

Thematique a priori universelle, l’amour prete aisement a des reflexions anhistoriques que la philosophie antique aurait deja definitivement formulees. Pourtant, la variabilite historique de ses expressions et la querelle sans cesse renouvelee sur ses significations demontrent qu’elle est, elle aussi, traversee de divers conflits epistemologiques. Loin d’un ideal transcendant, les recents travaux envisagent l’amour comme une visee communicationnelle en meme temps que decroit l’ideologie du sacrifice personnel et que se forge une democratie relationnelle ou chacun doit en theorie pouvoir se faire entendre. Les outils y sont ceux de l’expression personnelle et de la responsabilisation, de la deliberation et du compromis pour que soit construite une sphere publique intime ou communiquent couple et individualites.

Article number: 199; International audience; Aromatic molecules are promising candidates for using as a fluorescent tracer for gas-phase scalar parameter diagnostics in a drastic environment like engines. Along with anisole turning out an excellent temperature tracer by Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) diagnostics in Rapid Compression Machine (RCM), its fluorescence signal evolution versus pressure and temperature variation in a high-pressure and high-temperature cell have been reported in our recent paper on Applied Phys. B by Tran et al. Parallel to this experimental study, a photophysical model to determine anisole Fluorescence Quantum Yield (FQY) is delivered in this paper. The key to development of the model is the identification of pressure, temperature, and ambient gases, where the FQY is dominated by certain processes of the model (quenching effect, vibrational relaxation, etc.). In addition to optimization of the vibrational relaxation energy cascade coefficient and the collision probability with oxygen, the non-radiative pathways are mainly discussed. The common non-radiative rate (intersystem crossing and internal conversion) is simulated in parametric form as a function of excess vibrational energy, derived from the data acquired at different pressures and temperatures from the literature. A new non-radiative rate, namely, the equivalent Intramolecular Vibrational Redistribution or Randomization (IVR) rate, is proposed to characterize anisole deactivated processes. The new model exhibits satisfactory results which are validated against experimental measurements of fluorescence signal induced at a wavelength of 266 nm in a cell with different bath gases (N2, CO2, Ar and O2), a pressure range from 0.2 to 4 MPa, and a temperature range from 473 to 873 K.

Cet article analyse la lente responsabilisation des personnages masculins de séries étatsuniennes quant aux inégalités de genre. Après un court retour sur quarante ans d’imaginaires médiatiques, sont explorées les premières traces de l’implication masculine au milieu des années 1990 : confrontés à des héroïnes individuellement autonomes et sexuellement libérées, les personnages masculins entrent dans une crise dont les symptômes sont hétérogènes, bien que les comportements amoureux restent traditionnellement répartis. À compter des années 2000, en parallèle de figures patriarcales que les femmes accusent d’être à l’origine de leur oppression, émergent de nouveaux personnages masculins qui assument d’eux-mêmes leur responsabilité dans l’égalité de genre. Ces hommes, aux subjectivités plus sensibles, sont confrontés à de nouveaux défis qui restent pour l’heure insolubles. This article focuses on the slow process of involvement of male characters in American television series regarding gender inequalities. After a brief historical review, the article analyzes the first participations made by male characters in the mid-90s. When confronted with individualist and sexually liberated heroines, male characters enter a crisis whose symptoms are heterogeneous while love behaviours remain traditionally distributed. Beginning in the 2000s, in parallel with patriarchal figures that women directly accuse of being the source of their oppression, new male characters appear who the particularity of assuming responsibility in the struggle for gender equality. These representations show men with more sensitive subjectivities facing new and various challenges which remain, for now, unsolvable.

International audience; In an optimization process, models are applied to simulate different design behaviors in order to determine the most suitable one. However, this requires the use of a structured methodology to correctly explore the design space and truly converge to the best solution. It is therefore necessary to test and validate the optimal design. For engines, two ways are essentially used: building and testing a real cylinder, or simulating the new design with Computational-Fluid-Dynamics (CFD) models. These two techniques are both expensive and time consuming. An alternative way is proposed to test new designs with a fast simulation based on a kriging method. The exploration of the design space is based on 27 cylinder configurations and the results of their CFD models. It converged to an optimal design depending on the objective function. A kriging method was used to interpolate the behavior of the optimal design just found. In this paper we present the β-NTF model reduction (to define the data set used by the kriging method) and the principle of the kriging technique. We then briefly discuss the results. The results underline the method's advantages despite the small gap between the expected results and those for kriging.

This paper explores the influence of oxygen dilution on soot production when oxygen is added to the fuel stream of a steady laminar ethylene flame established over the Santoro axisymmetric coflow burner. Interestingly, at an oxygen mole fraction ( X O 2 a x ) t r a n s located between 30 and 32%, a transition occurs as the influence of X O 2 a x is suddenly reversed. While the peak mean soot volume fraction increases with increasing X O 2 a x within the range below ( X O 2 a x ) t r a n s , it is reduced with increasing X O 2 a x beyond ( X O 2 a x ) t r a n s . To help understand this transition, soot temperature and volume fraction fields are measured by the two-dimensional Modulated Absorption/Emission technique. To assess the sensitivity of the transition conditions, carbon dioxide is added to the coflowing oxidizer stream. Increasing CO2 mole fraction in the coflow, as replacement of N2 in the air, significantly mitigates soot formation in the flame but does not influence the transitional oxygen concentration ( X O 2 a x ) t r a n s within the resolution of the measurements. Due to the persistence of the transitional oxygen concentration ( X O 2 a x ) t r a n s over a wide range of CO2 replacement of N2 in the coflowing oxidizer stream, it can be considered a distinct characteristic for the assessment of numerical simulations incorporating soot formation and oxidation models. As an original database, the concomitantly measured soot temperature and volume fraction distributions are attached to the present paper as supplemental materials, thus documenting the aforementioned transitions for the whole range of CO2 content of the coflow investigated.