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In this study we show the successful deployment of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) together with Electrical Resistivity Surveys (ERS) in guiding the archeological excavations at Ashdod-Yam (southern coast of Israel). This approach enabled the precise identification of excavation targets relating to an Early Byzantine ecclesiastical complex located in a residential neighborhood of the modern city of Ashdod. Applied over the course of five years, the combined use of GPR and ERS, interspersed with phases of archeological excavation, not only facilitated an efficient exploration but also ensured the preservation of valuable historical structures. The geophysical data, corroborated by drone images of the post-excavation site, revealed a striking correlation between excavation and non-intrusive survey data. This study not only charts a successful excavation journey but serves as a methodological blueprint for future archeological explorations. The techniques and strategies detailed here have broader implications for the preservation and public presentation of historical sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses scholarly exchanges between the Greek- and Arabic-speaking worlds during early Islamic times by outlining pathways of knowledge transmission within the broader framework of Arabs’ keen interest in knowledge acquisition. It contextualizes the hypothesis on the Greek contribution to the Arabic linguistic thinking and discusses challenges in documenting direct access to Greek sources by early Arabic grammarians. By bridging the roles of the caliphate and scholarly activities, it finally delves into the role of knowledge circulation and the significance of indirect influences.

Since the Hellenistic period, preparatory drawings known as sinopiae were employed as guidelines for mosaicists in creating mosaics. The sinopiae served as the basis for style and content, facilitating the placement of colored tesserae in the supporting mortar. The technology of the mosaic and pigments used reflect the capacity of the mosaic workshop and its master. This work explores a polychrome sinopia that was found under a Byzantine mosaic of an Armenian Chapel in Jerusalem, by a multi-analytical characterization of mineralogical and chemical properties. The composition of the pigments in the black and red areas of the sinopia include carbon black and red ochre, respectively, utilized in the fresco technique. Since colored tesserae are placed in wet mortar, it can be deduced that mosaicists worked together with painters during the executionary steps. This has corresponding implications for historical and artistic specializations at mosaic workshops, with deeper understanding of mosaic production processes. This research also highlights the importance of studying sinopiae under floor mosaics, which is a source of information on the pigments, paintings techniques, and the people who executed the work, all embedded in mortar which is well protected below the stone tesserae.

Paul proclaimed, "God made of one [blood] every ethnicity of humans ..." (Acts 17:26). Most early sources read " of one blood " here, including 453 Greek manuscripts, many ancient language manuscripts, plus Irenaeus, Chrysostom, and Augustine. A few other manuscripts read simply "of one," including Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, and P74. This Part A paper appraises the Greek manuscript readings for this passage, in the context of the attested readings at other Acts passages. Compared to other Acts passages with a distinctly Byzantine reading, this "of one blood" Byzantine reading at Acts 17:26 exhibits the most attestation, support, and connectivity. Our appraisal employs Editio Critica Maior III, the ECM computer apparatus, ECM's Coherence Based Genealogical Method (CBGM) Flow Diagram, and other sources. Another Part B companion paper (Cannon 2025) focuses on patristic witnesses and other ancient language manuscripts at these Acts passages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terra-cotta roof tiles are some of the most common and volume-intensive finds in the excavation of ancient synagogues, but their significance has received only minor consideration. This article reviews the evidence for terra-cotta roof tiles, which were the preferred roofing used in ancient synagogues in the Late Roman and Byzantine periods. A change took place from non-tiled roofs in Early Roman synagogues to the common use of terra-cotta roof tiles in the later synagogues. It will be suggested that this shift in roofing style was not merely a functional one, but part of the broader developments in synagogue-building, from a place of gathering in the Early Roman period, with an unassuming flat roof, to a more ornate and monumental structure (both internally and externally) with a prominent high tiled roof in plain view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his Death and Disaster series, Andy Warhol's Byzantine Catholic upbringing and beliefs take shape in his portraits of celebrities and unnamed disaster victims alike. While previous scholarship on the series