49 results on '"Byung-Sun Ihm"'
Search Results
2. The classification of biotope type and characteristics of naturalized plant habitat on the coastal sand dune ecosystem
- Author
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Jeom-Sook Lee, Ji-Young Jeon, Byung-Sun Ihm, and Hyeon-Ho Myeong
- Subjects
Biotope ,Geography ,Ecology ,Habitat ,Urbanization ,Erosion ,Ecosystem ,Vegetation ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Sand dune stabilization ,Ecosystem services - Abstract
Coastal sand dune systems are particularly fragile and threaten the environment. However, these systems provide fundamental ecosystem services to the nearby urban areas, acting, for example, as protective buffers against erosion. In this paper, we attempt to classify the biotope types of coastal sand dune ecosystems and select an index for the assessment of the conservation value. The types of biotopes are categorized based on the vegetation map; floras are examined in order to research the effects of hinterlands on coastal sand dunes. In addition, a naturalization rate and an urbanization index for each biotope type in hinterlands are analyzed. In the ecosystem of coastal sand dunes, the urbanization index and naturalization rate shows a higher value in sand dunes with areas of road, residential, and idle land in farm villages, rice fields, and fields. On the contrary, a lower value in the urbanization index and naturalization rate is present when typical biotope types, such as sand dune vegetation and natural Pinus thunbergii forests, are widely distributed. Based on these results, urbanization index and naturalization rate should be used as critical indices for the assessment of the ecosystem of costal sand dunes.
- Published
- 2012
3. Taxonomic reappraisal onSuaeda australis (Chenopodiaceae) in korea based on the morphological and molecular characteristics
- Author
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Jeom-Sook Lee, Dong Seop Park, Byung-Sun Ihm, and Wook Jae Lee
- Subjects
Plant ecology ,biology ,Phylogenetics ,GenBank ,Botany ,Habit (biology) ,Plant Science ,Suaeda ,Clade ,biology.organism_classification ,Chenopodiaceae ,Japonica - Abstract
We used morphological and molecular characteristics to perform a taxonomic reappraisal ofSuaeda australis (Brown) Moquin-Tandon from Korea. Populations of this species are dispersed at the bottoms of sand zones, and usually exhibit a depressed habit. Except for their total heights and leaf lengths, the morphology of these plants does not differ from that ofS. maritima. Molecular traits were examined based on ITS and psbB-psbH spacer region sequences. The former region included ITS-1, 5.8S, and ITS-2, which were 629 nucleotide bases long. Pair-wise distances (p-distance) among KoreanSuaeda species ranged from 1.12 to 17.84. The psbB-psbH spacer region sequences were 618 nucleotide bases long, and were conserved in the alignment of KoreanSuaeda species. In our ML and MrBayesian analysis of ITS sequences aligned with other sequences from GenBank, the plants of KoreanSuaeda made three clades: 1)S. japonica;S. australis, andS. maritima;2)S. malacosperma; and 3) S.glauca. However, the psbB-psbH region sequences could not be resolved amongS. japonica, S. maritima, andS. australis from Korea. Molecular and vegetative characteristics indicated that the plants now classified asS. australis from Korea should instead be named as S.maritima (L.) Dumont.
- Published
- 2007
4. Soil particle sizes and plant communities on coastal dunes
- Author
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Jong-Wook Kim, Jeom-Sook Lee, Byung-Sun Ihm, Du Sung Cho, and Dong-Yeob Son
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Plant ecology ,Soil texture ,Canonical correspondence analysis ,Ecology ,Botany ,Ordination ,Plant community ,Plant Science ,Vegetation ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Calystegia soldanella ,Carex kobomugi - Abstract
To identify and assess the distribution patterns of coastal dune vegetation along the eastern, southern, and western coasts of South Korea, we investigated the plant communities and soil factors at 30 sites. In all, 12 communities on CCA (canonical correspondence analysis) Axis 1 and 2 could be arranged into 3 groups: 1 ) 2 communities ofElymus mollis andIschaemum anthephoroides, with medium sand contents; 2) 6 communities ofCarex pumila, Carex kobomugi, Ixeris repens, Zoysia mac-rostachya, Calystegia soldanella, andVitex rotundifolia, with coarse sand contents; and 3) 4 communities ofLathyrus japonicus,Glehnia littoralis, Messerschmidia sibirica, andRosa rugosa, with very coarse sand contents. As identified via CCA ordination, the distribution of these groups was positively correlated with soil particle sizes.
- Published
- 2007
5. Relationship between global warming and species richness of vascular plants
- Author
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Jong Wook Kim, Byung-Sun Ihm, Jeom-Sook Lee, and Joon-Ho Kim
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Plant ecology ,Maximum temperature ,Ecology ,Global warming ,Plant species ,Northern Hemisphere ,Plant Science ,Species richness ,Precipitation ,Biology - Abstract
We analyzed climatological and geographical variables in 90 countries from the Northern Hemisphere to determine the significant variability of plant species richness as it relates to broad-scale levels of global warming. This variability was quantified by the parameters of temperature and precipitation. Of the 27 temperature variables and 13 precipitation variables, 6 variables had negative influences on species richness while 5 variables had positive impacts. When we estimated the effect of higher temperatures, we found that a 1 or 2°C rise in global warming produced an increase in species richness of 1.6 or 3.2%, respectively.
- Published
- 2007
6. Coastal plant and soil relationships along the southwestern coast of South Korea
- Author
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Byung-Sun Ihm, Jeom-Sook Lee, Joonho Kim, and Jong-Wook Kim
- Subjects
geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Soil texture ,Canonical correspondence analysis ,Ecology ,Ordination ,Edaphic ,Plant Science ,Vegetation ,Biology ,Swamp ,Sand dune stabilization ,Detrended correspondence analysis - Abstract
We studied how plant species distribution was regulated by the relationships between vegetation and soil factors on the southwestern coast of South Korea. Vegetation was classified using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), thereby producing four vegetation groups that were linked to three habitat types. Two ordination techniques —; detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) —; were applied to examine the relationships between vegetation and 12 edaphic factors, including soil pH, water and osmotic potentials, moisture content, electrical conductivity, Cl and Na+ contents, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and contents of organic matter, sand, silt, and clay. Results were similar for both types of evaluations. According to DCA and CCA, the 23 communities tended to cluster into three types: salt swamp, salt marsh, and sand dune. The first two canonical axes accounted for 14.9% of the community-soil factor relationship among communities. As identified via CCA, the main gradients were soil-water relations and soil texture.
- Published
- 2007
7. Coastal Dune Vegetation of South Korea
- Author
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Jeom-Sook Lee, Byung-Sun Ihm, Du-Sung Cho, and Jong-Wook Kim
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Calystegia ,Ecology ,biology ,Perennial plant ,Elymus ,Plant community ,Vegetation ,biology.organism_classification ,Calystegia soldanella ,Sand dune stabilization ,Geography ,Botany ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Carex kobomugi - Abstract
We used the Braun-Blanquet method to study coastal dune vegetation of South Korea. Coastal vegetation was monitored in thirty sites from April 2004 to September 2005. Seventeen plant communities were classified into five groups as follows: A. Two associations of herbaceous sand dune plants in Salsoletea komarovii Ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. 1973 (Calystegia soldanella community, Lathyrus japonicus-Calystegia soldanella community), B. Twelve associations of herbaceous perennial sand dune plants in Glehnietea littoralis Ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. 1973 (Carex pumila community, Elymus mollis community, Vitex rotundifolia-Elymus mollis community, Ixeris repens community, Elymus mollis-Ixeris repens community, Lathyrus japonicus community, Messershmidia sibirica community, Glehnia littoralis community, Carex kobomugi community, Calystegia solda-nella-Carex kobomugi community, Ishaemum anthephoroides community, Zoysia macrostachya community), C. One association of shrubby perennial sand dune plant in Viticetea rotundifoliae Ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. 1973 (Vitex rotundifolia community), D. One association of shrubby perennial sand dune plant in Rosetea multiflorae Ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. 1973 (Rosa rugosa community), E. The naturalized community (Diodia teres community).
- Published
- 2007
8. A Model for Predicting the Effect of Increasing Air Temperature on the Net Photosynthetic Rate of Quercus mongolica Stands
- Author
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Jong-Wook Kim, Jeom-Sook Lee, Byung-Sun Ihm, and Joonho Kim
- Subjects
Ecology ,Air temperature ,Botany ,Weather data ,Environmental science ,Current (fluid) ,Atmospheric sciences ,Photon flux density ,Photosynthesis ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
A model was developed to predict the effects of rising air temperature on net photosynthetic rate of Quercus mongolica stands at Mt. Paekcheok-san, Kangwon-do in South Korea. The PFD (Photon flux density) and air temperature were determined from weather data from the research site and the Daegwallyeong meteorological station and gas exchange or release responses of each tree component were measured. Using these data, we simulated the effects of increases in mean annual air temperatures above current conditions on annual budget of Q. mongolica stands. If mean annual air temperature is increased by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 or , annual net photosynthetic rate will be increased by 8.8, 12.8, 14.5, 12.6, 9.2 and 1.0 ton respectively. Simulations indicate that changes in air temperature will have a major impact on gas exchange and release in Q. mongolica stands, resulting in a net increase in the rate of carbon fixation by standing crops.
