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This study aimed to explore the possibility and clinical utility of existing artificial intelligence (AI)-based computer-aided detection (CAD) of lung nodules to identify pulmonary oligometastases.The chest computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with lung metastasis from colorectal cancer between March 2006 and November 2018 were analyzed. The patients were selected from a database of 1395 patients and studied in 2 cohorts. The first cohort included 50 patients, and the CT scans of these patients were independently evaluated for lung-nodule (≥3 mm) detection by a CAD-assisted radiation oncologist (CAD-RO) as well as by an expert radiologist. Interobserver variability by 2 additional radiation oncologists and 2 thoracic surgeons were also measured. In the second cohort of 305 patients, survival outcomes were evaluated based on the number of CAD-RO-detected nodules.In the first cohort, the sensitivity and specificity of the CAD-RO for identifying oligometastatic disease (OMD) from varying criteria by ≤2 nodules, ≤3 nodules, ≤4 nodules, and ≤5 nodules were 71.9% and 88.9%, 82.9% and 93.3%, 97.1% and 73.3%, and 97.5% and 90.0%, respectively. The sensitivity of the CAD-RO in the nodule detection compared with the radiologist was 81.6%. The average (standard deviation) sensitivity in interobserver variability analysis was 80.0% (3.7%). In the second cohort, the 5-year survival rates of patients with 1, 2, 3, 4, or ≥5 metastatic nodules were 75.2%, 52.9%, 45.7%, 29.1%, and 22.7%, respectively.Proper identification of the pulmonary OMD and the correlation between the number of CAD-RO-detected nodules and survival suggest the potential practicality of AI in OMD recognition. Developing a deep learning-based model specific to the metastatic setting, which enables a quick estimation of disease burden and identification of OMD, is underway.

Metabolic parameters evaluated by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) are known as prognostic markers in various cancers. We aimed to validate the predictive value of mid-radiotherapy (RT) FDG PET/CT parameters in esophageal cancer.Eighty-three patients treated with RT with or without chemotherapy between 2015 and 2020 were included. PET parameters including metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis, and mean (SUVThe median follow-up period was 10.5 months. Mid-RT SUVTumor metabolism changes during RT can be a useful predictive tool for treatment response and recurrence in patients with esophageal cancer. Clinicians may consider early response evaluation with PET during RT for predicting prognosis information about prognosis.

To obtain superior surface-active properties while minimizing environmental risks, new fluorinated surfactants (F2HX-nEO) were designed to include a hybrid multi-chain with a short fluorocarbon (–CF2CF3) and nonionic ethylene oxide. They were simply synthesized by a straightforward reaction involving the addition of ethylene oxide to a hybrid fluorine alcohol, and their surface-active properties were optimized by controlling the hydrocarbon length and number of ethylene oxide units. Therefore, the desirable values of critical micelle concentration (0.3 mmol/L) and surface tension (24.3 mN/m) were obtained in spite of containing the short fluorocarbon chain. Particularly, F2HX–nEO showed excellent wetting properties on hydrophobic surfaces and very low toxicity level, which can be used in various fields as a promising alternative to long fluoroalkyl chain surfactants.

Introduction: We aimed to investigate the significance of lymph node metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma and the efficacy of local treatment. Methods : We included patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma with lymph node metastasis. The pattern of lymph node metastasis was evaluated based on imaging examinations and stratified by three locations: regional (group A), beyond regional intra-abdomen (group B), and extra-abdomen (group C) lymph node metastasis. Results: Among 14474 patients, 852 (5.8%) were identified as having lymph node metastasis. Regarding the location of presentation, group A showed the highest incidence, followed by groups B and C. The 1-year overall survival of patients was 31.7%. The survival significantly differed according to the location of lymph node metastasis. The 1-year overall survival rates were 39.8%, 25.5%, and 22.2% in groups A, B, and C, respectively. All patients underwent systemic treatment, with others receiving additional local treatment. Local treatment yielded superior overall survival compared with no local treatment. After propensity score matching, local treatment was associated with improved survival. Additionally, patients were stratified based on disease status at the time of diagnosis of lymph node metastasis: lymph node alone and combined extra-nodal metastasis. The survival benefits of local treatment were observed in both groups. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated the clinical significance of lymph node metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma, which was well discriminated according to location, favoring regional metastasis. In patients with hepatocellular carcinoma presenting lymph node metastasis, active application of local treatment for lymph node metastasis can improve oncologic outcomes.