describes Warhol's representation of death as consumerist, callous, and contributing to spectacle culture driven by mass media, my work instead focuses on Warhol's adoption and transformation of the Byzantine iconic tradition. In choosing to appropriate tabloid images of otherwise anonymous fatalities in the Disaster series, Warhol dignifies disaster victims as the secular martyrs of a rapidly modernizing world, where we are often mere casualties sacrificed in the name of industrial progress. Through his utilization of Byzantine visual language, Warhol's Death and Disaster works venerate victims of tragedy, moving them away from their former lives as tabloid spectacles and instead positioning them as secular icons of the twentieth century—their images memorialized as the saints and martyrs of our time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life was unpredictable and precarious for the people of medieval Byzantium. Life expectancies were low and mortality rates high, particularly for young children and women. Securing divine protection was imperative for medieval families, particularly in the face of childbearing, illness, death, and judgement. Very often, all that remains of the cycles of existential threat, fear, and trust in God experienced by medieval people are the objects of material culture through which they sought God's protection, and often merely fragments thereof. Here, I explore what remains of the image of Christ's nativity in the tenth-century, rock-hewn church of Eğri Taş in the Peristrema Valley, near Ihlara, Cappadocia, in rural Turkey as an indexical trace of the community that once came to secure God's protection assisted by the potent imagery there. The palpable emphasis on Christ's infancy in this funerary church, which hosted many graves, including those of women and children, through a highly unusual and extended cycle concerning His birth, along with the inclusion of powerful written elements such the elusive Sator palindrome within the nativity, will be interpreted as the employment of persuasive analogies in response to the struggles families faced in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Hellenistic period, preparatory drawings known as sinopiae were employed as guidelines for mosaicists in creating mosaics. The sinopiae served as the basis for style and content, facilitating the placement of colored tesserae in the supporting mortar. The technology of the mosaic and pigments used reflect the capacity of the mosaic workshop and its master. This work explores a polychrome sinopia that was found under a Byzantine mosaic of an Armenian Chapel in Jerusalem, by a multi-analytical characterization of mineralogical and chemical properties. The composition of the pigments in the black and red areas of the sinopia include carbon black and red ochre, respectively, utilized in the fresco technique. Since colored tesserae are placed in wet mortar, it can be deduced that mosaicists worked together with painters during the executionary steps. This has corresponding implications for historical and artistic specializations at mosaic workshops, with deeper understanding of mosaic production processes. This research also highlights the importance of studying sinopiae under floor mosaics, which is a source of information on the pigments, paintings techniques, and the people who executed the work, all embedded in mortar which is well protected below the stone tesserae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Savirs played an important role in the early medieval history of the Caucasian people, and many historical sources mention them. They had involved in the Byzantine-Persian wars during the 6th century, then actively participated in the struggles against the invading Arabs in the 6-7th centuries. Most historical sources considered them to be Huns. They lived on the western part of the Caspian Sea, and we can find early historical sources, which mentioned them on the eastern parts of the Black Sea. Traces of the steppe horsemen can still be found in some parts of Azerbaijan, where some monuments preserved their memories. Archaeological excavations revealed their material culture almost the whole territory of Azerbaijan. In my presentation, I would present the memories left behind by the Savirs, referring some ancient historical sources and results of the archaeological excavations as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Increasing numbers of artificial intelligence systems are employing collaborative machine learning techniques, such as federated learning, to build a shared powerful deep model among participants, while keeping their training data locally. However, concerns about integrity and privacy in such systems have significantly hindered the use of collaborative learning systems. Therefore, numerous efforts have been presented to preserve the model’s integrity and reduce the privacy leakage of training data throughout the training phase of various collaborative learning systems. This survey seeks to provide a systematic and comprehensive evaluation of security and privacy studies in collaborative training, in contrast to prior surveys that only