- Published
- 2007
9. Determination on the Minimum Area for Conservation of Four Halophyte Species from the Southwestern Coast of Korea Based on AFLP
- Author
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Wook-Jae Lee, Byung-Sun Ihm, and Jeom-Sook Lee
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education.field_of_study ,Genetic diversity ,Ecology ,biology ,Population ,Suaeda japonica ,biology.organism_classification ,Japonica ,Phragmites ,Suaeda maritima ,Halophyte ,Botany ,Amplified fragment length polymorphism ,education ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
To determine the minimum area for conservation of four Halophytic species populations, we evaluate the genetic diversity of four species based on the AFLP method using thirteen primer sets. Four species populations, Phragmites communis Trin, Suaeda japonica Makino, Zoysia sinica Hance, and S. maritima (L.) Dumort, from the southwestern coast of Korea, were selected for this study. The genetic diversity index () of Phragmites communis was 0.3856, Suaeda japonica 0.1445, Suaeda maritima 0.1669, and Zoysia sinica 0.2422. Based on the genetic diversity of population, we could determine the minimum area for conservation of each species as follows. P. communis needs , S. japonica, S. maritima, and Z. sinica for keeping their genetic identity.
- Published
- 2006
10. Coarse woody debris mass and nutrients in forest ecosystems of Korea
- Author
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Byung Sun Ihm, Jin Woo Koo, Soung Ryoul Ryu, Rae Hyun Kim, Im Kyun Lee, Kyung Won Seo, Sun Kee Hong, Jong Hwan Lim, Nam Jin Noh, and Yowhan Son
- Subjects
Forest floor ,Nutrient cycle ,Nutrient ,Deciduous ,Ecology ,animal diseases ,Forest ecology ,Biodiversity ,Environmental science ,Forestry ,Coarse woody debris ,Plant litter ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an essential component of forests. However, quantification of both the mass and nutrient content of CWD within a given environment tends to be a fairly labor-intensive proposition that requires long-term studies to be conducted for viable data to be obtained. As a result, various aspects of CWD in forest ecosystems remain somewhat poorly understood. In this review, we have compiled all available estimates of CWD mass and nutrients from both coniferous and deciduous forests in Korea. The CWD mass data varied substantially by forest type, age, location, and sampling time, ranging from 1.5 to 24.5 Mg ha−1, and for the amount (kg ha−1) of nutrients in the CWD, ranging from 3.5 to 23.6 for nitrogen (N), 0.8 to 4.7 for phosphorus (P), 3.9 to 13.3 for potassium (K), 25.9 to 30.9 for calcium (Ca), 1.4 to 4.2 for magnesium (Mg), and 0.1 to 0.6 for sodium (Na). The mass of CWD transferred from live trees to the forest floor ranged between 0.1 and 4.9 Mg ha−1 year−1, and these values were roughly equivalent to 26–42% of the annual litterfall inputs (2.5–10.8 Mg ha−1 year−1) for mixed Quercus spp. forests within the relevant region. Annual nutrients inputs (kg ha−1 year−1) through CWD decomposition were 0.7–1.6 for N, 0.04–0.3 for P, 0.3–1.0 for K, 1.7–3.1 for Ca, and 0.1–0.3 for Mg. Consequently, these results revealed that the ecological value of CWD for C and nutrient cycling was relatively insignificant. However, only a limited number of studies have been conducted on CWD in different coniferous or mixed deciduous forests in the region. As a direct result of this paucity of data, further long-term studies on CWD mass and nutrients in a variety of forest types are required in order to be able to evaluate accurately the ecological value of CWD on biodiversity and physical properties in Korean forest ecosystems.
- Published
- 2006
11. Effect of Soil Factors on Vegetation Values of Salt Marsh Plant Communities: Multiple Regression Model
- Author
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Jeom-Sook Lee, Jong-Wook Kim, Byung-Sun Ihm, and Joonho Kim
- Subjects
geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Ecology ,Plant community ,Vegetation ,Current (stream) ,Abundance (ecology) ,Salt marsh ,Linear regression ,Plant species ,Environmental science ,Ordination ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
The objective of the current study was to characterize and apply multiple regression model relating to vegetation values of the plant species over salt marshes. For each salt marsh community, vegetation and soil variables were investigated in the western coast and the southern coast in South Korea. Osmotic potential of soil and content of soil as independent variable had positive and negative influences on vegetation values. Multiple regression model showed that vegetation values of 14 coastal plant communities were determined by pH of soil, osmotic potential of soil and sand content. The multiple regression equation may be applied to the explanation of distribution and abundance of plant communities with exiting ordination plots.
- Published
- 2006
12. Morphological and genetic variations inSuaeda maritima based on habitat
- Author
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Jeom Sook Lee, Hyun Ho Myung, Byung Sun Ihm, Jung Yuri Lee, and Dong Sub Park
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Biomass (ecology) ,Elevation ,Plant Science ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Sand dune stabilization ,Plant ecology ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,Suaeda maritima ,Habitat ,Genetic variation ,Botany ,Organic matter - Abstract
We investigated the morphological and genetic variations found inSuaeda maritima growing on sand dunes at Jogeum-naru, Muan-gun, in Korea. Our objective was to determine how plant density, biomass, and morphological characteristics were affected by habitat and environmental factors. Differences in elevation dictated that habitats for this species be divided into three positions: low, middle, and high areas. The higher the elevation, the lower the amount of available water, total nitrogen, phosphate, and organic matter. Correlations between biomass and environment were statistically significant For example, plant density and biomass declined as elevation increased. In low areas, the lengths of aerial stems and leaves were 17.98±0.46 and 7.83±0.12 mm, respectively; values measured at high areas were 0.70 and 0.83 times smaller, respectively. Likewise, lengths of main roots in low areas were 8.06± 0.21 mm; in higher areas, roots were 1.58 times longer. Leaf widths in low areas were 1.88±0.01 mm, and 1.16 times greater at higher elevations. Values for these parameters in middle areas were intermediate between those for the other two. Nevertheless, when we used an MVSP computer program to conduct a similarity coefficient analysis, we found that the morphological variations recorded at the three elevations were not matched by differences in DNA patterns, although genetic variations were observed within individual populations.
- Published
- 2004
13. Growth strategies of four salt marsh plants on Mankyung River estuary in Korea
- Author
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Byung Sun Ihm and Jeom Sook Lee
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geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Marsh ,food and beverages ,Estuary ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Japonica ,Germination ,Salt marsh ,Halophyte ,Botany ,Shoot ,Tripolium ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
The emergence of seedlings, the length of roots and shoots, and the biomass of four dominant plant species and shore height were measured to investigate the growth strategy of these plants on the salt marsh of Mankyung River estuary. Four salt marsh plants showed a distinctive zonation, for example, Suaeda japonica was predominantly spread around the low salt marsh, Atriplex gmelini and Aster tripolium were in the middle, and S. asparagoides was in the upper part of the marsh. In terms of emergence of seedlings, S. japonica appeared first followed by A. gmelini, S. asparagoides, and A. tripolium. The growth strategies of halophytes were as follows: S. japonica germinated earlier than the other halophytes so that its root grew rapidly and extensively at the beginning of growth. This species adopted a continuous germination strategy, allowing growth whenever favorable conditions were provided. A. gmelini germinated later than S. japonica, as a quasi-simultaneous germination type, it showed the highest germination rate within the shortest time. Aster tripolium germinated later than any other halophyte. Since this species exhibited characteristics between the continuous germination type and the quasi-simultaneous germination type, it did not show a very high germination rate. Instead, it showed continuous germination and consistent growth of both above-ground and underground parts. Suaeda asparagoides showed an especially high emergence rate at the beginning of its growth. However, the high density retarded its growth until the middle stage. Its roots extended longer than the other halophytes, allowing it to grow well in the dry conditions of the upper marsh.
- Published
- 2004
14. Ecological Characteristics of Lycoris radiata with Habitat Types
- Author
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Byung-Sun Ihm, Jeom-Sook Lee, and Ha-Song Kim
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Lycoris radiata ,Light intensity ,Pinus densiflora ,biology ,Habitat ,Ecology ,Air temperature ,Radiata ,Soil water ,biology.organism_classification ,Bulb - Abstract
The investigation of ecological characteristics of Lycoris radiata was carried out in flooding (site I), half flooding (site II) and dry stands (site III). Seasonal change of air temperature showed similar patterns and that of light intensity showed quite difference among three L. radiata stands. Seasonal change of soil water content showed a great difference among three L. radiata stands. The study area was dominated by Pinus densiflora, P. thunbergii and L. radiata communities. The number of bulb in 1. radiata increased in September with bulb formation and decreased in January. Bulb weight in L. radiata was different from each site. The numbers of blossom were 23, 13 and 9, respectively in site I, II and III. The length of wreath were 17.0, 13.0 and 11.0cm, respectively, the length of stamen were 7.0, 6.4 and 6.5 cm, respectively and the length of stalk were 60.0, 45.0 and 42.0 cm, respectively in site I, II and III. The leaf of L. radiata developed rapidly in site I with sufficient water supply and lower light intensity, the number and the length of rootlets increased considerably in site III with insufficient water supply and higher light intensity, and the ecological characteristics in site II was intermediate between site I and site III. There was no great difference between the numbers of rootlets in site I and site II, which were due to sufficient water supply in two stands.