To assess the effect of local ablative therapy (LAT) on overall survival in patients with lung metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC) compared with patients treated with systemic therapy.CRC affects approximately 1.4 million individuals worldwide every year. The lungs are commonly affected by CRC, and there is no treatment standard for a secondary lung metastasis from CRC.This longitudinal, retrospective cohort study (2010-2018) quantified the pulmonary and extrapulmonary tumor burden of 1143 patients by retrospectively reviewing computed tomography images captured at diagnosis. A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach informed how and when surgery and/or stereotactic body radiotherapy was administered.Among 1143 patients, 473 patients (41%) received LAT, with surgery first (n = 421) or stereotactic ablative radiation therapy first (n = 52) either at the time of diagnosis (n = 288), within 1 year (n = 132), or after 1 year (n = 53). LAT was repeated in 158 patients (33.4%, 384 total sessions) when new lung metastases were detected. The 5- and 10-year survival rates for patients treated with LAT (71.2% and 64.0%, respectively) were significantly higher than those of patients treated with systemic therapy alone (14.2% and 10.0%, respectively; P0.001). The overall survival of patients who received LAT intervention increased as the total tumor burden decreased.A high long-term survival rate was achievable in a significant portion of patients with lung metastasis from CRC by the timely administrations of LAT to standard systemic therapy. The tumor burden and LAT feasibility should be included in a discussion during the follow-up period.

In the immune oncology era, the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against most solid cancers is well known. In hepatocellular carcinoma, the recent success of combination therapy with targeting agents has accelerated the search for novel combination strategies. Radiotherapy (RT), an attractive modality, can be combined with ICIs, which act as strong modulators of the tumor immune microenvironment. Herein, we discuss immune modulation caused by radiation and the current trials of RT-ICI combination treatment as well as future perspectives.

Drilling mud is a multi-phase fluid that is used in the petroleum drilling process. Bentonite is the most important constituent of drilling mud; it endows the drilling mud with its rheological behaviors, such as viscosity, yield stress, and shear thinning. The process of manufacturing microscale bentonite at the nanoscale level is very promising for commercializing nano-based drilling mud. In contrast to the conventional method using the impeller, bentonite was manufactured in its nanoparticle state in the present work through ultrasonic and homogenizer processes in the solution state. In case of the ultrasonic process, the viscosity increase in the low shear rate region before and after processing of the 5 wt% bentonite-based mud and the rheological properties in the presence of polymer additive were compared. In case of the homogenizer process, the rheological properties of 3 wt% bentonite-based mud employed through the homogenizer process and 5 wt% mud prepared generally were compared. Both processes reported improvement of rheological properties, in which shear thinning behavior strongly occurred when particle size decreased through FE-SEM, TEM image analysis, and particle size analyzer. A regularized Herschel-Bulkley model suitable for rheological quantitative explanation of drilling mud including yield stress was selected. The homogenizer process has the potential to be applied in the petroleum drilling industry for large-scale production, and the mechanism was confirmed by numerical analyses. In conclusion, we presented a simple and easy-to-apply process to rapidly produce nano-based drilling mud.

The current study aimed to assess the effects of a customized three-dimensional (3D) printed writing and typing assistive device in patients with cervical spinal cord injury who presented with severe hand dysfunction. Three patients with cervical spinal cord injury who presented with severe hand dysfunction were included in the analysis. The patients’ writing and typing abilities were evaluated after using the silicon assistive device made from a 3D-printed frame for 4 weeks. Patient discomfort and issues were evaluated. Customized 3D-printed writing and typing assistive devices were developed. The Korean Western Aphasia Battery (K-WAB), particularly the writing part, and the word practice program of Hangeul were utilized to assess device effects. All patients with cervical spinal cord injuries (SCIs) performed writing or typing using a customized assistive device. Patients 2 and 3 had better typing and writing accuracies based on the word practice program of Hangeul and the K-WAB, respectively. However, patient 3 had increased time, which was associated with the process of adapting to the use of the customized device. Nevertheless, he was highly satisfied with the device. The patient’s typing and writing speed and accuracy improve with the customized 3D-printed device, which can lead to a better performance in the activities of daily living.