focus on one single collaborative learning system. Our survey begins with an overview of collaborative learning systems from various perspectives. Then, we systematically summarize the integrity and privacy risks of collaborative learning systems. In particular, we describe state-of-the-art integrity attacks (e.g., Byzantine, backdoor, and adversarial attacks) and privacy attacks (e.g., membership, property, and sample inference attacks), as well as the associated countermeasures. We additionally provide an analysis of open problems to motivate possible future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Archaeological & Restoration Studies is the property of Sohag University, Archaeological & Restoration Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kufa Studies Center Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Parts of a subterranean hiding complex and a miqveh (ritual bath) were excavated at Ḥorvat Maskana in 2020. The Byzantine pottery from the excavation, along with the dating of the plaster, suggests that the complex was used in the Byzantine period and may originally have been hewn in the Roman period. Additional hiding complexes with not only Roman but also Byzantine pottery exist elsewhere in Galilee. The presence of Byzantine pottery inside some of the hiding complexes points to the possibility that their use should not be limited to the Roman period, and that there may have been limited use in the Byzantine period by the local Jewish Galilean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the digital age, maintaining election integrity is critical, especially in Africa, where the security of electronic elections is often questioned. This study presents a blockchain-based vote counting and validation (BBVV) system developed using a mixed methods approach that combines stakeholder questionnaires to capture system specification and randomized historical election data analysis, following the Design Science Research strategy. Using the theory of the Byzantine General Problem, the BBVV protocol is proposed, which provides an accurate local count of votes at polling stations before national aggregation. The system was tested with randomized historical election data on the Algorand blockchain TestNet and confirmed that a local consensus on the vote count could be reached before it is added to the national tally on the blockchain. Our results show that in the cases where consensus was reached, this was the instance in only about 5% of the voting scenarios, with only 10% of the total vote being considered valid due to the strict consensus requirements. In addition, significant discrepancies were found between officials, with no consensus reached in 95% of cases which was due to the rogue values generated by a randomized dataset. The performance of the BBVV system was evaluated using transaction metrics, saturation, throughput, traffic, and latency to assess its efficiency, scalability, and reliability. The results suggest that blockchain technology can significantly improve the integrity of elections by ensuring a transparent, secure, and accurate vote-counting process. Future work will focus on improving the adaptability and scalability of the BBVV system for different electoral situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temple of Zamolxe, pagan Roman temple of the god Mars, mausoleum of Trajan's best friend, the general Longinus Maximus, church built by the Goths in the 4th century, "divine work stolen by nocturnal genies"1, the first church in Haţeg and perhaps in the entire country, "unparalleled in all Romania"2, foundation of Litovoi, a church similar to Sân-Nicoara in Curtea de Argeş, or a church with a triptych as valuable as that of the famous Rubliov, "St. Nicholas" Church is an Orthodox place of worship in Densuș, Hunedoara county; one of the oldest churches in Romania, apparently dating from the 12th-13th centuries, built on the ruins of a building from the 4th century AD, it has a square plan, with the nave pierced by a tower, resting on a vault and equipped with a deep semicircular apse; the entire construction is covered with stone slabs, and most of its material (river boulders, marble slabs with Latin inscriptions, capitals, tombstones, sewer pipes) comes from Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, the capital of Roman Dacia (located nearby); the mural painting of the monument dates from the 15th century. The Densuş church, like any unclassifiable and imprecisely dated monument, becomes a mitigating argument for any demonstration about the descendants of the Dacians, the beginning of Christianity, the paths of migratory peoples, the existence of Romanians or about the creative and universal genius of our people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Mecca was a city dominated by a desert climate, it enabled the emergence of the wealthy and elite merchant class. The Quran's use of commercial terminology in its messages to its audience highlights the importance of trade for the people of Mecca during that period. However, how Mecca, located in a hot and arid region suitable for agriculture, acquired this commercial position needs to