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Spinal cord compression in Wilms’ tumor (WT) is an extremely rare event that can have a very poor prognosis if not taken care of rapidly. Most cases reported in the literature involve widely metastatic patient with bone or paraspinal metastases or occasionally intradural metastasis. Here, we present the case of a 3-year-old girl of WT confirmed by biopsy, with spinal cord compression due to the direct contiguous spread of a tumor through 2 vertebral foramina. Abdominal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging performed for an abdominal mass revealed a large heterogeneous tumor near the upper pole of the left kidney. A nodular infiltration extended through the T11-L1 and L1-L2 neural foramina, forming an intraspinal mass that compressed the spinal cord. Major paresthesia subsequently occurred, requiring urgent treatment with corticosteroids and chemotherapy. The evolution was rapidly satisfying. After six courses of chemotherapy, a left nephrectomy was performed. Macroscopic examination identified a large tumor attached to the kidney without renal infiltration. Microscopical examination concluded to a nephroblastoma with regressive changes, of intermediate risk. Evolution at 6 months is satisfactory, with no neurological deficit. The histological aspect of the tumor and the clinical outcome suggest that she had an extrarenal WT that spread through the vertebral foramina and was secondarily attached to the kidney.

Les inegalites persistent au sein de l’ecole qui, malgre les ambitions affichees, peine a realiser sa mission d’emancipation et a rendre reelle l’egalite des chances, notamment en ce qui concerne les pratiques d’ecriture numerique. La reflexion proposee s’appuie sur une enquete aupres d’eleves de lycee professionnel. L’objectif est de mieux saisir quelles sont leurs pratiques d’ecriture numerique, afin de construire avec et a partir d’elles des contenus d’enseignements et une reflexion didactique propre a reduire la fracture d’usage. L’enquete met en lumiere certains savoirs deja-la sur lesquels peut s’appuyer le travail didactique du professeur de francais : recherche lexicale, reecriture. L’article tente de situer sur un schema les nouveaux types d’ecrits a l’œuvre dans les pratiques numeriques, par rapports aux discours scolaires plus traditionnels, et s’interroge sur les possibles transferts de competences dans les activites et dispositifs scolaires deja en vigueur et encore a developper.

As numerous economists and anthropologists underline it, informal organizations are created in the absence of strong formal insitutions or in the case of lack of trustworthiness. Informal civil structural social capital, as the traditional villages governance system in Kabylia, can then be substituted to the governmental structural social capital. This traditionnal organization, based on values such as mutual aid, equality, democracy... favors the bonding ties wich characterize community relations. Can this situation engender a "relational closure" wich could have a negative impact on territorial dynamics? This research brings into light, thanks to an original survey administrated in Tizi Ouzou, that it doesn't seem to be the case., Des organisations informelles sont créées en l'absence d'institutions formelles fortes ou en cas de manque de confiance dans les institutions. Le capital social structurel civil informel, comme par exemple le système de gouvernance traditionnel des villages kabyles, peut alors se substituer au capital social structurel gouvernemental. Le mode d'organisation traditionnel kabyle, fondé sur un certain nombre de valeurs (démocratie, entraide...), privilégie les liens de type bonding qui caractérisent des relations de communautaire. Mais, cet état de fait ne tend-il pas vers une " fermeture relationnelle " qui pourrait avoir un impact négatif sur la dynamique territoriale ? Cet article montre, grâce au traitement d'une enquête originale sur la confiance, que cela ne semble pas être le cas.

Growth hormone (GH) is a signaling molecule regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolism via activation of specific cell surface receptors and subsequent triggering of signal transduction pathways. This is associated with GH/GH receptor internalization and accumulation of GH in several subcellular compartments, including mitochondria. To assess the functional relevance of such mitochondrial accumulation, we first confirmed the occurrence of mitochondrial GH uptake ex vivo as early as 10 min after 125I-GH injection to the rats. We next showed that intact 125I-GH accumulates in mitochondrial fractions in vitro in a specific, rapid and saturable manner with an apparent affinity (Kd) of 1.44 nM. At the electron-microscopic level, immunoreactive GH density within mitochondria increased after in vitro hormone incubation, without any modification of the sub-mitochondrial distribution pattern. The presence of GH in the inter-membrane space and at the inner membrane seen by electron microscopy was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography after mitochondrial fractioning thus suggesting the involvement of GH in the respiration control. To test this hypothesis further, we performed polarographic and spectrophotometric assays on isolated mitochondria. These assays pointed to a direct, selective and dose-dependent effect of GH on the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome C oxidase activities. The latter inhibition was in contrast with indirect, GH receptor-initiated stimulation of cytochrome C oxidase activity observed in GH-treated whole BRL cells transfected to express this receptor. Altogether, these data show that GH is specifically imported in mitochondria, where it operates a direct metabolic effect, independently of cell surface receptors and signal transduction.

