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Background: The majority of hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) patients are homozygous for the C282Y mutation in the HFE gene. We have demonstrated a homozygote frequency of 1 in 83 for the [...]

Background: The paediatric guidelines support the use of the 'No Biopsy Approach' in the diagnosis of coeliac disease (CD). We aimed to determine the correlation between anti tissue transglutaminase (anti-TTG serology) ≥10 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), using the Celikey ® ELiA assay and histological findings. Our secondary aim was to determine the safety of this approach in our centre., Methods: A retrospective analysis of adult patients referred to a tertiary referral centre with raised anti-TTG titres and/or histological changes of coeliac on D2 biopsies between 2014 - 2019. Excluded patients were those who did not have a biopsy performed, or whose biopsy was unavailable for review, selective IgA deficiency, and gluten elimination prior to biopsy. Biopsies were classified according to Marsh, by two independent pathologists, blinded to the anti-TTG titre., Results: 164 patients had positive anti-TTG serology and duodenal biopsy in our centre prior to starting a gluten free diet (GFD) in the period 2014 - 2019. Of these 164 patients (median age 40yrs, 62% female), 68 (33%) had an anti-TTG titre ≥10 x ULN, 99% of which had a Marsh grading ≥ 3 and 1% had a Marsh of 2 on biopsy. 91% had either a normal index gastroscopy or findings of mild gastritis/oesophagitis., Conclusions: We found a 98.5% positive predictive value (PPV) of determining CD (i.e., Marsh ≥ 3) in those with an anti-TTG ≥10 x ULN. In those with moderate to high-risk clinical suspicion of CD we propose that duodenal biopsy is unnecessary for diagnosis., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest None declared., (Copyright © 2023 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Although various neurodegenerative disorders have been associated with coeliac disease (CD), the underlying neuropathological link between these brain and gut diseases remains unclear. We postulated that the neuronal damage sporadically observed in CD patients is immune-mediated. Our aim was to determine if the loss of neurons, especially Purkinje cells, coincides with microglia activation and T- and B-cell infiltration in the cerebellum of patients with CD and a concomitant idiopathic neurological disease affecting the cerebellum (NeuroCD). Post-mortem cerebellar tissue was collected of validated NeuroCD cases. Gender- and age-matched genetic spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) controls and non-neurological controls (NNC) were selected based on clinical reports and pathological findings. Cerebellar tissue of seventeen patients was included (6 NeuroCD, 5 SCA, 6 NNC). In SCA cases we found that the Purkinje cell layer was 58.6% reduced in comparison with NNC. In NeuroCD cases this reduction was even more prominent with a median reduction of 81.3% compared to NNC. Marked increased numbers of both CD3+ and CD8+ cells were observed in the NeuroCD but not in SCA patients. This coincided with significantly more microglial reactivity in NeuroCD patients. These findings demonstrate that the massive loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of neuro CD patients is accompanied by local innate and T-cell mediated immune responses., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Angiotensin receptor blocker-associated enteropathy (ARB-e) is an increasingly recognised clinical entity with symptoms and histological findings identical to coeliac disease (CD). There is evidence to suggest immune-mediated mucosal injury in ARB-e with a high prevalence of DQ2/DQ8; however, as IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-TTG) is usually negative, an insult other than TTG-mediated injury is suspected. The impact of ARBs on disease activity in patients with CD is not known., Objective: To assess the effect of ARB exposure on patients with established CD., Methods: A patient record search of 1142 individual patients attending a dedicated coeliac clinic from 2010 to the present identified 59 patients treated with ARB. Those with CD confirmed by serology (TTG + ve/EMA + ve) and histopathology (Marsh criteria) were included (n = 40, 0.52%). Data collected included disease duration, compliance with gluten-free diet (GFD), reported symptoms (diarrhoea, weight loss and abdominal pain), surrogate markers of absorption (Vitamin D, Iron, Calcium and Haemoglobin), in addition to anti-TTG titre and histological grade at last follow up. Patients were age and sex-matched in a 1:2 ratio with CD patients not taking ARBs (controls), with comparable rates of disease duration and compliance with GFD., Results: The ARB and control groups were matched in terms of age (mean 66.2 years) and gender (female 63%). Strict compliance with GFD was reported in 55% and 56%, respectively. Persistent symptoms were reported in 10/40 (25%) of the ARB group compared with 7/82 (9%) of controls (p = 0.0181). There were lower rates of mucosal healing (Marsh grade 0) in the ARB group (36% n = 11) compared to controls (55%, n = 33). There was no significant difference in anti-TTG titres. Surrogate markers of absorption were comparable across the groups, except for Vitamin D which was lower in those taking olmesartan (p = 0.0015)., Conclusions: ARBs may aggravate the enteropathy and lead to increased symptoms in patients with bone fide diagnosed CD following a GFD., (© 2021 The Authors. United European Gastroenterology Journal published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of United European Gastroenterology.)