- Published
- 2003
15. Changes of the Coastal Sand Dune Vegetation after the Construction of an Embankment in Anmado
- Author
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Ha-Song Kim, Byung-Sun Ihm, and Jeom-Sook Lee
- Subjects
biology ,Bidens bipinnata ,Vitex ,Botany ,Plant community ,Vegetation ,biology.organism_classification ,Vitex rotundifolia ,Sand dune stabilization ,Zoysia ,Soldanella - Abstract
This study examined the coastal sand dune vegetation before and after the construction of an embankment on Anmado Island in order to compare vegetation in relation to the development of islands. A total of 24 species distributed on the sand dunes. 18 species were found to be in common before and after the construction of the embankment, which included Vitex rotundifolia, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Zoysia sinica, etc. The species which were not found in this survey included Rumex japonicus, Setaria viridis, Portulaca oleracea, Artemisia japonica, Poiygonum aviculare, etc, and new species included Arena fatua, Carex boottiana, Lycium chinense, Leonurus sibiricus, Torilis japonica, Solanum carolinense, etc. The washing away of sand brought about the changes in habitat and the increase in naturalized plants, which included Oenothera odorata, Lepidium apetalum, Bidens bipinnata, Erigeron canadensis, Datura stramonium, Xanthium strumarium, Arena fatua, Solanum carolinense etc. In addition, the disturbance to this habitat led to the changes in vegetation. The main plant communities in the surveyed site were classified as Vitex rotundifolia-Imperata cylindrica var. koenigil community, Zoysia sinica-Calystegia soldanella community and Messerschmidia sibirica community. The sand dune vegetation on Anmado Island changed with regard to the community and the composition of species after the construction of the embankment, due to the sand being severely eroded. While Vitex rotundifolia community and Commelina communis community were found before the construction of the embankment, they were replaced by Vitex rotundifolia-Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii community, Zoysia sinica-Calystegia soldanella community and Messerschmidia sibirica community, after the construction of the embankment.
- Published
- 2003
16. The Purification Capacity of Zizania latifolia on Wetlands of Munpyeong Stream
- Author
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Byung-Sun Ihm and Ha-Song Kim
- Subjects
geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Zizania latifolia ,Ecology ,business.industry ,Wetland ,Agronomy ,Productivity (ecology) ,Agriculture ,Aquatic plant ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,Drainage ,business ,Effluent - Abstract
This study examined the changes of water quality in relation to distribution of hydrophytes, and the purification capacity of Zizania latifolia to improve the effluent from Munpyeong stream from March 1997 to December 1999. While the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorous in water were increased during the farming season, those decreased, during the streaming down to paddy and drainage areas. In investigated sites, the Z. latifolia was dominant community according to the development of the natural wetlands. Furthermore, it formed a large community owing to its high adaptability to environmental changes in the agriculture lands. In September, the leaves productivity of the Z. latifolia were 4,032g D.W/and roots were 7,680gD.W/. The purification capacity of the Z. latifolia for NH-N, -N, and PO-P were 13.41, 17.07, and 4.58 respectively during 5 days. The results suggested that it needs to establish wetlands vegetated by hydrophytes to improve the water quality of the effluent from agricultural lands.
- Published
- 2002
17. Coastal vegetation on the Western, Southern, and Eastern coasts of South Korea
- Author
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Jeom-Sook Lee, Byung-Sun Ihm, and Jong-Wook Kim
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geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Perennial plant ,Ecology ,Salt marsh ,Plant community ,Wetland ,Plant Science ,Vegetation ,Herbaceous plant ,Biology ,Swamp ,Sand dune stabilization - Abstract
We used the Braun-Blanquet method to study the vegetation of coastal wetlands in South Korea. Three habitat types were found, i.e., salt marshes, salt swamps, and sand dunes. These plant communities were classified as: 1) two groups (five associations each) in the salt marshes that comprised either annual herbaceous halophytes (ClassThero-Salicornietea), or biennial/perennial herbaceous species (ClassAsteretea tripolii); 2) one group in the salt swamps consisting of five hydrophilous halo-tolerant associations (ClassPhragmitetea); and 3) three groups in the sand dunes, including one association of annual herbaceous halophytes (ClassSalsoletea komarovii), seven associations of herbaceous perennial halophytes (ClassGlehnietea littoralis), and one association of shrub perennial halophytes (ClassVrticetea rotundifoliae). These three habitat types accounted for the majority of the six main classifications of coastal vegetation distributed in South Korea.
- Published
- 2001
18. Taxonomic Appraisal of Dendropanax morbifera Leveille and D. trifidus ( Thunb. ex Murray ) Makino based on Morphological Characters
- Author
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Myung Ok Moon, Chan Soo Kim, Young Jae Kang, Byung Sun Ihm, Young Cheul Chung, and Moon Hong Kim
- Subjects
Botany ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Dendropanax morbifera - Published
- 1999
19. Comparison of two numerical models on photosynthetic response ofQuercus mongolica leaves to air pollutants
- Author
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Jong-Wook Kim, Byung Sun Ihm, and Joonho Kim
- Subjects
Air pollutants ,Linear regression ,Botany ,Regression analysis ,Plant Science ,Numerical models ,Biology ,Photosynthesis ,Atmospheric sciences ,Nonlinear regression ,Photosynthetic capacity ,Degree (temperature) - Abstract
A multiple-regression model is presented for estimating the effect of major air pollutants on net photosynthetic rate (Pn) ofQuercus mongolica leaves, of which visible injury is not shown. Photosynthetic capacity was found to be primarily a function of PPFD, air temperature (T) and ambient ozone (O3) concentration. The negative direction of photosynthetic capacity response to O3 concentration indicates a potential growth reduction ofQ. mongolica due to ambient O3 concentration in the urban areas of Korea. The model was compared with a non-linear regression model including the same variables. We assessed the contribution of variables to two two models of ambient O3 affecting Pn ofQ. mongolica leaves. The mean Pn difference between the models with and without ambient O3 in the multiple-regression was smaller than that in the non-linear regression. The relative contributions of ambient O3 to multiple-regression and non-linear regression were 12.6% and 5.6%, respectively. The results indicate that multiple-regression models can be applicable for qualitative or quantitative assessment of the effect of air pollutants on Pn response of plant leaves, of which visible injury may not be shown in situ. Also, the assessment of ecophysiological effects using numerical models will have a degree of uncertainty associated with the measuring time/period of the field data used in the modelling, as well as the numerical structure of the models.
- Published
- 1999
20. Natural Habitat of Prunus yedoensis Matsumura and Its Morphological Variation
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Kab Yeon Lee, Hwa Ja Hyun, Myung Ok Moon, Chan Soo Kim, Moon Hong Kim, and Byung Sun Ihm
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Prunus × yedoensis ,Habitat ,Ecology ,Botany ,Morphological variation ,Plant Science ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Published
- 1998
21. Modelling Above-Ground Biomass Production Of Phragmites Communis Trin. Stands
- Author
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Byung-Sun Ihm, Jeom-Sook Lee, and Jong-Wook Kim
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Phragmites ,Above ground ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Salt marsh ,Botany ,Environmental science ,Biomass ,Aboveground biomass ,Photosynthetic photon flux density - Published
- 2007
22. Summary Of The Viii Seoul Intecol Congress And Subsequent Progresses In Ecology In Korea As Well As In East Asia
- Author
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Eun-Shik Kim, Byung-Sun Ihm, Sun-Kee Hong, John A. Lee, Jae Chun Choe, and Sei-Woong Choi
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Politics ,Geography ,Ecology ,Scale (social sciences) ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Ecological science ,East Asia ,National level ,Ecological systems theory - Abstract
Since the first INTECOL Congress was held in The Hague, The Netherlands, in 1974 with the theme, “Structure, Functions and Management of Ecosystems,” subsequent Congresses have followed: 2 INTECOLJerusalem (Israel) 1978, “The Future of Ecology”; 3 INTECOL in Warsaw (Poland) was cancelled for political reasons; 4 INTECOLSyracuse (U.S.A.) 1986, “Global Connections in Ecological Theory and Practice”; 5 INTECOLYokohama (Japan) 1990, “Development of Ecological Perspectives for the 21st Century”; 6 INTECOLManchester (U.K.) 1994, “Progress to Meet the Challenge of Environmental Change”; 7 INTECOLFlorence (Italy) 1998, “New Tasks for Ecologists after Rio 1992.” At the beginning of the 21st Century, ecological issues have never been more important both at a global scale and at a national level. The International Congresses of Ecology provided important fora to learn more about these issues, to discuss recent advances in ecological science, and to highlight deficiencies in the knowledge, which we urgently need to address. After the VII Congress in Florence, Italy, 1998, the VIII Congress in Seoul, Korea, provided an important opportunity for ecologists to continue the advancement of the science of ecology, and to learn at first hand of the many pressing problems that need to be addressed. The motto of the congress was “Ecology in a Changing World.” This paper was prepared to summarize the activities and to report the progress and achievements of the Congress.