Purpose In a period of moral and economic crisis all the alternative solutions to finance economic activities are interesting to study, specifically those embedded in solidarity practices. The nature of the ties (bonding ties, linking ties or bridging ties) and solidarities (institutional solidarity, formal or informal solidarity, intergenerational solidarity) must then be examined. Methodology/approach The exchanges between the people are governed by three different modes: the market, the redistribution and the reciprocity which acts to maintain the relation (Lavoue, Jezequel, & Janvier, 2010, p. 34). The exchanges are not only of economic order and also participate in the symbolic world. Our main question is: can the relations of exchange become emancipated from the reification? We illustrate this chapter with the case of the Kabylian traditional society and market (Benet, 1957–1975) where the practices of exchanges are not only of economic order (redistribution …) but also matter with the symbolic world (honour). Findings Even today, in Kabylia, the survival of an ancestral social organisation (tajmaat) which has anchored in tradition and rooted values (tirugza) and practices (tiwiza) sometimes allows the local populations to offer the missing public goods or the solidarity towards those who need help (elders, orphans). Originality/value In traditional Kabyle society, exchange practices are not only economic in nature (they contribute to mutual assistance, redistribution, etc.), but are also symbolic.

French Abstract: Dans cet article, illustre grâce aux donnees d’une enquete originale, le territoire est envisage sous l’angle theorique a la fois d’un support identitaire aux pratiques d’acteurs et producteur d’identite par ces memes pratiques. A partir d’une etude du cas de la Kabylie, il montre que l’identite participe aussi d’un developpement territorial viable et en devient meme une variable clef, notamment en cas de conflits ouverts. En utilisant la notion centrale du capital social, les auteurs proposent finalement un cadre d’analyse theorique integre du developpement territorial viable. Les resultats de cette recherche montrent qu’il existe des liens etroits entre les concepts d’identite, de territoire et le developpement territorial viable. English Abstract: In this research, illustrated with original datas, the territory is considered as a theoretical concept. Territory is an identity support embedded in the practices of actors as well as it generates identity thanks to these practices. From a study of the case of Kabylia, this article demonstrate that the identity also participates of a viable territorial development and becomes a key variable of the system dynamics in case of open conflicts. Using the central notion of social capital, the authors propose a theoretical frame analysis of viable territorial development. The results demonstrate the narrow ties between the concepts of identity, territorial development and social acceptability.

The traditional governance system in Kabylia in the light of the social capital concept This research deals with the possible substitution of the informal civil social capital for the governmental social capital in Kabylia. We study the case of two villages : Tazrouts and Zouvga. Our results show that the ancestral berber governance system creates bonding and bridging ties that are important in terms of local development, specifically in rural areas.; Dans cette recherche, nous nous posons la question de la substituabilité du capital social civil informel au capital social gouvernemental en analysant des expériences originales de gouvernance locale en Kabylie : celle du village de Tazrouts et celle du village de Zouvga. Nos développements montrent que des liens de type horizontaux (bonding) et distants (bridging) générés par un système de gouvernance ancestral ayant encore cours en Kabylie peuvent avoir un impact important en matière de développement des zones rurales.