Since 2000 South Korea has implemented discontinuous local cultural and creative industry (CCI) cluster and development policies, especially in non-capital regions. The number of CCIs has increased...

There are no means to predict patient response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), the impact of skeletal muscle loss on the response to NAC remains undefined. We investigated the association between response to chemotherapy and skeletal muscle loss in breast cancer patients. Patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer who were treated with NAC, surgery, and radiotherapy were analyzed. We quantified skeletal muscle loss using pre-NAC and post-NAC computed tomography scans. The response to treatment was determined using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. We included 246 patients in this study (median follow-up, 28.85 months). The median age was 48 years old (interquartile range 42–54) and 115 patients were less than 48 years old (46.7%). Patients showing a complete or partial response were categorized into the responder group (208 patients), the rest were categorized into the non-responder group (38 patients). The skeletal muscle mass cut-off value was determined using a receiver operating characteristic curve, it showed areas under the curve of 0.732 and 0.885 for the pre-NAC and post-NAC skeletal muscle index (p &lt, 0.001 for both), respectively. Skeletal muscle loss and cancer stage were significantly associated with poor response to NAC in locally advanced breast cancer patients. Accurately measuring muscle loss to guide treatment and delaying muscle loss through various interventions would help enhance the response to NAC and improve clinical outcomes.

Purpose: Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is one of the most severe toxicities experienced by patients with breast cancer after radiotherapy (RT). RT fractionation schemes and techniques for breast cancer have undergone numerous changes over the past decades. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of RP as a function of such changes in patients with breast cancer undergoing RT and to identify dosimetric markers that predict the risk of this adverse event. Methods and Materials: We identified 1,847 women with breast cancer who received adjuvant RT at our institution between 2015 and 2017. The RT technique was individually tailored based on each patient's clinicopathological features. Deep inspiration breath hold technique or prone positioning were used for patients who underwent left whole-breast irradiation for cardiac sparing, while those requiring regional lymph node irradiation underwent volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Results: Of 1,847 patients who received RT, 21.2% received the conventional dose scheme, while 78.8% received the hypofractionated dose scheme (mostly 40 Gy in 15 fractions). The median follow-up period was 14.5 months, and the overall RP rate was 2.1%. The irradiated organ at risk was corrected concerning biologically equivalent dose. The ipsilateral lung V30 in equivalent dose in 2 Gy (EQD2) was the most significant dosimetric factor associated with RP development. Administering RT using VMAT, and hypofractionated dose scheme significantly reduced ipsilateral lung V30. Conclusions: Application of new RT techniques and hypofractionated scheme significantly reduce the ipsilateral lung dose. Our data demonstrated that ipsilateral lung V30 in EQD2 is the most relevant dosimetric predictor of RP in patients with breast cancer.

431 Background: We investigated clinical features and prognostic significance as well as the significance of local treatment on LN metastasis from HCC. Methods: The patients diagnosed of HCC with LN metastasis from 2001 to 2019 were evaluated. The HCC was diagnosed using image study and serum tumor marker based on Korean Liver Cancer Study Group guideline. The LN metastasis was diagnosed in accordance to diagnosis criteria in imaging study. The pattern of LN metastasis was evaluated based on imaging study and stratified by 3 groups: group A, regional LN metastasis group, group B, beyond regional intra-abdomen LN metastasis and group C, extra-abdomen LN metastasis group. Results: A total of 852 patients were included. The local treatment of either resection or RT were performed in 265 patients (31.1%). The OS between 3 groups was significantly different; the 1-year OS was 39.8%, 25.5% and 22.2% for group A, B and C, respectively ( p