- Published
- 2007
23. Land use in Korean tidal wetlands: impacts and management strategies
- Author
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Chul-Hwan Koh, Jeom-Sook Lee, Sun-Kee Hong, Jae-Eun Kim, Richard R. Harris, and Byung-Sun Ihm
- Subjects
Conservation of Natural Resources ,Ecological health ,Wetland ,Freshwater ecosystem ,Republic of Korea ,Wetland conservation ,Environmental impact assessment ,Global and Planetary Change ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Ecology ,Land use ,Geography ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,Biodiversity ,Tidal Waves ,Pollution ,Sustainable management ,Salt marsh ,Wetlands ,Government Regulation ,Environmental science ,Hydrobiology ,business ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The coastal landscapes in southwestern Korea include a diverse array of tidal wetlands and salt marshes. These coastal zones link the ecological functions of marine tidal wetlands and freshwater ecosystems with terrestrial ecosystems. They are rich in biological diversity and play important roles in sustaining ecological health and processing environmental pollutants. Korean tidal wetlands are particularly important as nurseries for economically important fishes and habitats for migratory birds. Diking, draining, tourism, and conversion to agricultural and urban uses have adversely affected Korean tidal wetlands. Recent large development projects have contributed to further losses. Environmental impact assessments conducted for projects affecting tidal wetlands and their surrounding landscapes should be customized for application to these special settings. Adequate environmental impact assessments will include classification of hydrogeomorphic units and consideration of their responses to biological and environmental stressors. As is true worldwide, Korean laws and regulations are changing to be more favorable to the conservation and protection of tidal wetlands. More public education needs to be done at the local level to build support for tidal wetland conservation. Some key public education points include the role of tidal wetlands in maintaining healthy fish populations and reducing impacts of nonpoint source pollution. There is also a need to develop procedures for integrating economic and environmental objectives within the overall context of sustainable management and land uses.
- Published
- 2006
24. Ecological Issues in a Changing World
- Author
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Eun-Shik Kim, Almo Farina, John A. Lee, Jae Chun Choe, Yowhan Son, Sun-Kee Hong, and Byung-Sun Ihm
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Geography ,Environmental planning - Published
- 2004
25. Ecological Issues in a Changing World : Status, Response and Strategy
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Sun-Kee Hong, John A. Lee, Byung-Sun Ihm, A. Farina, Yowhan Son, Kim Eun-Shik, Jae C. Choe, Sun-Kee Hong, John A. Lee, Byung-Sun Ihm, A. Farina, Yowhan Son, Kim Eun-Shik, and Jae C. Choe
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- Environment, Ecology
- Abstract
Problems of scale have exercised the minds of ecologists for many years, and will continue to do so into the future. This volume deals with this subject and with mathematical approaches to improve our understanding of complex ecological systems. The book also concentrates on monitoring the responses of ecosystems, especially to human impacts upon them. The importance of spatial separation of function at both the landscape and ecosystem level forms an important theme. Finally, this special book focuses on large-scale issues, discussing in particular important applied ecological problems and how these can be managed through a variety of planning processes. Many examples of major ecological problems in the mainstream ecological literature are drawn from Europe and North America. In contrast, many of the most pressing ecological problems are to be found elsewhere in the world. This volume is composed of four parts according to scale, objectives and application of modern ecological research. Part I covers emerging concepts and models in the ecosystem complex and in the landscape. Part II. Biological responses to environmental changes: pattern and process, Part III. Ecological networking and restoration technology: theory and practice, and finally a summary of 8th INTECOL Congress and possible future directions are covered in Part IV.
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- 2007
26. Summary Of The Viii Seoul Intecol Congress And Subsequent Progresses In Ecology In Korea As Well As In East Asia.
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Lee, John A., Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Byung-Sun Ihm, Jae Chun Choe, Sei-Woong Choi, and Sun-Kee Hong
- Abstract
Since the first INTECOL Congress was held in The Hague, The Netherlands, in 1974 with the theme, "Structure, Functions and Management of Ecosystems," subsequent Congresses have followed: 2nd INTECOL- Jerusalem (Israel) 1978, "The Future of Ecology"; 3rd INTECOL in Warsaw (Poland) was cancelled for political reasons; 4th INTECOL- Syracuse (U.S.A.) 1986, "Global Connections in Ecological Theory and Practice"; 5th INTECOL- Yokohama (Japan) 1990, "Development of Ecological Perspectives for the 21st Century"; 6th INTECOL- Manchester (U.K.) 1994, "Progress to Meet the Challenge of Environmental Change"; 7th INTECOLFlorence (Italy) 1998, "New Tasks for Ecologists after Rio 1992." At the beginning of the 21st Century, ecological issues have never been more important both at a global scale and at a national level. The International Congresses of Ecology provided important fora to learn more about these issues, to discuss recent advances in ecological science, and to highlight deficiencies in the knowledge, which we urgently need to address. After the VII Congress in Florence, Italy, 1998, the VIII Congress in Seoul, Korea, provided an important opportunity for ecologists to continue the advancement of the science of ecology, and to learn at first hand of the many pressing problems that need to be addressed. The motto of the congress was "Ecology in a Changing World." This paper was prepared to summarize the activities and to report the progress and achievements of the Congress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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27. Baekdudaegan, The Central Axis Of The Korean Peninsular: The Path Toward Management Strategies Regarding To Its Concepts.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, and Yeong-Kook Choi
- Abstract
It is not known well when the concept of the "Baekdudaegani" was formed and defined. Other similar concepts could be construed as being used in some old literatures, considering the fact that Koreans have traditionally treated territory configuration very important. We can find one evident record (Lim 1999) in Goryeosaii, which shows that the terrestrial stratum from Baekdu Mountain was then recognized as a kind of "flowing" of national territory. In the Joseon period, Lee Ik(1681-1763) with a literary name of Seongho and Shin Gyeong-jun(1712-1781) with a literary name of Yeoam suggested more concrete conception of the "Baekdudaegan" in Baekdujeonggan and Sansugo and Sangyeongpyoiii, respectively. From the fact that many literatures about the Baekdudaegan have been published after the mid of Joseon period, we find out that people have been interested in national territory and tried to formulate a general system of mountain ranges of the Baekdudaegan since the 18th century. The Baekdudaegan means the contiguous line of terrestrial stratum from Baekdu Mountain to Jiri Mountain without crossing valleys or streams (Yang 2002). It is the central axis of the Korean peninsula, which is connected from Baekdu Mountain, as well as the backbone of mountain ranges. The Baekdudaegan is based on Koreans' traditional conception of geography, which highlights connected configuration of mountains as shown on the premise of ‘mountain ranges divide streams,' rather than typical geographical conception of a mountain range. In this regard, regional boundaries and characteristics of the districts on the Baekdudaegan are identical with the mountain ridge. The Baekdudaegan has affected dominantly the formation of common and different features of administrative, cultural and living style between regions. It exits in substance in terms of geography and no doubt in spirit of the Korean people as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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28. Forest Fragmentation In The Lower Region Of The Han River Basin, South Korea From 1983 To 1996.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Engkyoung Lee, Kim, Kyung A., Kyungmin Kim, and Dowon Lee
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Landscape change has been largely influenced by human activities, especially in recent days. Population growth and various development activities caused significant change in landcover. Furthermore, industrialization and urbanization have created man-made barriers such as roads and railroads, which fragment ecosystems, thereby threatening biological richness and diversity. Fragmentation is recognized as one of the major anthropogenic changes of landscape. Fragmentation is defined as progressive division of large, comparatively homogeneous tracts of forest into a heterogeneous mixture of much smaller patches (Reed et al. 1996a, b). Consequences of fragmentation include habitat loss for some plant and animal species, habitat creation for others, decreased connectivity of the remaining vegetation, decreased patch size, increased distance between patches, and an increase in edge at the expense of interior habitat (Reed et al. 1996a). Change of landscape structure including fragmentation began to draw attention in ecosystem management because it is recognized that the spatial arrangement of elements in a landcover mosaic controls the ecological process which operate within it (Haines-Young et al. 1996, Ruzicka et al. 1990, Forman 1990, Forman 1995). To achieve the management goals such as conservation of species or natural resources, accurate information characterizing landscape structure and its change is critical prerequisite. However, at the level of landscape, it is very time-consuming and labor-intensive survey that spatially explicit and temporal databases are developed and managed on the basis of traditional technology. The dramatic expansion of spatial and temporal scales at which many environmental problems must be considered has presented another difficult quantitative challenge (Turner et al. 1991). Fortunately, some recent achievements in the field of landscape ecology offer an opportunity on this problem. As one of these achievements, many investigators have been trying to quantify and evaluate the landscape using landscape indices with RS (Remote Sensing) and GIS (Geographic Information System) technology (Haines-Young and Chopping 1996). The major objectives of this study were to quantify forest fragmentation in the Han River Basin, which has been subject to urbanization and road construction during the past years, from 1983 to 1996. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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29. Ecological Engineering For Restoring River Ecosystems In Japan And Korea.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Kamada, Mahito, Hyoseop Woo, and Takemon, Yasuhiro
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Rivers and streams are one of the ecosystems that have been seriously altered by means of human activities, particularly by civil engineering works (e.g. Bravard et al. 1986, Brooks 1988, Décamps et al. 1988). A barrage constructed near river mouth seriously changes estuarine environments (Murakami 2002, Nakamura and Fujino 2002, Yamauchi 2002). Dam construction creates a new lake ecosystem in a river with resultant discontinuity of material transportation and wildlife populations such as migratory fishes (Vannote et al. 1980, Mori 1999). Stabilization of river flow and alteration of sediment transportation by dams affect not only on benthic animals but also on plant species, which depend on hydraulic characteristics and hydro-geomorphic processes in a river (Tanida and Takemon 1999, Jansson et al. 2000, Kamada et al. 2002). Flood frequency and intensity have been reduced by dam operation, and it causes woodland expansion on bars (Harris et al. 1987, Johnson 1994, Woo and Yoon 2002). Channelization changes ecological function due to degeneration of riffle-pool structure of original rivers (Brooks 1988, Nakamura et al. 1997, Nagasaka and Nakamura 1999). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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30. Ecological Dynamics Of Urban And Rural Landscapes - The Need For Landscape Planning That Considers That Considers The Biodiversity Crisis In Japan.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, and Morimoto, Yukihiro