Background: In celiac disease, small intestinal transglutaminase 2 causes deamidation of glutamine residues in gluten peptides, which enhances stimulation of T cells and leads to mucosal injury. Inhibition of transglutaminase 2 is a potential treatment for celiac disease., Methods: In a proof-of-concept trial, we assessed the efficacy and safety of a 6-week treatment with ZED1227, a selective oral transglutaminase 2 inhibitor, at three dose levels as compared with placebo, in adults with well-controlled celiac disease who underwent a daily gluten challenge. The primary end point was the attenuation of gluten-induced mucosal damage, as measured by the ratio of villus height to crypt depth. Secondary end points included intraepithelial lymphocyte density, the Celiac Symptom Index score, and the Celiac Disease Questionnaire score (for assessment of health-related quality of life)., Results: Of the 41 patients assigned to the 10-mg ZED1227 group, the 41 assigned to the 50-mg group, the 41 assigned to the 100-mg group, and the 40 assigned to the placebo group, 35, 39, 38, and 30 patients, respectively, had adequate duodenal-biopsy samples for the assessment of the primary end point. Treatment with ZED1227 at all three dose levels attenuated gluten-induced duodenal mucosal injury. The estimated difference from placebo in the change in the mean ratio of villus height to crypt depth from baseline to week 6 was 0.44 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15 to 0.73) in the 10-mg group (P = 0.001), 0.49 (95% CI, 0.20 to 0.77) in the 50-mg group (P<0.001), and 0.48 (95% CI, 0.20 to 0.77) in the 100-mg group (P<0.001). The estimated differences from placebo in the change in intraepithelial lymphocyte density were -2.7 cells per 100 epithelial cells (95% CI, -7.6 to 2.2) in the 10-mg group, -4.2 cells per 100 epithelial cells (95% CI, -8.9 to 0.6) in the 50-mg group, and -9.6 cells per 100 epithelial cells (95% CI, -14.4 to -4.8) in the 100-mg group. Use of the 100-mg dose may have improved symptom and quality-of-life scores. The most common adverse events, the incidences of which were similar across all groups, were headache, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Rash developed in 3 of 40 patients (8%) in the 100-mg group., Conclusions: In this preliminary trial, treatment with ZED1227 attenuated gluten-induced duodenal mucosal damage in patients with celiac disease. (Funded by Dr. Falk Pharma; CEC-3 EudraCT number, 2017-002241-30.)., (Copyright © 2021 Massachusetts Medical Society.)

Background: Coeliac disease (CD) is associated with an increased risk of other immune-mediated conditions. Aim : To investigate the prevalence of coexistent immune-mediated diseases in CD patients, and changes in the prevalence of autoimmune thyroidal diseases over the last 50 years., Methods: Medical record data were collected retrospectively from 749 CD patients in Ireland. Prevalence of autoimmune diseases was compared with previously published results from general populations. Patients were divided into four groups based on the year of diagnosis to analyse changes in the prevalence of autoimmune thyroidal disease over time., Results: Median age at the time of CD diagnosis was 56 years (range 18-91 years). A total of 233 (31.1%) patients had a coexistent immune-mediated condition (IMC). Autoimmune thyroidal diseases were seen in 149 (19.9%) patients, hypothyroidism in 110 (14.7%), type 1 diabetes in 27 (3.6%), psoriasis in 20 (2.7%), inflammatory bowel disease in 14 (1.9%) and rheumatoid arthritis in 12 (1.6%). All conditions were more common in CD patients than in the general population. Type 1 diabetes was diagnosed mainly before CD, whereas there was no such trend in other conditions. Autoimmune thyroidal diseases became less common in female CD patients over time., Conclusions: Prevalence of autoimmune diseases is increased in adult CD patients compared with the general population. However, concomitant autoimmune thyroidal diseases became less common over time in women.