457 Background: Promising therapeutic results of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) have been reported in various solid tumors. Radiotherapy (RT) is known to enhance the immunogenic effect. The immunogenic effect of RT is expected to improve the therapeutic effect of ICI. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy and toxicity of combining ICI and RT in hepatobiliary cancer. Methods: Patients who received RT and ICI combination therapy for hepatobiliary cancer from January 2020 to April 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Baseline patient characteristics such as age at diagnosis, stage, previous treatment, radiation dose, tumor volume, and lymphocyte count were recorded. The primary endpoints were in-field and out-field control rate. The secondary endpoint was treatment-related toxicities. Overall survival and progression-free survival were also evaluated. The disease control rate and survival were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: In total, 17 patients and 35 treated lesions were included for analysis. The median follow up period was 5.5 months (range 2.4 – 19.8 months). Of the 17 patients, 14 were diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma (82.4%). Twelve patients had distant metastasis (70.6%). Various treatments were administered to the patients prior to ICI and RT combination treatment. The 6-month overall survival and progression-free survival was 62.7% and 26.5%, respectively. The 6-month in-field control rate was 67.4% and 6-month out-field control rate was 26.6%. Higher BED (≥ 90 Gy) was a significant prognostic factor for both in-field and out-field control, and lymphopenia (≤ 800 /μL) at the time of RT start was a poor prognostic factor for outfield control. Fractional dose of less than 5 Gy showed improved in-field and out-field control. Treatment related toxicity occurred in 10 patients (58.8%). The most frequent adverse event was GI disorders such as esophagitis (n = 3) and epigastric pain (n = 3). Patients who experienced treatment-related toxicity were well recovered after conservative care. There was no grade 3 or 4 toxicity. Conclusions: The combination of ICI and RT showed substantial efficacy with acceptable toxicity in heavily pretreated advanced hepatobiliary cancer patients. Dose per fraction of less than 5 Gy may be appropriate for better efficacy in future study of combining ICI and RT. The results of this study provides a basis for future prospective study in hepatobiliary cancer.

Hybrid F2HX surfactants bearing a sulfate moiety and both hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon chains were prepared by the reaction of alkyl glycidyl ethers with fluoro-alcohol, and subsequent sulfation. The fluorocarbon number in F2HX was fixed at the shortest number possible (i.e., 2), while the hydrocarbon number (X) in the second chain was varied between 2, 4, 6, and 8. Their surface-active properties and emulsion stabilities were systematically estimated as a function of the X. Among them, F2H8 exhibited the optimal surfactant performance, which was comparable to previously reported surfactants and it was successfully applied in the emulsion polymerization of vinylidene fluoride.

Fluorinated surfactants, especially perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its derivatives, are frequently used in many industries. However, they are harmful to human health and the environment. While surfactants with only short fluorocarbon chains have lower toxicity, their physical properties need improvement. In this study, we synthesized novel anionic fluorinated surfactants with two short fluorocarbon chains per molecule, using the condensation reaction of fluoroalcohol and fluoroalkyl glycidyl ether in two-step reactions, which are carried out under mild conditions with easy work-up procedures and high yield (>80%). The products were structurally characterized, and their performance as surfactants were systematically analyzed. The critical micelle concentrations of the final products were found to be low (0.31–1.15 mmol/L), and their surface tension in 1% aqueous solution was within the range of 15.7–22.8 mN/m. These results suggest that despite their short fluorocarbon chains, these new surfactants are valuable alternatives to PFOA and its derivatives.

Purpose Pulmonary toxicities, including infectious pneumonia (IP) and idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS), are serious side effects of total body irradiation (TBI) used for myeloablative conditioning. This study aimed to evaluate clinical factors associated with IP and IPS following TBI. Materials and methods Fifty-eight patients with hematologic malignancies who underwent TBI before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation between 2005 and 2014 were reviewed. Most patients (91%) received 12 Gy in 1.5 Gy fractions twice a day. Pulmonary toxicities were diagnosed based on either radiographic evidence or reduced pulmonary function, and were subdivided into IP and IPS based on the presence or absence of concurrent infection. Results Pulmonary toxicities developed in 36 patients (62%); 16 (28%) had IP and 20 (34%) had IPS. IP was significantly associated with increased treatment-related mortality (p = 0.028) and decreased survival (p = 0.039). Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk of developing IPS was significantly higher in patients who received stem cells from a matched unrelated donor than from a matched sibling donor (p = 0.021; hazard ratio [HR] = 12.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46-110.30). Combining other conditioning agents with cyclophosphamide produced a higher tendency to develop IP (p = 0.064; HR = 6.19; 95% CI, 0.90-42.56). Conclusion IP and IPS involve different risk factors and distinct pathogeneses that should be considered when planning treatments before and after TBI.