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Drastic changes have occurred in the Japanese landscape since the Second World War because of urban sprawl, the energy revolution in agricultural communities and modernization of agricultural production systems. In mountainous areas, the national park system has played a major role in protecting natural values. However, a survey of endangered species has revealed the increasing importance of the countryside and the urban fringes. Within urban areas in Kyoto, which is surrounded by mountains, a useful analysis and a planning tool is that of island biogeography, where green areas are considered to be islands in an ‘ocean' of built-up areas. We are facing a difficult task to maintain biodiversity in rural areas, where the diverse and cultural small ecosystems once associated with traditional land use have been destroyed. Themes of nature restoration in Japan have also changed as a result of the recognition of the biodiversity crisis. Development of adaptive management techniques will be needed both in urban and rural landscapes. Nature restoration in urban areas, where wetlands and forests once existed, is another important task for the ecologically sustainable city. Landscape ecological concepts relevant to landscape analysis, planning and implementations, based on several examples in Japan, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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31. Towards Eco-Integration - Ecopolis Planning In China.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, and Rusong Wang
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China is experiencing rapid urbanization and industrial transition. The pace, depth, and magnitude of these changes, while bringing about benefits to local people, have exerted severe ecological stresses on both local human living conditions and regional life support ecosystem. Urban sustainability can only be assured with a human ecological understanding of the complex interactions among environmental, economic, political, and social/cultural factors and with careful planning and management grounded in ecological principles. Unlike biological communities, human society is a kind of artificial ecosystem dominated by human behavior, sustained by natural life support system, and vitalized by ecological process. It was named by Shijun Ma a Social-Economic-Natural Complex Ecosystem (Ma and Wang 1984). Its structure is expressed as an eco-complex between human being and its working and living settlement (including geographical, biological and artificial environs), its regional environment (including sources for material and energy, sinks for products and wastes, pools for buffering and maintaining) and its social networks (including culture, institution and technology) and economic networks (the primary, secondary and tertiary industries and infrastructural services). Its natural subsystem consists of the Chinese traditional five elements: metal (minerals), wood (living organism), water (source and sink), fire (energy), soil (nutrients and land). Its function includes production, consumption, supply, assimilation, recycling and buffering, which play a key role in sustaining the city's complicated human ecological relationships (Fig.1). In recent years, a campaign of Ecopolis development were spontaneously initiated in some Chinese cities and towns. Ecopolis is a kind of administrative unit having economically productive and ecologically efficient industry, systematically responsible and socially harmonious culture, and physically beautiful and functionally vivid landscape. It is aimed at improving its structural coupling, metabolism process and functional sustainability through cultivating an ecologically vivid landscape (ecoscape), totally functioning production (eco-industry) and systematically responsible culture (eco-culture, Fig.2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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32. Landscape Ecological Approach For Restoration Site Of Natural Forests In The Ota River Basin, Japan.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Nakagoshi, Nobukazu, Watanabe, Sonoko, and Koga, Tomoko
- Abstract
The concept of landscape ecology (Forman and Gordon 1986) is the integrated understanding of nature by considering the structure, function and changes of ecosystem. Landscape mutually reacts to human activities and natural environment, so this idea must be undertaken in real world. Therefore, the accountability of landscape ecology has been realized and disseminated. Quite a few studies have been conducted from different directions and angles in Japan. Some of the latest researches are Kamada and Somiya (1995), showing a comparison with time and space of landscape structure due to the land use structure and its changes, Kamada and Nakagoshi (1996) demonstrating a spatial comparison of regional characteristics, and Sakamoto et al. (1995), indicating the procedure of forest area management planning from a point of land management view. Most of the researches have implemented one-dimensionally comparison among years or among regions of landscape structure. The entire topographic approach towards the river basin having several branch reaches has not been taken into consideration. Research proposal of the whole environmental conservation appropriate to the regional condition, has been implemented (Nakagoshi 2000) It indicates an expression stating that a unit where fauna and flora are existing in a certain expanded area, as well as a unit where life forms exist scattered but mutually and closely related to each other, or on the basis of water circulation, the minimum ecological unit is required to understand the integrated ecological functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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33. Linking Planning System Between Spatial Development Plan And Environment Plan Toward Sustainable Development.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, and Yeong-Kook Choi
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The core change of spatial development planning in 1993 was to introduce the quasi-agricultural zone by use zoning in order to ease the land use regulation (Choi 2001). Designation of quasi-agricultural zone considers development as well as reservation at the same time, but it enables to secure the use that the development is available at any time. For the past 10 years of rampant national land development, it may be attributable to the designation of quasi-agricultural zone that is ambiguous but completely exposed to "development". However, even more troublesome is that the consideration for environment in various spatial development plans was only for the "formality". Many experts claim that the environment has been destroyed and polluted due to the development without careful planning, but none of the developments has been undertaken without planning in advance. Even the poorest planning presents the plan with much of green area that harmonizes with the surrounding scenery on its plan. However, once developed, we only see the mountains cut open with the clogging of the downstream to show our living environment in worse condition imaginable. The planning report and the policy promotion show the details to reduce the damages to the natural environment caused by development, but the actual enforcement method has yet to be proposed (KRIHS 2001). While the sceneries have been destroyed and the natural environment is damaging from various developments, the environment plan (MOE 2001a) has been making efforts for "Preservation Plan" to protect the species that have the preservation value but under the danger of extinction. And, in order to clean the polluted water and air, it has been strengthen the standard of pertinent laws and expand various environment-based facilities. However, the environment plan does not consider the removal of mountains and disappearance of forests due to the development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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34. Effect Of Organic Rice Farming On The Seasonal Occurrence Of Aquatic Animals And Predation Efficacy Of The Muddy Laoch Against Mosquitoes In Rice Field.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Dong-Kyu Lee, and Young Son Cho
- Abstract
Culex tritaeniorhynchus Dyar and Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann are distributed widely in Korea and are vectors of JE and of both malaria and inland filariasis, respectively. These mosquitoes are particularly abundant in riceland agroecosystems, where they breed in irrigated rice fields and associated lowland areas. Anopheles sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus are the predominant bloodseeking mosquitoes in July and August, respectively (Shim et al. 1987, 1990, 1997) and, when present in large numbers, these species present a serious threat to human and animal health through annoyance and as vectors of disease. Because of the threat that An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus pose to human and animal health, there is a need to develop management programs that will serve to continually keep populations of these species at acceptably low levels. The development and implementation of such programs require a detailed study of the relationship between environmental factors, including natural enemies and various abiotic factors in ecosystems, and the ecology of these mosquitoes. Traditional mosquito control strategies in conventionally-farmed rice fields used mainly adulticides which include fogging, aerosol sprays and larval control from agro-pesticides in Korea (Ree et al. 1981, Shim et al. 1995a and b). Each of these methods involves the application of relatively large amounts of insecticides into the environment of the rice ecosystems. These methods also may deposit insecticidal residues in rice that can be taken inadvertently by consumers as well as farmers. Therefore, environmental concerns have stimulated other farming methods to reduce the use of insecticides for controlling pests in rice fields. One approach that has recently gained popularity is organic farming. In Korea, 0.08% of farmers cultivate several crops using organic farming, which utilizes organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers and which does not use pesticides (Paek 1992). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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35. Modelling Above-Ground Biomass Production Of Phragmites Communis Trin. Stands.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Byung-Sun Ihm, Jeom-Sook Lee, and Jong-Wook Kim
- Abstract
Recently net production of salt marsh plants in Eastern Asia, Northern and Eastern Europe and the Middle East has been measured by several authors (Kim 1975, Bjoerk and Graneli 1978, Min and Kim 1983, Oh and Ihm 1983, Allirand and Gosse 1995). These results were obtained from the peak live standing crop by harvest at regular intervals. Such a method had also been applied to estimation of net production in the plant communities along the Atlantic coastal marsh (Udell et al. 1969, Marshall 1970, Jørgenson 1994). The Phragmites communis (common reed) is considered as highly productive, and has a wide global distribution, often present in wet regions as vast homogeneous expanses of reed bads (Pearcy et al. 1974, Bjoerk and Graneli 1978, Allirand and Gosse 1995). P. communis community grows mostly in fresh but also in brackish and saline water (Ondok 1973, Min and Kim 1983, Oh and Ihm 1983, Ihm et al. 2001). They are broadly distributed in the western and southern coast in Korea (Kim et al. 1982, Oh and Ihm 1983, Ihm and Lee 1998). These reeds have been utilized to produce non-food commodities, such as paper pulp, roofing and building materials, and in waste-water treatment plants (Bjoerk and Graneli 1978, Graneli 1984, Bjorndahl 1985, Allirand and Gosse 1995). The stand development and biomass production of P. communis have been studied intensively in the field (Haslam 1969a, 1969b, 1970, Dykyjova et al. 1970, Kvet 1971, Linden 1980, Dykyjova and Pribil 1975, Fiala 1976, Ho 1979). Such characteristics as CO2 exchange and salt tolerance have been evaluated in the different locations (Purer 1942, Walker and Waygood 1968, Sieghardt 1973, Gloser 1977, Matoh et al. 1988, Cizkova and Bauer 1998, Lissner et al. 1999). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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36. Biomass And Nutrient Cycling Of Natural Oak Forests In Korea.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Yowhan Son, In Hyeop Park, Jin, Hyun O., Myeong Jong Yi, Dong Yeob Kim, Rae Hyun Kim, and Jung Ok Hwang