be explained. Numerous factors contributed to Mecca's transformation into a commercial center. Various events at the local, regional, and international levels contributed to Mecca's advancement of trade after the 6th century and its rise to prominence as one of Arabia's most important commercial centers. This study aims to investigate the Byzantine-Sasanian conflict as one of the key factors contributing to Mecca's commercial rise and its connection to the Meccan trade. The Silk Road and the Spice Route served as the ancient world's primary trade routes. The routes transported valuable eastern goods to Byzantine markets, which Byzantium needed and spent fortunes on. However, the fact that both routes passed through Sasanian territory made it difficult for the Byzantines to access these goods during times of war, prompting them to seek alternative routes. The Byzantine-Sasanian conflict, which erupted in 502, also represents the period when the Byzantines began to search for an alternative route. The inability to utilize the Red Sea Route, which emerged as the most important alternative due to various reasons, made the West Arabian Coastal Route, which passed through Arabia, an important route. The weakening of the Arab states ruling in northern and southern Arabia during this period because of the war created a need for a new actor to maintain trade on this route. The Quraysh tribe came into prominence in this context to take its place on the historical stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study on the synthronon in Early and Middle Byzantine churches aims to elucidate the regional characteristics of the synthronon as a liturgical element. The synthronon, which gained importance with the spread of Christianity and had pioneer examples from the early period, continued its symbolic existence until the end of the Byzantine Empire. The research focuses on the determination of the regional characteristics of the synthronon through the examples found in Anatolian churches in Byzantine architecture and the comparative determination of regional differences. The research evaluates the synthronon examples found in Anatolia in terms of form and function and is the first comprehensive study on Anatolian synthronon typology. Within the scope of the research; the change in the liturgical traditions related to the synthronon from the 3rd century A.D. to the 12th century A.D. from the first religious rules that began to be established in Christianity to the practices of the Late Byzantine Period was tried to be conveyed. The direct or indirect reflections of the changes in traditions on architecture were also taken into consideration and detailed information on the subject was included in the scope of the research. As a result, it has been seen that the synthronon has a structure that is shaped by liturgical traditions in every aspect and changes according to needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of South-Central Minzu University (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Journal of South-Central Minzu University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bu makalenin konusu, tarihî süreç içerisinde İslâm ordularıyla Bizans sınırında yaşayan ve Bizans’ın lehine sınır güvenliği için çalışan Cerâcime topluluğudur. Bu topluluk, İslâm tarihi ve Hıristiyan kaynaklarında farklı adlarla anılmıştır. Söz konusu durum, kaynaklarda bir kavram kargaşasının yaşanmasına sebep olmuştur. Böylece Cerâcime ile Merdeîler ve Mârûnîler’in durumu hakkında farklı görüşler ortaya atılmıştır. Bu bağlamda bazıları bu üç ismin de aynı topluluğu ifade ettiğini söylemiştir. Buna karşılık başka bir grup üç ismin farklı toplulukları ifade ettiğini söylerken üçüncü bir grup ise Cerâcime ile Merdeîler’in aynı topluluğu ifade ettiğini ancak Mârûnîler’in farklı bir topluluk olduğunu söylemiştir. İslâm tarihi kaynakları ile Hıristiyan kaynaklarında aynı bölgede yaşanan olaylarda bu toplulukların isimlerinin geçmesi sebebiyle böyle bir sorun ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu konunun seçilmesindeki amaç da söz konusu belirsizlikle ilgili ortaya atılan görüşlerin değerlendirilmesi ve İslâm Devleti ile Bizans arasında özellikle Emevîler döneminde yaşanan mücadelelerin daha sağlıklı bilgiler üzerine inşa edilmesine katkı sunulmasıdır. Çalışma, muhteva gereği miladın ilk yüzyılları ile Emevîler dönemi arası zaman dilimini kapsamış ve problematik bir üslupla yazılmıştır.

The Franco-Lebanese mission in Tyre identified a stone dump comprising more than a thousand fragments of architectural members and liturgical furnishings, located in an ancient cistern. These fragments, mainly of marble, but also of limestone, basalt and marine sandstone, had been collected during excavation works carried out on the site in the 1960s and 1970s. After their discovery, all the blocks were removed from the cistern, inventoried, documented and studied in order to identify their various functions and origins. A large part of these fragments seem to have belonged to various Byzantine religious monuments. The article presents the main types to which these fragments have been assigned, following a comparative approach.