Purpose IBTR! 2.0 nomogram is web-based nomogram that predicts ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR). We aimed to validate the IBTR! 2.0 using an external data set. Materials and Methods The cohort consisted of 2,206 patients, who received breast conserving surgery and radiation therapy from 1992 to 2012 at our institution, where wide surgical excision is been routinely performed. Discrimination and calibration were used for assessing model performance. Patients with predicted 10-year IBTR risk based on an IBTR! 2.0 nomogram score of 10% were assigned to groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. We also plotted calibration values to observe the actual IBTR rate against the nomogram-derived 10-year IBTR probabilities. Results The median follow-up period was 73 months (range, 6 to 277 months). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.607, showing poor accordance between the estimated and observed recurrence rate. Calibration plot confirmed that the IBTR! 2.0 nomogram predicted the 10-year IBTR risk higher than the observed IBTR rates in all groups. High discrepancies between nomogram IBTR predictions and observed IBTR rates were observed in overall risk groups. Compared with the original development dataset, our patients had fewer high grade tumors, less margin positivity, and less lymphovascular invasion, and more use of modern systemic therapies. conclusions IBTR! 2.0 nomogram seems to have the moderate discriminative ability with a tendency to over-estimating risk rate. Continued efforts are needed to ensure external applicability of published nomograms by validating the program using an external patient population.

Vegetable oils are used for insulating oil, but the oils can be readily decomposed by moisture and heat to fatty acids and other oxidation compounds. To solve these problems, oils containing two ester groups and one ether group were synthesized by using alkyl glycidyl ethers and alkanoyl chloride. The yields of the products were in the range of 90–95%. The pour point, viscosity, thermal stability, and biodegradability of the products were tested as well. Pour point of the vegetable oil derivatives is low, and the biodegradability of the products is 85% or even higher.

The one-pot reduction-cyclization of 2-nitroanilines and 1,2-diketones to give quinoxalines was investigated. Using indium and an appropriate acid such as acetic acid or indium(III) chloride, various quinoxaline derivatives including 2,3-dialkylquinoxalines, 2,3-diphenylquinoxalines, 2,3-di-2-thiophenylquinoxalines, 2,3-di(pyridin-2-yl)quinoxalines, and dibenzo[ a , c ]phenazines were synthesized in moderate to excellent yield.

In this study, cationic surfactants were synthesized to improve solubility in water by adding ethylene oxide as a hydrophilic group to the intermediates of di-hydroxyl cationic surfactant molecules. The structure of resulting product was elucidated by 1 H NMR, FT-IR and HR/MS. The CMCs of BA-2-MA and BA-5-MA surfactants were found to be 9.01 × 10 −4 and 4.92 × 10 −3 mol/L respectively and the surface tensions at their CMC conditions were 28.64 and 32.22 mN/m respectively. The interfacial tensions measured between 1 wt% surfactant solution and n -decane were found to be in the same order of magnitude as those exhibited between micellar solutions and nonpolar oils.

Hallyu (the Korean wave) is an intriguing phenomenon originating from Korea and refers to the current impact of products of South Korean popular culture (especially for music, K-pop). K-pop, a representative product of the Korean Wave, is a multi-layered formation that is composed of hybrid cultural practices and a diverse range of lived experiences. Nowadays, much social and academic attention is being paid to the reason for the success of K-pop. This study deals with how the Korean traditional gwangdae (scaramouche or clown) culture has been passed down to develop into K-pop. For this, diachronic perspectives are applied to analyze the formation and development of gwangdae culture and K-pop; and the cultural hybridity theories are used in explaining the succession of gwangdae spirit to K-pop culture. As a result, this study examines how and what kinds of changes and innovations Korean gwangdae culture has gone through to accumulate, pass down and develop the gwangdae’s artistic and cultural capabilities, living up to the demands of the times, since earlier times. Thus, this study tries to understand the meaning through traditional interpretation and reflections on K-pop and also makes specific policy recommendations to accompany the analysis. In particular, we tried to present the direction of the new K-pop strategy based on the gwangdae spirit.