- Abstract
The forest area in Korea occupies 6.3 million ha, about 65% of the total land area as of 2000. The forest can be classified into three groups: coniferous (2.7 million ha), deciduous (1.7 million ha), and mixed (1.9 million ha) forests, and most of the dominant species of deciduous and mixed forests are oak (Quercus) species (Korea Forest Service 2001). Oak species occupy a wide variety of ecological conditions and zones ranging from lowland warm temperate to upper montane conditions, and have been intensively utilized for many different purposes in the country. There is no doubt that oak species play the most important role in ecological aspects and production of wood and by-products of the Korean forests. Six deciduous oak species (Q. aliena, Q. acutissima, Q. dentata, Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, and Q. variabilis), few varieties and hybrids are commonly found throughout the country and five evergreen oak species (Q. acuta, Q. gilva, Q. glauca, Q. myrsinaefolia, and Q. salicina) are scattered along the southern coasts and islands. Many of the previous studies investigated biomass and production, and relatively few studies examined nutrient distribution and cycling of the oak forests. However, most of these studies focused on the deciduous oak forests. The primary object of the current study is to provide an overview of biological productivity and nutrient cycling for natural oak forests in Korea. We collect and compare data sets on biomass and nutrient cycling for the species from the literature, and also include our own data from the on-going research project ("Effects of the changes in local environments on the nutrient cycling of the natural oak stands in Korea" supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation- R01-2000-000-00206-0). As nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the most common nutrient limiting production in temperate forests, our review focuses on N and P as well as organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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37. Biomarkers In Environmental Monitoring And Its Application In Chironomus Spp.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, and Jinhee Choi
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In many developed countries, the enforcement of specific regulations had a significant positive effect on the level of environmental pollution in the last decades, especially through a reduction in point source pollution (e.g. building of sewage treatment plants) and the ban of some persistent chemicals (e.g. DDT, toxaphene). However point source pollution is still a matter of concern in numerous countries and non-point source pollution by organic (e.g. pesticides, dioxins) and inorganic (e.g. heavy metals) compounds is still a matter of concern worldwide. The assessment of environmental quality implies that the biological effects of pollutants could be monitored using adapted tools. Ecotoxicology is a multidisciplinary science which focus on the adverse effects of toxicants at various levels of biological organization and which may provide such tools. Ecotoxicological researches have first been devoted to the study the effects of environmental contaminants at the population, community or ecosystem levels (Forbes and Forbes 1994). However, these traditional approaches are sometimes inefficient, especially to adequately assess the effects of chronic exposure of organisms to low levels of xenobiotics and to detect early biological responses. Therefore, there has been a shift in emphasis towards understanding the sublethal effects of long-term exposure to contaminants at the individual level where exposure can be adequately described and assessed (Newman and Jagoe 1996). It has been necessary to perform studies on individuals at the biochemical and molecular levels where toxicant-induced responses are initiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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38. Allelopathic Effects Of Some Plant Species In Korea.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Bong-Seop Kil, Young Sik Kim, Hyeon Gyeong Yoo, Kil, Ji-Hyun, and Kew-Cheol Shim
- Abstract
Allelopathy is an important mechanism of plant interference mediated by the addition of plant-produced phytotoxins to the plant environment and competitive strategy of plants (Muller 1969, Chou and Lin 1976, Rice 1984, Fischer et al. 1994, Langenheim 1994). Allelochemicals are released from plant tissue in a variety of ways including emission of volatile substances from living plant parts, exudation from roots, or leaching from above ground parts by rain, dew, fog, etc. (Rice 1984). Many researchers have found that inhibitory substances involved in allelopathy are terpenoids, and phenolic substances (Carballeira 1980, Muller 1965, Kil and Yim 1983, Weidenahmer et al. 1994, Seigler 1996). A wide array of biologically active constituents is produced by plants in the genus Artemisia (Marco and Barbera 1990). The volatile essential oil of Artemisia species resulted in reduction in seedling survival (Lydon et al. 1997, Kil et al. 1992). The volatile oil of Artemisia afra has been reported to have several biological activities, notably antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oxidative properties. Monoterpene vapours may cause anatomical and physiological changes in plant seedlings and exposure to volatile terpenes can lead to accumulation of lipid globules in the cytoplasm, reduction in organelles including mitochondria and disruption of membranes surrounding mitochondria and nuclei (Lorber and Muller 1976). The root tip cells subjected to the alkaloids gramine and hordenine caused damages to the cell walls, disorganization of organelles, increase cell vacuoles, and the appearance of lipid and globules, showing food reserves (Liu and Lovett 1993). Large amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons and/or sesquiterpenes are found to lower the antimicrobial activity of essential oils (Chalchat et al. 1997). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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39. Spread Of An Introduced Tree Pest Organism - The Pinewood Nematode.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Togashi, Katsumi, Yeong-Jin Chung, Sh, Ei'ichi, and ibata
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Invasions of exotic species sometimes cause devastating effects in ecosystems they have invaded. Nowadays worldwide economic activity increases the flow of people and trading materials within and between continents, resulting in increasing occurrence of invasion of exotic species. The invasion process generally involves four phases: arrival, establishment in the new habitat, range expansion, and saturation (Liebhold et al. 1995). The spread pattern of invading organisms has been studied empirically and theoretically by many authors (Andow et al. 1990, Shigesada et al. 1995, Veit and Lewis 1996, Yamamoto et al. 2000). Pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle, is the causative agent of pine wilt disease (Kiyohara and Tokushige 1971). The infection of the nematode induces a rapid tree mortality of susceptible pine species such as Pinus densiflora, P. thunbergii, and P. sylvestris (Kiyohara and Tokushige 1971, Kondo et al. 1982). The nematode is inferred to be native to North America and introduced into Japan at the beginning of 20th century (Mamiya 1988). Since then it has spread to Korea, Taiwan, and China and devastated pine forests in East Asia. In Japan, for example, the annual loss of pines reached a maximum value of 2,430,000 m3 in 1979 (Mamiya 1988), and then was held at a level of about 1,000,000 m3 in the early half of 1990's. It was also found in Portugal in 1999 (Mota et al. 1999). The objective of this article was to determine the spread pattern of pinewood nematode at within-stand, local, and regional levels in Japan. For this purpose, we summarized the biology of the nematode and its vectors first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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40. Conservation And Management Of Grassland Biodiversity In East Asia.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Tsukada, Hideharu, Imura, Osamu, and Kun Shi
- Abstract
East Asia has various types of grasslands, such as inland arid and semi-arid natural grasslands in China and Mongolia, and artificially managed semi-natural grasslands in wet monsoon areas like Japan. Diversified utilization and livestock farming are carried out on these grasslands. A variety of grasslands have been maintaining diversified organisms characteristic to grassland ecosystems. However, in those grasslands, irrespective of the types and areas, deterioration of the diversity of grassland organisms is going on. The causes of the decline in biodiversity differ, depending on the particular grassland in question. In the Chinese and Mongolian grasslands, overgrazing associated with retrogression and desertification due to increases in the human population and settlements has resulted in the decline and even extinction of some species of wildlife. In the wet monsoon areas, decreases in grassland area and insufficient management of grasslands due to the decline of livestock farming and the rural lifestyle have led to a deterioration of grassland biodiversity. Accordingly, there is an acute need for conservation and management of grassland biodiversity in these areas. Different grasslands require different strategies for the conservation and management of their biodiversity. This paper summarizes the present conservation issues in the grasslands and presents future prospects for the conservation and management of the grasslands in East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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41. Biological Richness Of The Asian Tidal Flats And Its Crisis By Human Impacts.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Sato, Masanori, and Chul-Hwan Koh
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The great biological richness of the Asian coastal shallow waters including estuaries and intertidal flats seems to be underestimated probably due to its simple and colourless appearance and the delay of the basic studies. Human impacts such as water pollution have damaged the coastal environments. For example, species number and biomass of benthic invertebrates were rapidly decreased in late 1960s or early 1970s in Qingdao in the inner part of Yellow Sea, probably caused by the discharge of pollutants into the bay from many chemical plants (Wu et al. 1992). At the same period, the heavy mercury pollutions causing the severe injury of human health of many local people through food chain occurred in Japanese coasts (i.e., Minamata disease, Ui 1992, Harada 1995). Similarly, in Onsan, South Korean, a disease related with heavy industrial pollution occurred in 1980s (i.e., Onsan disease), and the potential biological effects associated with some organic chemicals seem to be still under exposure in this area (Koh et al. 2002a). Another aspect of recent serious human impacts is the large-scale of reclamation project in shallow coastal zones, especially in intertidal flats of the Asian countries. We feel anxious that the whole original biodiversity and ecological process in these areas might be lost by the serious human impacts in relation to the rapid developments in the Asian countries before we know them. The experiences of ‘Sihwa Project' in Korea and ‘Isahaya Project' in Japan would be representative examples. Currently in South Korea, huge reclamation projects such as the ‘Saemangeum Project' modifying 400 km2 of tidal flat area into farmland are rigidly in progress although their serious impacts are clearly expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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42. Landscape Ecology: Monitoring Landscape Dynamics Using Spatial Pattern Metrics.