French Abstract: Des organisations informelles sont creees en l’absence d’institutions formelles fortes ou en cas de manque de confiance dans les institutions. Le capital social structurel civil, comme par exemple le systeme de gouvernance traditionnel des villages kabyles, peut alors se substituer au capital social structurel gouvernemental. Le mode d’organisation traditionnel kabyle, fonde sur un certain nombre de valeurs (democratie, entraide…), privilegie les liens de type bonding qui caracterisent des relations communautaires. Mais, cet etat de fait ne tend-il pas vers un renfermement communautaire qui pourrait avoir un impact negatif sur la dynamique territoriale ? Cet article montre, grâce au traitement d’une enquete originale sur la confiance, que cela ne semble pas etre le cas.English Abstract: As numerous economists and anthropologists underline it, informal organizations are created in the absence of strong formal insitutions or in the case of lack of trustworthiness. Civil structural social capital, as the traditional villages’ governance system in Kabylia, can then be substituted to the governmental structural social capital. This traditionnal organization, based on values such as mutual aid, equality, democracy...promotes the bonding ties wich characterize community relations. Can this situation engender a “relational closure” wich could have a negative impact on territorial dynamics? This research brings into light, with an original survey administrated in Tizi-Ouzou, that it’s not the case.

The precise localization of transcribed DNA and resulting RNA is an important aspect of the functional architecture of the nucleus. To this end we have developed a novel in situ hybridization approach in combination with immunoelectron microscopy, using sense and anti-sense RNA probes that are derived from total cellular or cytoplasmic poly(A+) RNA. This new technology is much more gentle than classical in situ hybridization using DNA probes and shows excellent preservation of nuclear structure. Carried out on ultrathin sections of fixed and resin-embedded COS-7 cells, it revealed at high resolution the localization of the genes that code for the cellular mRNAs. Quantitative analysis shows that most transcribed DNA is concentrated in the perichromatin region, i.e. the interface between subchromosomal compact chromatin domains and the interchromatin space essentially devoid of DNA. The RNA that is produced is found mainly in the perichromatin region and the interchromatin space. These results imply that in the mammalian nucleus the chromatin fiber is folded so that active genes are predominantly present in the perichromatin region, which is the most prominent site of transcription.

La ordenación del territorio es una cuestión fundamental no sólo para reducir las disparidades económicas territoriales sino también para arraigar nucleos de oficios de artesanía, " una concentración de empresas de arte, vinculadas entre ellas y con un territorio " (Kozianski, 2008) y que participan no sólo al desarrollo local sino también a la imagen de un territorio. Las preguntas que plantea este artículo podrían ser formuladas del modo siguiente: los territorios o países que no gozan de una buena imagen turística, ¿pueden apoyarse en una especialidad no turística para construir su atractivo? ¿ El " savoir faire " artesanal ancestral representa un recurso específico? ¿ Cómo valorizarlo para hacer emerger un atractivo construido sobre este conocimiento?, L'aménagement du territoire est une question fondamentale non seulement pour réduire les disparités économiques territoriales mais également pour ancrer des pôles de métiers d'art, " une concentration d'entreprises de métiers d'art, qui entretiennent des relations entre elles et avec le territoire " (Kozianski, 2008) et qui participent non seulement au développement local mais aussi à l'image d'un territoire. Les questions que soulève cet article pourraient être formulées de la façon suivante : les territoires ou pays ne bénéficiant pas d'une bonne image touristique peuvent-ils s'appuyer sur une spécificité non touristique pour construire leur attractivité. Les savoir-faire artisanaux ancestraux représentent-ils une ressource spécifique ? Comment les valoriser pour faire émerger une attractivité construite sur ces savoir-faire ? Nous nous concentrons dans cette étude sur la Wilaya algérienne de Tizi-Ouzou et plus particulièrement sur le cas des bijoutiers d'Ath-Yenni (Beni-Yenni, Algérie). Notre recherche est illustrée grâce à l'administration d'un questionnaire auprès de bijoutiers de la Wilaya de Tizi-Ouzou

International audience; À côté du marché et de la hiérarchie, la coopération s'impose comme un mode de coordination de l'activité économique. Les autorités algériennes, souhaitant relancer l'artisanat, s'orientent vers la création de Nuclei, regroupement d'entreprises qui se réunissent périodiquement autour d'un animateur afin d'identifier leurs problèmes communs et de trouver ensemble des solutions. L'article analyse comment les Nuclei d'entreprises peuvent créer du capital social et redynamiser un territoire.