As a student of Christian visual production of the so-called medieval period (specializing in Byzantine culture), I have often marveled at the theological richness of seemingly simple narratives that could communicate a wealth of possible meanings in the eyes of their intended original audiences. The mundane act of Mary drawing water from a well or spinning purple thread at the time of her Annunciation (whether in verbal or visual forms of storytelling) could resonate with deep theological significance in the minds of cultural insiders who were familiar with the basic religious beliefs, symbols, scriptural sources, rituals, and other cultural practices of their tradition. Believing they lived in a universe created by their God and ruled by his laws and providence, Christians of the past were taught to seek deeper meaning and guidance in aspects of the material world, their daily experiences, and their communal history, as all these manifestations could reveal divine wisdom and God’s plan for human salvation. In this context, familiar and simple objects like water or thread could make complex theological concepts more relatable and understandable to the faithful.

Türklere Anadolu’nun kapılarını açan Malazgirt Savaşı, tarihteki Türk zaferlerini kutlayan ve eski Türk devletleri ile modern Türkiye Cumhuriyeti arasındaki sürekliliği vurgulayan tarihsel anlatının mihenk taşlarından biridir. Ayrıca toplumun geniş kesimlerince paylaşılan bir gurur kaynağı ve ulusal kimliğinin kurucu mitlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu yönüyle, bilimsel çalışmaların yanı sıra popüler tarihçiliğin de ilgi alanına girmektedir. Bu çalışma, Malazgirt Zaferi’nin Cumhuriyet’in toplum tasarımında 1950’li yıllara kadar ihmal edildiği iddiasını akademik tarihçilik ve ulusal basının kesişimine odaklanarak tartışmaya açmaktadır. Ayrıca pek çok yönüyle savaş hakkında akademik çalışmalara nadiren yansıyan ya da hiç rastlanmayan bazı detaylara ışık tutmaktadır. Çalışmanın evrenini Cumhuriyet gazetesinin Türk basınında ilk kez linotip baskı kullanmaya başladığı 1 Ocak 1930’dan 31 Aralık 1950’ye kadar olan sayıları oluşturmaktadır. Cumhuriyet gazetesinin elektronik arşivinden temin edilen nüshalarda, nitel araştırma yöntemine uygun olarak belirlenen anahtar sözcükler ve üçüncü parti yazılımların yardımıyla doküman incelemesi gerçekleştirilmiş, toplanan veriler içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Bu sayede, Cumhuriyet gazetesi örneğinde savaşın Türk basınına yansıma biçimi Türkiye’deki tarihçilik anlayışının yıllar içindeki evrimine uygun olarak mercek altına alınmıştır. Ayrıca, çalışmada Malazgirt Savaşı üzerine sahada yapılan etütlerin bugüne kadar bilinenlerden daha eskiye dayandığı tespit edilmiştir. 1930’lu yıllardan itibaren Türkiye’de Selçuklu tarihçiliğinin yükselişe geçmesiyle, akademik çalışmalar ile popüler yayınların dirsek teması içinde oldukları görülmüştür.

“St. Nicholas Memorial Museum Restoration and Landscaping Work” was carried out between the years of 2021-2022 by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey under the control of the Antalya Directorate of Surveying and Monuments as well as the Demre Lycian Civilizations Museum. During the restoration period, the cement mortar floor stones in the naos of the church were removed, and the in situ floor tiles of the previous phase were exposed. The openings that may have formed in the ground after the destruction of the liturgical ambon and solea were then covered with unqualified floor coverings in the next phase. Based on these in situ floorings that were uncovered during the restoration works in 2022, five sondages were carried out in the naos. The purpose of sondages is to identify the different building phases of the church. In this study the soundings carried out in the naos of the Church of St. Nicholas in 2022, a preliminary evaluation of the obtained data to date, is presented to researchers in order to clarify the debates on the building phases and dating of the church. While the data obtained in 2022 supported some suggestions, it has allowed for new and important contributions to previous studies. In previous studies on the architecture of the Church of St. Nicholas, three main construction phases were identified. Building phase I, which follows the floor plan of a basilica, is dated to the aftermath of the great earthquake in 529. The soundings carried out in the naos in 2022 identify five building phases. It is likely that three of the phases were construction while the remaining two were repair. One of the most important results of the drilling works is the unearthing of the floors of the basilica planned building. The floors have been dated to the 6th century and provide clear documentation that this structure was built on a building/constructions that belonged to the Late Roman-Early Christian period. At the end of the studies, floor mosaics in the opus tessellatum technique with geometric and floral motifs were unearthed in this building, which we defined as the 1st phase. Whether these mosaics belong to an early phase of the Church of St. Nicholas or to the martyrion of the saint will be illuminated by future excavations.