The Bridges to Care for Long-Term Care research project aimed to facilitate improvements in outcomes for long-term care residents through the provision of knowledge-to-practice and quality improvement resources by trained facilitators. Point-of-care staff reported improved communication and collaboration, improved use of scope of practice and implementation of best practice knowledge. Overall, participating long-term care homes demonstrated an enhanced capacity for common care issues of the elderly (pneumonia, falls, bacteriuria and behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia) and the ability to effectively engage in quality improvement processes with efficient and effective use of healthcare resources., (Copyright © 2019 Longwoods Publishing.)

Background & Aims: Celiac disease is an immune-mediated enteropathy characterized with high heterogeneity in presentation among genetically predisposed individuals. In recent years, a change in the phenotypic presentation of celiac disease has been reported. We studied clinical presentation, from 1960 through 2015, in Ireland, which has a high incidence of celiac disease., Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of medical charts from patients diagnosed with celiac disease at 5 secondary referral centers in Ireland from 1960 through 2015 (n = 749; median age, 56 years; age range, 18-91 years). The cohort was divided into 5 groups based on year of diagnosis (≤1985, 1986-1995, 1996-2005, 2006-2010, or 2011 and later). We collected findings from clinical presentation at diagnosis; serology tests; small intestinal biopsy analyses; and patients' demographic, clinical, and family data. Presentations at diagnosis were classified according to the Oslo criteria as follows: classical (patients presenting with malabsorption), nonclassical (no signs or symptoms of malabsorption at presentation), or subclinical (below the threshold of clinical detection). The primary outcome was change in clinical presentation of celiac disease over time., Results: Of the 749 patients studied, 512 were female and 237 were male (ratio of 2.2:1). Female patients were diagnosed at younger ages than male patients (42 vs 47 years, respectively; P = .004), and had more immune-mediated conditions than male patients (35.7% for female patients vs 21.5% for male patients; P < .001). For patients diagnosed as adults (after the age of 18 years), the median age of diagnosis increased from 34.0 years during the period ≤1985 to median ages of 44-46 years after 1985 (P < .002). A smaller proportion of patients presented with classical features of celiac disease after 2010 (48.4%) than ≤1985 (85.2%); the proportion of patients with nonclassical or subclinical celiac disease increased from 14.8% ≤1985 to 51.6% after 2010 (P = .006 for each). Biopsies categorized as Marsh 3c decreased, from 52.2% in the period 1996-2005 to 22.5% in the period after 2010 (P = .003). The prevalence of associated thyroid disease has decreased during the study period, from 36.6% ≤1985 to 17.1% after 2010 (P = .039), whereas body mass index at diagnosis increased from 21.5 kg/m 2 ≤1985 to 24.8 kg/m 2 after 2010 (P < .001)., Conclusions: We found the clinical presentation of celiac disease changed significantly in Ireland from 1960 through 2015. The age of presentation in adulthood increased over this time period, as did the proportions of patients with nonclassical or subclinical disease., (Copyright © 2017 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Coeliac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated disease triggered by the ingestion of gluten. It has an estimated prevalence of approximately 1% in European populations. Specific HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles are established coeliac susceptibility genes and are required for the presentation of gliadin to the immune system resulting in damage to the intestinal mucosa. In the largest association analysis of CD to date, 39 non-HLA risk loci were identified, 13 of which were new, in a sample of 12,014 individuals with CD and 12 228 controls using the Immunochip genotyping platform. Including the HLA, this brings the total number of known CD loci to 40. We have replicated this study in an independent Irish CD case-control population of 425 CD and 453 controls using the Immunochip platform. Using a binomial sign test, we show that the direction of the effects of previously described risk alleles were highly correlated with those reported in the Irish population, (P=2.2 × 10(-16)). Using the Polygene Risk Score (PRS) approach, we estimated that up to 35% of the genetic variance could be explained by loci present on the Immunochip (P=9 × 10(-75)). When this is limited to non-HLA loci, we explain a maximum of 4.5% of the genetic variance (P=3.6 × 10(-18)). Finally, we performed a meta-analysis of our data with the previous reports, identifying two further loci harbouring the ZNF335 and NIFA genes which now exceed genome-wide significance, taking the total number of CD susceptibility loci to 42.