Biofilms are known to be responsible for chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related infections. Such infections are still frequent among patients in PD. The aim of this study was to develop a new approach in the prevention of chronic PD-related infection by regular injection of specific formulations containing detachment-promoting agents. A biofilm reactor system reproducing PD-like operating conditions was developed. A first set of experiments allowed the assessment of the anti-biofilm efficacy of various formulations. Then, experiments were performed for a longer duration and selected formulations were tested and compared with taurolidine. Biofilm removal was quantified by calculating the percentage of coverage reduction compared with an untreated control. A regular weekly treatment led to a 97% reduction of the surface coverage although a daily treatment with taurolidine still left 48% of the biomass on the surface. Such treatment is recommended to reduce the frequencies of chronic PD-related infections.

Growth hormone (GH) binding to its receptor (GHR) initiates GH-dependent signal transduction and internalization pathways to generate the biological effects. The precise role and way of action of GH on mitochondrial function are not yet fully understood. We show here that GH can stimulate cellular oxygen consumption in CHO cells transfected with cDNA coding for the full-length GHR. By using different GHR cDNA constructs, we succeeded in determining the different parts of the GHR implicated in the mitochondrial response to GH. Polarography and two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy analysis showed that the Box 1 of the GHR intracellular domain was required for an activation of the mitochondrial respiration in response to a GH exposure. However, confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that cells lacking the GHR Box 1 could efficiently internalize the hormone. We demonstrated that internalization mediated either by clathrin-coated pits or by caveolae was able to regulate GH mitochondrial effect: these two pathways are both essential to obtain the GH stimulatory action on mitochondrial function. Moreover, electron microscopic and biochemical approaches allowed us to identify the caveolar pathway as essential for targeting GH and GHR to mitochondria.

En Kabylie l’« art de l’association » est l’expression de la territorialite. Dans le village, unite de base territoriale et politique qui unit les citoyens, des liens horizontaux unissent les habitants qui adherent a un meme systeme de representation et sont fiers de leur identite. Aujourd’hui encore, c’est la persistance de d’une organisation sociale ancestrale (tajmaat, l’assemblee du village) au travers des comites de villages, sous-tendue par un certain nombre de valeurs, qui permet parfois aux populations locales de surmonter leurs difficultes. A l’aide du cadre analytique de l’Ecole de Bloomington nous etudions l’institution villageoise de gestion de la ressource naturelle commune en nous appuyant sur les faisceaux de droits caracterisant la propriete existante. Nous suggerons de possibles evolutions permises par cette approche.

Cette recherche tente de problématiser les rapports entre identité(s) – dont l’identité territoriale conçue comme l’une des composantes d’un développement territorial viable –, capital social, territoire, gouvernance et État en Kabylie. À cette fin, 1) nous mettons en évidence les liens entre identité(s) et formes diverses de capital social et 2) nous analysons l’action de l’État et l’action des comités de villages kabyles – qui sont une survivance du mode de gouvernance traditionnel des villages –, pour voir si ces actions, qui représentent deux formes de capital social, sont complémentaires ou substituables. Les résultats d’une enquête originale permettent de proposer un schéma global qui souligne la place de l’identité dans le développement territorial., This research deals with the relations between identity(ies), viable territorial development, territory, social capital, governance and State. Through the study of the case of Kabylia, the authors intend to answer following central questions: 1) What are the links between identity(ies) and the various types of social capital? and 2) Is there complementarity between the action of the State and the villages governance system which both can be interpreted as social capital? After an exploratory survey on the kabylian identity, the authors propose a scheme which raises the question of the identity in the viable territorial development., Esta investigación intenta problematizar la relación entre identidad/es, capital social, territorio y gobierno en el Estado en Cabilia (la identidad territorial es concebida como uno de los componentes del desarrollo territorial sostenible). Con esta finalidad se destacan en primer término los vínculos entre identidad/es y diversas formas de capital social y se analiza luego la acción del Estado y la acción de los comités de los pueblos de Cabilia -que constituyen un vestigio del modo tradicional de gobierno de los pueblos- para analizar si estas acciones, que representan dos formas de capital social son complementarias o sustitutas. Los resultados de una investigación original permiten proponer un esquema general que pone de relieve el lugar de la identidad en el desarrollo territorial.