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Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Bogaert, Jan, and Sun-Kee Hong
- Abstract
Habitat evaluation at relatively large geographic scales is becoming increasingly more common as biologists confront issues such as biodiversity, fragmentation, and ecosystem management (Roseberry and Hao 1995). This emphasis on larger scales has been made feasible by the availability of remotely sensed data (O'Neill et al. 1999). Satellite imagery can be interpreted for land cover and provides an economical approach to studying large areas (O'Neill et al. 1992). The development of geographical information systems (GIS) software provides the tools for handling the large spatial data sets; the technical capabilities of satellite imagery together with GIS technology offers an ideal combination for analysis of landscape condition (O'Neill et al. 1999). Landscape patterns are of major concern in land management and planning, species conservation, and ecological studies. ‘Landscape pattern' refers to features associated with the physical distribution or configuration of patches within the landscape (McGarigal and Marks 1995). Some of these features, such as patch isolation or contagion, are measures of the placement of patch types relative to other patch types, the landscape boundary, or other features of interest. Features as patch size and shape are measures of the spatial character of the patches. The spatial relationship of habitat has been important in assessing the status of a variety of organisms (Davidson 1998). Landscape ecology seeks to understand the ecological function of large areas and hypothesizes that the spatial arrangement of ecosystems, habitats, or communities has ecological implications. Therefore, methods to analyze and interpret heterogeneity at broad spatial scales are becoming increasingly important for ecological studies (Ricotta et al. 1997). Changes in the spatial patterns of land use through time are considered to be crucial to the understanding of landscape dynamics and its consequences (Turner and Ruscher 1988). It is important to test a central hypothesis of landscape ecology, i.e. that ecological patterns and processes are linked (Forman and Godron 1986, Turner 1989, Levin 1992). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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43. Partitioning Carbon Fluxes Within Forest Stand Beneath Flux Tower, Methodology And Application.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Nakane, Kaneyuki, and Gholz, Henry L.
- Abstract
Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel combustion and total anthropogenic emissions have been increasing by around 6.3 and 8.0 Gt C yr-1, respectively (IPCC 1996), of which 3 Gt C year-1 has been explicitly linked to ‘uptake by Northern Hemisphere forest regrowth' and to additional terrestrial sinks resulting from the combination of CO2 fertilization, nitrogen deposition, and increasing temperature indirect effects. However, little scientific evidence for the ‘additional terrestrial sinks' has yet been shown to confirm this, except for relatively short-term results from CO2 enrichment experiments. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997, requesting that developed countries reduce their total CO2 emissions by 2008-2012 to 92-95% of the level in 1990, taking the CO2 balance of their forest ecosystems into consideration. This has lead to greatly increased attempts to measure directly the fluxes of CO2 between the atmosphere and forest ecosystems. The main approach has been to use eddy covariance from towers above forest canopies to quantitatively evaluate the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide over short periods (NEE). During the last five years many CO2 flux towers have been built worldwide (ref. FluxNet: AmeriFlux, CarboEuro, AsiaFlux, etc.). Based on the tower data collected by the CarboEuro program, Valentini et al. (2000) suggested that most of the 30 forest stands monitored to date function as sinks for atmospheric CO2, with the rate of increase rising from northern (boreal) to southern (warm-temperate) forests. Malhi et al. (1999) indicated that the magnitude of net carbon balance for tropical forest stands depends strongly on their biomass or net primary productivity. However, it is still not clear what suite of mechanisms in forest ecosystems collectively function to create a sink for carbon or where in any particular forest this occurs. Young forest stands generally function as carbon sinks, due to their positive increment in tree and litter biomass, and in some cases soil carbon. In this case, CO2 fertilization, nitrogen deposition, or human fertilization and other cultivation generally greatly increases the magnitude of the sink. Saigusa et al. (2002) and Goulden et al. (1996) found that variation in weather conditions (precipitation, temperature and radiation) could account for much of the annual fluctuation in annual NEE (or net ecosystem production, NEP), based on long-term tower data over cool-temperate forests in central Japan and the northeastern U.S., respectively. However, few such long-term studies exist in the world. One approach to resolution is to measure simultaneously the component carbon fluxes within ecosystems (e.g., CO2 fluxes of soil, root or stem respiration and photosynthesis), because the balance of CO2 fluxes at the tower is the net result of these fluxes (i.e., the balance between net CO2 assimilation by vegetation and the mineralization of carbon from soil organic matter). For example, Jarvis et al. (1997) attempted to do this beneath a tower at a boreal forest in Canada, although they found that the data could not be scaled up to the stand level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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44. Gas Emissions From Buffer Zones In Agricultural Landscapes - Results Evaluation Of The Viii Intecol Congress Symposium.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Ryszkowski, Lech, and Mander, Ulo
- Abstract
Increasing productions farmers subsidize energy in order to simplify plant cover structure both within cultivated fields (selection of genetically uniform cultivars and weeds elimination) and within agricultural landscapes (elimination of not productive elements of landscapes like woods, hedges, mid-field small wetlands or ponds and so on being obstacles for work of agromachines). Farmers interfere with natural matter cycles directly by input of fertilizers and pesticides or indirectly by decreasing stocks of organic matter in soils which undermine agroecosystems capacities for chemical storing. These effects of farmers' activities result in the development of a less complex network of interrelations among the components of agroecosystems. As a consequence of this functional simplification, relationships among agroecosystems components are altered, so that there is less tie-up in local cycles of matter. Hence increased leaching, blowing off, volatilisation and escape of various chemical compounds and materials from agroecosystems are appearing. Intensive application of mineral fertilizers and large inputs of liquid manure have brought threats to environment resulting in deterioration of ground and surface waters. Non-point sources of pollution caused mainly by agricultural activity are recognised as one of the first rank factors decreasing quality of inland water ecosystems (Stanners and Bourdeau 1995, European Environment Agency 1998, COM 1999). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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45. Toward Predicting Effects Of Fire On Vegetation Dynamics Under Changed Climate Scheme— Landscape Scale Models.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Xiao-Jun Kou, and Gardner, Robert H.