The purpose of this study was to make a basic research on college cultural contents education in an effort to step up the manifestation of the creativity of cultural contents experts in line with the development of the fast-changing era of creative economy. It`s basically meant to analyze the characteristics of cultural contents education in relation to creative idea to seek practical ways of improving that education. What problems there were with cultural contents education and how that education was actually provided were analyzed to suggest some of the right directions for client-centered cultural contents education. Earlier studies were analyzed, and the results of a survey that was conducted on students whose major was linked to cultural contents were analyzed as well. As a result, current cultural contents education was considered not to be satisfactory due to existing teaching methods, learning process and curriculums that were devoid of creativity. To rectify the situation, interdisciplinary attempts should be made such as multi-major, interdisciplinary programs or convergence education, and plenty of experiments, sufficient practice and an increase in the number of faculty members are all required. In terms of education, existing curriculums and courses should urgently be revamped to strengthen field placement and creative discussions. As for educational methods, the lecture method should be avoided, and specialized education should be offered instead, which should strike a balance between discussion, team play and project education. It is expected to produce good results if there are appropriate connection among different major fields of study and the harmonious implementation of diverse internship, convergence and field placement programs.

Polymeric calcium phosphate cements (PCPCs) were prepared from cement powders consisting of alphatricalcium phosphate (α-TCP), tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and dicalcium phosphate (DCP), and cement liquid with poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA). The characteristics of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs), such as paste injectability, initial setting time, and compressive strength, were assessed. The injectability of PCPCs with a 0–30 wt% TTCP/DCP mixture was above 90%. The initial setting time decreased in concert with the amount of incorporated TTCP/DCP mixture and reached approximately 10–13 min when the amount of TTCP/DCP mixture was 10–30 wt%. The compressive strength of PCPC with the 30% equimolar TTCP/DCP mixture was approximately 18.4±3.5 MPa, whereas that of the CPC without the TTCP/DCP mixture was approximately 4.8±0.1 MPa. Open image in new window

Synthesis of arenes substituted with two differently substituted-pyrrole moieties was investigated. A Paal-Knorr condensation reaction of nitroanilines with 1,4-diketone to nitrophenyl-1H-pyrroles followed by an indium-mediated reduction-triggered coupling reaction with another kind of 1,4-diketone resulted in two distinct pyrrole-containing arenes, variously substituted 1-((1H-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-pyrroles, in reasonable yield.

In this study, cationic surfactants having multi-hydroxyl groups were synthesized by the condensation reaction of octadec-9-enyl glycidyl ether and methyl amine followed by the quaternization with dimethyl sulfate. The structure of the product was elucidated by 1H-NMR and FT-IR. The minimum critical micelle concentration (CMC) and surface tension achieved using C18:1-BHDM surfactant were 1.24 × 10−4 mol/L and 43.36 mN/m, respectively. The interfacial tensions measured between 1 wt% surfactant solution and n-decane were found to be in the same order of magnitude as those exhibited between micellar solutions and nonpolar hydrocarbon oils. The contact angle measurement result suggests that C18:1-BADM is the best wetting agent among the surfactants tested during this study. It has been observed that the results for foam stability measurement are consistent with those of CMC and contact angle. That is, the percentage of foam volume decrease has been observed to increase with an increase in number of hydroxyl group.