Metastatic cutaneous Crohn's disease is a rare entity first described by McCallum et al. in 1976. It is diagnosed when histologically characteristic granulomata are seen at a site not contiguous with inflammatory disease in the gastrointestinal tract. We herein report presentation, diagnosis and management of a 28 year old lady with disabling, symptomatic cutaneous Crohn's of the buttocks and natal cleft refractory to Infliximab therapy. To the best of our knowledge only four other adult cases have been reported in the literature of metastatic cutaneous Crohn's disease of the buttock area distant from a flexure or area of skin apposition. The differential diagnosis in this case was Hidradenitis Suppurativa. A good cosmetic result and excellent symptom control were achieved with extensive debridement, wide local excision, vacuum assisted closure and delayed skin grafting., (Copyright © 2012 European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background & Aims: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with altered cerebral metabolism and cognitive dysfunction. We aimed to evaluate the effect of pegylated interferon/ribavirin (PIFN/R) and HCV clearance on cerebral metabolism, and neuropsychological performance., Methods: Fifteen non-cirrhotic HCV positive subjects underwent (1)H MR spectroscopy (MRS) before, during, and after treatment with PIFN/R. The metabolites of interest namely, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), myo-inositol (MI), and the control metabolite creatine (Cr), were acquired from 3 different brain regions; left basal ganglia, left frontal cortex, and left dorso-lateral pre-frontal cortex. Coinciding with this, subjects also underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests to evaluate the domains of verbal learning, memory, attention, language, executive functioning, and motor skills. Seven HCV positive controls (not receiving anti-viral therapy) underwent MRS and neuropsychological testing at two time points, 12 weeks apart, to examine for variation in cerebral metabolites over time and the practice effect of repeat neuropsychological testing., Results: Significant reductions in basal ganglia Cho/Cr (p=0.03) and basal ganglia MI/Cr (p=0.03) were observed in sustained virological responders (SVRs, n=8), but not non-responders/relapsers (NR/R, n=6), indicative of reduced cerebral infection and/or immune activation in those who cleared virus. SVRs demonstrated significant improvements in verbal learning, memory, and visuo-spatial memory. A small but significant improvement in neurocognitive function secondary to the practice effect was seen in both HCV controls and HCV subjects during treatment., Conclusions: HCV eradication has a beneficial effect on cerebral metabolism and selective aspects of neurocognitive function and is an important factor when contemplating anti-viral therapy in HCV, especially in those with mild disease., (Copyright © 2011 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The Bridges to Care for Long-Term Care research project aimed to facilitate improvements in outcomes for long-term care residents through the provision of knowledge-to-practice and quality improvement resources by trained facilitators. Point-of-care staff reported improved communication and collaboration, improved use of scope of practice and implementation of best practice knowledge. Overall, participating long-term care homes demonstrated an enhanced capacity for common care issues of the elderly (pneumonia, falls, bacteriuria and behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia) and the ability to effectively engage in quality improvement processes with efficient and effective use of healthcare resources.

Collaborative practice is receiving increased attention as a model of healthcare delivery that positively influences the effectiveness and efficiency of patient care while improving the work environment of healthcare providers. The collaborative practice assessment tool (CPAT) was developed from the literature to enable interprofessional teams to assess their collaborative practice. The CPAT survey included 56 items across nine domains including: mission and goals; relationships; leadership; role responsibilities and autonomy; communication; decision-making and conflict management; community linkages and coordination; perceived effectiveness and patient involvement; in addition to three open-ended questions. The tool was developed for use in a variety of settings involving a diversity of healthcare providers with the aim of helping teams to identify professional development needs and corresponding educational interventions. The results of two pilot tests indicated that the CPAT is a valid and reliable tool for assessing levels of collaborative practice within teams. This article describes the development of the tool, the pilot testing and validation process, as well as limitations of the tool.

Background and Aims: We identified patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to determine the predictive value of serum markers to diagnose histological steatohepatitis (NASH)., Methods: Demographic, serological, radiological and histological variables on 95 consecutive patients with NAFLD were recorded. The serum markers studied were CK18, Hyaluronic acid, TIMP 1 and YKL 40. The NAS score and the metavir score were the histological scoring systems used., Results: CK18 levels were higher in the NASH group compared to the simple steatosis group (394 +/- 53 micro/L vs 194 +/- 26 micro/L; P < 0.05). In assessing clinical effectiveness, CK18 yielded an AUC of 0.8 for NASH (cut-off value 300 micro/L gives PPV 81% and NPV 85%).The fibrosis markers showed no differences between groups. We stratified the same cohort according to liver fibrosis (F0 vs F1-F4). Fibrosis was associated with advanced age, high body mass index and type 2 diabetes. The biomarkers performed relatively poorly at identifying liver fibrosis (F1-F4), with HA performing the best (AUC 0.73); performance improved for advanced fibrosis (F3/F4) - (HA: AUC 0.77). The NAS score performed the best overall at identifying liver fibrosis (AUC 0.79)., Discussion: CK18 is the only biomarker studied that can identify NASH. Additionally, liver biopsy should be performed in all high risk patients to determine the standardised NAS score to identify patients at high risk of disease progression.