- Abstract
More and More efforts are given to landscape scale models in ecological researches recently, for they are crucial in bridging the gap between broad scale generalization and fine scale measurements in global change studies. Disturbances, such as: fire, wind, drought, insect and disease, are hot topics of landscape scale models, for they are the main agents in creating patchiness to form heterogeneous landscape and shifting mosaics, which are considered to be typical at this scale. Fire, the most common disturbances in most terrestrial ecosystems, and with relative predictable regime (frequency, mean area, return interval) compare to other types of disturbances, is often chosen by researchers as example to show the importance of effects of disturbance on vegetation dynamics. It is now commonly accepted that fire disturbance may plays a major role in shaping and maintaining many terrestrial ecosystems. Models dealing with these ecosystems without considering fire disturbance are thought to be at lest inadequate. Many researchers further point out fire may play a more important role in the responses of vegetation to rapid climate change. Fire regime change may have more drastic effects on vegetation response then the effects of physiological change such as growth rate and mortality during the period of rapid climate change. Many influential research projects, such as IGBP, give high priority in developing an appropriate fire disturbance model. However, it is not a easy task to predict fire effects on vegetation dynamics, because the relationships among weather, fire, and the dynamics of vegetation require an understanding of fine-grained details of fire ignition, fire spread, the patterns of vegetation and their response to fire, and the fast changing weather conditions imbedded in the long term-trends and potential shifts in climate. Additionally, the complexity of human influences and the uncertainty of their trends make the problem more difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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46. Effects Of Elevated Atmospheric Co2 On Wetland Soils.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Seon-Young Kim, Hojeong Kang, and Freeman, Chris
- Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have increased the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from about 280 parts per million (ppm) at the beginning of the industrial revolution to 369 ppm at the present time. Future estimates of atmospheric CO2 concentration for the year 2050 range between 450 ppm and 600 ppm (Kattenburg et al. 1995). More than two decades of study on the effects of CO2 enrichment have greatly improved our understanding of plant response such as net primary productivity, species abundance, community composition and soil respiration (root plus microbial respiration) in terrestrial ecosystems (Poorter 1993, Curtis and Wang 1998, Ball and Drake 1998, Mooney et al. 1999, Edwards and Norby 1999, Zak et al. 2000). In addition, the chemical and physical composition of plant material and decomposability of plant litter have drawn much attention (Cotrufo et al. 1994, Cotrufo and Ineson 1995, King et al. 1997) Unlike the terrestrial ecosystem studies, however, relatively less effort has been made to elucidate possible effects of elevated CO2 on wetland ecosystems. Although wetland ecosystems including peat-forming wetland cover only 2-6 % of global land surface (Gorham 1991), they play a pivotal role in global biogeochemical cycles. Firstly, peat accumulation in peatland ecosystems over thousands of years has resulted in a vast store of carbon of 455 Pg C (Gorham 1991, Van Breemen 1995, Adams and Faure 1998). This represents 20-30% of the world's pool of soil organic carbon and is comparable to the total carbon in the atmosphere as CO2 (IPCC 1990). Secondly, wetlands are substantial sources of radiatively active trace gases such as CH4 and N2O (Freeman et al. 1993). For example, natural wetlands and rice paddies release about 40-50% of global emissions of CH4, which is 25 times more radiatively active than CO2 on a molar basis (Cicerone and Oremland 1988). As such, even small changes in net primary productivity or decomposition of soil organic matter by elevated CO2 could significantly influence the balance of greenhouse gas flux between the atmosphere and biosphere. This would greatly influence the future trajectory of global warming (Mitchell et al. 2002). However, little is known about how C and N dynamics on wetland ecosystems will respond to elevated CO2 conditions. In particular, below ground processes in wetland ecosystem are scarcely reported. The aim of this review is to organize existing knowledge about the effects of elevated CO2 on wetland ecosystems. In particular, we would like to address the issue of how wetland ecosystems will respond to elevated CO2 conditions and whether these responses may cause feedbacks to further global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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47. Mathematical View Of Community And Ecosystem Processes.
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Sun-Kee Hong, Lee, John A., Byung-Sun Ihm, Farina, Almo, Yowhan Son, Eun-Shik Kim, Jae Chun Choe, Namba, Toshiyuki, and Tae-Soo Chon
- Abstract
One of the basic questions in ecology is to understand how the ecological communities and ecosystems are organized. It has gained the greater importance because of the growing concern about the conservation of biodiversity and restoration of damaged ecosystems in a changing world. Species interactions and spatio-temporal variability are the key factors influencing ecological processes. Since many problems interconnect across a range of spatial and temporal scales in the natural world (Levin 1992, Maurer 1999), mathematical modelling is one of the fundamental approaches for untangling the complex networks of interactions in a spatially heterogeneous and temporally varying world. Marked advances in community and ecosystem ecology will be achieved by coordinated development of manipulative experiments on community-wide scales and insightful theoretical investigations. The 8th International Congress of Ecology (INTECOL) was held in Seoul with "Ecology in a Changing World" as the main theme. The symposium "Mathematical View of Community and Ecosystem Processes" was organized to review recent progresses in mathematical theories in community and ecosystem ecology. Our attention was particularly paid to the following aspects; empirical models stemmed from observations of aquatic communities; spatial models for explaining mechanisms which promote coexistence of multiple species; models to access ecosystem health and performance focusing on the matter and energy flow; a model to evaluate efforts to conserve populations; and an evolutionary model for describing self-developing processes of food webs. In this article, we summarize the lectures in the symposium and give a brief review of the background and status of the mathematical view in community and ecosystem ecology. Lawton (2000) wrote that four inter-related challenges confronting community ecology in a rapidly changing world would shape up to this millennium. These are (1) whole system manipulations simulating aspects of global change, (2) approaches in some ways to regional processes, (3) greater collaboration of community ecology and ecosystem ecology, and (4) works with laboratory microcosms and controlled environmental facilities, together with mathematical modelling. This seems a common view to ours, although more mathematical viewpoints were emphasized in our symposium. In the following, we concentrate, first on spatial aspects including regional processes, second on long-term temporal issues, and third on ecosystems and physical processes. Finally we will suggest some future directions that have become clear through recent development in this field and discussions in the symposium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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48. Coarse woody debris mass and nutrients in forest ecosystems of Korea.
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Rae-Hyun Kim, Yowhan Son, Jong Hwan Lim, Im Kyun Lee, Kyung Won Seo, Jin Woo Koo, Nam Jin Noh, Soung-Ryoul Ryu, Sun Kee Hong, and Byung Sun Ihm
- Subjects
COARSE woody debris ,FOREST litter ,PLANT litter ,WOOD waste ,HUMUS ,BIOTIC communities ,BIODIVERSITY ,NUTRIENT cycles ,FORESTS & forestry - Abstract
Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an essential component of forests. However, quantification of both the mass and nutrient content of CWD within a given environment tends to be a fairly labor-intensive proposition that requires long-term studies to be conducted for viable data to be obtained. As a result, various aspects of CWD in forest ecosystems remain somewhat poorly understood. In this review, we have compiled all available estimates of CWD mass and nutrients from both coniferous and deciduous forests in Korea. The CWD mass data varied substantially by forest type, age, location, and sampling time, ranging from 1.5 to 24.5 Mg ha
−1 , and for the amount (kg ha−1 ) of nutrients in the CWD, ranging from 3.5 to 23.6 for nitrogen (N), 0.8 to 4.7 for phosphorus (P), 3.9 to 13.3 for potassium (K), 25.9 to 30.9 for calcium (Ca), 1.4 to 4.2 for magnesium (Mg), and 0.1 to 0.6 for sodium (Na). The mass of CWD transferred from live trees to the forest floor ranged between 0.1 and 4.9 Mg ha−1 year−1 , and these values were roughly equivalent to 26–42% of the annual litterfall inputs (2.5–10.8 Mg ha−1 year−1 ) for mixed Quercus spp. forests within the relevant region. Annual nutrients inputs (kg ha−1 year−1 ) through CWD decomposition were 0.7–1.6 for N, 0.04–0.3 for P, 0.3–1.0 for K, 1.7–3.1 for Ca, and 0.1–0.3 for Mg. Consequently, these results revealed that the ecological value of CWD for C and nutrient cycling was relatively insignificant. However, only a limited number of studies have been conducted on CWD in different coniferous or mixed deciduous forests in the region. As a direct result of this paucity of data, further long-term studies on CWD mass and nutrients in a variety of forest types are required in order to be able to evaluate accurately the ecological value of CWD on biodiversity and physical properties in Korean forest ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2006
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49. Growth strategies of four salt marsh plants on Mankyung River estuary in Korea.
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Jeom Sook Lee, Akira and Byung Sun Ihm, Akira
- Subjects
- *
PLANT growth , *GERMINATION , *SEEDLINGS , *BIOMASS , *SALT marshes - Abstract
The emergence of seedlings, the length of roots and shoots, and the biomass of four dominant plant species and shore height were measured to investigate the growth strategy of these plants on the salt marsh of Mankyung River estuary. Four salt marsh plants showed a distinctive zonation, for example, Suaeda japonica was predominantly spread around the low salt marsh, Atriplex gmelini and Aster tripolium were in the middle, and S. asparagoides was in the upper part of the marsh. In terms of emergence of seedlings , S. japonica appeared first followed by A. gmelini, S. asparagoides, and A. tripolium. The growth strategies of halophytes were as follows: S. japonica germinated earlier than the other halophytes so that its root grew rapidly and extensively at the beginning of growth. This species adopted a continuous germination strategy, allowing growth whenever favorable conditions were provided. A. gmelini germinated later than S. japonica, as a quasi-simultaneous germination type, it showed the highest germination rate within the shortest time. Aster tripolium germinated later than any other halophyte. Since this species exhibited characteristics between the continuous germination type and the quasi-simultaneous germination type, it did not show a very high germination rate. Instead, it showed continuous germination and consistent growth of both above-ground and underground parts. Suaeda asparagoides showed an especially high emergence rate at the beginning of its growth. However, the high density retarded its growth until the middle stage. Its roots extended longer than the other halophytes, allowing it to grow well in the dry conditions of the upper marsh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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