The liturgical singing of the Romanian Orthodox Church is monodic, of the Byzantine tradition. From the 19th century, under the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church, multiple voices choral singing penetrates the Romanian worship establishments. The beginnings were timid, isolated, from private initiatives and sometimes encountering the hostility of conservative ecclesiastical traditionalism. After 1959, the introduction of choral singing in the United Romanian Principalities was to be facilitated by state legislation. Choral singing would be used predominantly for the office of the Holy Liturgy. In finding a choral style suitable for the orthodox liturgical ceremonial, three main stylistic directions were outlined, among which the classicalromantic influence created a generous and varied repertoire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the narrative sources dealing with a unique phenomenon in early Islam: the passage of part of the Arabic-speaking Iyād group into Roman service. Abbasid-era authors (132/750-333/945) locate and date the defectors in the context of the conquests (futūḥ) of the Roman and Sassanian Middle East by earlier Arab-Muslims (c. 10/632-20/642). We highlight the contradictions, inconsistencies and anachronisms of the versions, and focus especially on their tendency to actually deal more with migration from Iraq to northern Syria than from northern Syria to Byzantine Anatolia. Thus, we propose an alternative scenario: the Iyād gradually settled in the northern military district (ǧund) of Homs, in ex-Roman Syria-Mesopotamia during the first/seventh century. Considering the similar events involving emigrant, defector and rallied units during the Umayyad period (40/661-132/750), as well as the frequent shifts of the frontier in the border zone (ṯuġūr), we suggest that the Iyād, like many groups driven out and conscripted into the region by both the Byzantines and the Umayyads empires, may have passed repeatedly into the service of both. Eventually, the rigidification of geographical, political and confessional borders transformed such opportunistic and/or forced movements, although still attested, into unnatural apostasies. However, this context prevailed in the writing of the narrative sources on their primordial flight to the "land of the Romans". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Byzantine Greek "romantic epic" Digenis Akritis and the Venetian romance Buovo d'Antona , translated into different Slavic languages under different circumstances and traversing Slavic space by different routes, reached Muscovy in the sixteenth century – each undergoing significant editing there and ultimately becoming textually entangled. It has not been noticed before that the editor of a Muscovite redaction of Buovo borrowed a number of passages from an early redaction of the "formulaically styled" Slavic Digenis. The encounter of Buovo with Digenis may help explain the former work's subsequent popularity in Russia, as it transformed the courtly hero Buovo d'Antona into the Russian folk hero Bova Korolevich. It also helps sketch a context for the direct ancestor of the most important extant manuscript of the Slavic Digenis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Effectively identifying and preventing the threat of Byzantine nodes to the security of distributed systems is a challenge in applying consortium chains. Therefore, this paper proposes a new consortium chain generation model, deeply analyzes the vulnerability of the consortium chain consensus based on the behavior of the nodes, and points out the effects of Byzantine node proportion and node state verification on the consensus process and system security. Furthermore, the normalized verification node aggregation index that represents the consensus ability of the consortium organization and the trust evaluation function of the verification node set is derived. When either of the two is lower than the threshold, the consortium institution or the verification node set members are dynamically adjusted. On this basis, an innovative consortium chain generation mechanism based on the Asynchronous Binary Byzantine Consensus Mechanism (ABBCM) is proposed. Based on the extended consortium chain consensus mechanism, a certain consensus value set can be combined into multiple proposals, which can realize crossdomain asynchronous message passing