In this study, cationic surfactants having mono-, di-, and tri-amminium groups were synthesized by the condensation reaction of alkyl glycidyl ether and alkyl amine followed by the quarternization with dimethyl sulfate. The structure of the product was elucidated by 1H NMR and FT-IR. The minimum surface tension achieved using C12-BHDM surfactant was around 28.88 mN/m, which suggests that C12-BHDM can be used to reduce the surface tension of primarily aqueous formulations and to act as emulsifiers. Dynamic surface tension measurement using a maximum bubble pressure tensiometer indicated that much longer time was required to reach an equilibrium value presumably due to the low mobility rate of a surfactant molecule with high molecular weight. The interfacial tensions measured between 1 wt.% surfactant solution and n-decane were found to be in the same order of magnitude as those exhibited between micellar solutions and nonpolar hydrocarbon oils. It has been observed that the results for foam stability measurement are consistent with those of CMC and contact angle. That is, the percentage of foam volume decrease has been observed to increase with an increase in number of ammonium and hydroxyl groups.

Fossil fuel reserves are limited and global warming is emerging as a serious problem. To solve these problems, efforts to develop alternative energy sources are underway. In recent years the chemical industry based on the environmentally sound and sustainable biomass has been developing. Algae is regarded as important raw material of biomass. Polysaccharides such as cellulose and galactan obtained from the biomass can be converted to simple mono-saccharides by acid hydrolysis reactions. The formed monosaccharides are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by using liquid chromatography, ion chromatography and gas chromatography. By using acids to hydrolyze polysaccharides, monosaccharides can be formed as the structure of close form and/or open form. In this study, analysis methods of monosaccharides formed by acid saccharification are investigated to distinguish between close form and open form.

One-pot reduction-triggered heterocyclizations from 2-nitroanilines or 1,2-dinitroarenes to benzimidazoles were investigated in this study. In the presence of indium/AcOH in ethyl acetate at reflux, reaction of 2-nitroanilines or 1,2-dinitroarenes with R–C(OMe)3 (R=Me, Ph) produced excellent yields of the corresponding benzimidazoles within 30 min to 6 h depending on the substituents of the starting materials. Indium-mediated heterocyclization of 2-nitroanilines to benzimidazole was faster and had better yields than 1,2-dinitroarenes to benzimidazole under similar reaction conditions.

Novel cationic surfactants having two hydrophobic groups and two quaternary ammonium ions which are in the middle of alkyl group were prepared by two-step reactions. Three kinds of N,N -bis-(3- n -alkoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)- N,N -dimethyl-1,3-propylenediamine were prepared quantitatively as the intermediate by the condensation reaction between alkyl glycidyl ether and 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine under mild conditions without solvent and catalyst. The intermediates were quaternized with dimethyl sulfate. The structures of the products were characterized by 1 H NMR, FAB/MS and FT-IR. The interfacial properties of the synthesized cationic surfactants were measured such as critical micelle concentration, surface tension, interfacial tension, contact angle and foam stability.

This study has an objective to analyze economic impact of building game industrial complex in Incheon. There are few studies about economic impact of game industry, despites of the high expectations for game industry development as important cultural content in the regional economy. Therefore, this study gives value as an intuitive analysis in terms of understanding the game industry. Regional input-output analysis was conducted based on construction sector, game related manufacturing and game related service sector in case of fulfilling establishment of game industrial complex in the Incheon Free Economic Zone. From results of this study, we find out the importance of game industry's effects on both regional and national level and it is expected a big impact on the future direction of related studies.

The enhanced effect of cytokine combinations has been assessed empirically, based on their immunobiological mechanisms. However, far less is known of the enhanced protection of practical cytokine combinations against viral infection in the livestock industry, due to cost and production issues associated with mass administration. This study demonstrates the enhanced protection of oral co-administration of swine interferon-α (swIFN-α) and interleukin-18 (swIL-18) against infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in piglets using attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as carrier of cytokine proteins. A single oral co-administration of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing swIFN-α and swIL-18 induced enhanced alleviation of the severity of diarrhea caused by TGEV infection, compared to piglets administered S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing swIFN-α or swIL-18 alone. This enhancement was further observed by the reduction of TGEV shedding and replication, and the expression of IFN-stimulated gene products in the intestinal tract. The results suggest that the combined administration of the swIFN-α and swIL-18 cytokines using attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhimurium as an oral carrier provides enhanced protection against intestinal tract infection with TGEV.