between multi-consortium chains without reducing the system's security. In addition, experiments are carried out under four classical Byzantine Attack (BA) behaviors, BA1 to BA4. The results show that the proposed method can obtain better delay than the classical random Byzantine consensus algorithm Coin, effectively improving the consensus efficiency based on asynchronous message passing in the consortium chain and thus meeting the throughput of most Internet of Things (IoT) applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Selçuk University Journal of Faculty of Letters is the property of Selcuk Universitesi Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kavimler Göçü’nün etkisi hemen hemen tüm Avrupa’yı etkiledi. Bu etki günümüz Avrupa’sının oluşumunda önemli bir unsur oldu. Roma’nın barbar diye nitelendirdiği bu kavimler Avrupa içlerinde kendilerine bir yer edinme çabası içerisine girdiler. Vikingler de bu kavimlerden biriydi ve onlar hem gemicilik hem de savaş mahareti bakımından etkindi. Daha sonra Norman kimliği ile tarih sahnesinde yerini alan bu kavim yayılmacı ve istilacı bir siyaset yürütmekteydi. Zamanla İtalya’da hâkimiyeti sağladılar. Bu kavmin içerisinde kendinden söz ettiren liderlerden biri de şüphesiz Robert Guiscard idi. Bu lider İtalya hâkimiyeti sonrası yayılmacı politikalara devam ederek Bizans kontrolündeki Balkanlara saldırdı. Bizans’a da hâkim olarak imparator olmak istiyordu ve bu gaye için Bizans ile mücadeleye girişti. Çalışmamızın amacı Norman lider Robert Guiscard ile Bizans mücadelesini değerlendirmektir. Bu doğrultuda IX. yüzyıl Bizans ve Norman siyasi tarihindeki ilişkilerle ilgili bakış açısı kazandırmayı hedeflemektedir.

Roman culture outlived its empire in the West. Any study aiming to assess its relevance in the medieval period must consider that related conceptions and cultural features may change over time. A significantly different definition may have applied to medieval periods compared to what we know from the time of the Roman Principate. This paper studies Roman culture in the Ottonian world by considering the significance and role attributed to the culture of the Roman past and the Byzantine present. The first section focuses on cultural elements related to politics and the exertion of power, the second deals with Roman culture in the material heritage, and the third discusses related non-material aspects. The study argues that although the Ottonians called themselves emperors of a Roman empire, elements that may have been conceived as Roman or were related to the Byzantine world were far from abundant and largely limited to the court. The Roman empire was part of their western heritage, while Roman and Byzantine models represented the sole known sets of adequate examples or sources of inspiration to represent western emperorship. These models had already been adopted and adapted by the Carolingians, who remained an important reference among their imperial successors. Still, while influences from Byzantine court culture were present at the Ottonian court, monastic and popular Byzantine culture was largely absent from the Ottonian world. .

Thirty-two glasses from four Byzantine fortifications located on the Danube in Serbia, dated to the sixth-century CE, are analysed by PIXE/PIGE, and their compositional types are determined. Most of the glasses belong to Late Antique type Foy 2.1 (22), the rest being Foy 3.2 (3), HIMTa (1), Levantine (2), plant-ash (3), and coloured black (1). The diversity of compositional types and provenances characterizing the same area during the third to fourth century, changed in the sixth century into uniformity of glass types and provenance: more than two-thirds of all glass types represent only one type (Foy 2.1), and at least 87% of all imports came from a single region, Egypt. Apart from two glasses reported herein, no Levantine glasses are reported from Serbia, and almost none from the inner Balkans, which is in contrast with the rest of the Mediterranean excluding Egypt. The reasons for this might be the economic aftermath of earlier Hunnic raids or possible centralization of raw glass imports during the Justinian rebuilding program. Two plant ash glasses of mixed composition, showing characteristics of Egyptian plant-ash flux and Mesopotamian sand, likely represent recycled glass originating from these two regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]