An inefficient cellular immune response likely leads to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Resolution of chronic HCV infection in the absence of treatment is a rare occurrence. We report the case of a 39-year old white male with a 17-year history of chronic HCV infection, who eradicated HCV following a serious illness due to co-infection with Babesia (babesiosis), Borriela Borgdorferi (Lyme disease) and Ehrlichia (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis). We hypothesize that the cellular immune response mounted by this patient in response to his infection with all three agents but in particular Babesia was sufficient to eradicate HCV.

Objectives: To evaluate the outcome of arterially enhancing nodules (AENs) measuring <20 mm detected on MRI in patients with cirrhosis., Methods: Prospective analysis of 54 patients with a total of 161 AENs <20 mm on MRI. Inclusion criteria included a minimum of 12 months of MRI follow-up or histological evaluation of the AEN. Key exclusions were patients with an AEN >20 mm or prior diagnosis of HCC. Two radiologists blinded to the clinical and pathological data reviewed serial MRIs and classified the AENs as no longer visible, stable, increasing, or decreasing in size., Results: A total of 161 AENs were identified and were followed by serial MRI for a mean of 24 months. Eighty (50%) AENs were no longer visible on repeat imaging, 42 (26%) remained stable, 1 of which was diagnosed as HCC on short-term follow-up, 8 (5%) increased in size and were subsequently diagnosed as HCC, and 24 (15%) decreased in size. In addition, 7 AENs (4%) were diagnosed on biopsy immediately following the initial MRI. Overall MR characteristics diagnostic of HCC were growth > or =2 mm and peripheral rim enhancement on initial MRI., Conclusions: The majority (90%) of AENs <20 mm in cirrhosis are benign. The presence of rim enhancement or interval growth of an AEN are suggestive of HCC.

An open flowthrough respirometer was used to determine the respiration rates of whole and sliced mushrooms as a function of O2, CO2, and storage temperature. Respiration rates were measured under the following O2 concentrations: 20, 15, 10, 5, and 2% at 5 temperatures (4, 8, 10, 13, and 16 degrees C). The effects of 5 CO2 concentrations (0, 2, 5, 10, 15%) at two O2 levels (2 and 20%) were also examined at these temperatures. Mushroom respiration increased with temperature following an Arrhenius-type relationship; activation energies and corresponding Q10 values were calculated. Lowering the oxygen concentration significantly decreased the respiration rate. The effects of reducing O2 levels were greater at higher storage temperatures. Both activation energies and Q10 values were lower under reduced O2 atmospheres compared with those in air. A Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics model was evaluated for describing the influence of gas concentrations on respiration rate. The effects of O2 fitted the O2 enzyme kinetics model well. CO2 exhibited small inhibitory effects on respiration of whole and sliced mushrooms, especially at low O2 concentrations and low temperatures. The enzyme model was used to predict respiration under an optimal modified atmosphere for mushrooms, and the required film O2 and CO2 permeabilities were defined for key pack design parameters.

A 30-year-old woman presented with hepatomegaly and an audible hepatic bruit at 24 weeks gestation. Non-contrast MRI demonstrated an exophytic 12.6 x 7.8 x 12.8 cm mass arising from the right lobe of the liver with a central scar, suggestive of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). Conservative management included monthly abdominal ultrasound examinations until the time of delivery, to assess growth of the mass and monitor for risk of rupture. Seven weeks post partum the patient experienced severe right upper quadrant pain. A CT angiogram of the liver demonstrated a stable mass with no evidence of bleed or rupture and multiple hypervascular masses throughout the liver. Surgical resection of the dominant lesion was performed. Histological examination of the lesion confirmed FNH. The patient is now 22 months post surgery with radiographic evidence of stable multifocal FNH.

Since the description by Klatskin in 1965, the management of patients with adenocarcinoma of the hepatic bile duct bifurcation is viewed as a challenging clinical problem with a relatively poor prognosis. Surgery continues to be the mainstay of therapy. Complete resection of the tumor with negative histologic margins offers the best possibility of long-term survival, and hepatic resection is a critical component of the operative approach. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy has failed to provide a significant survival benefit. Orthotopic liver transplantation for otherwise unresectable lesions remains controversial, as tumor recurrence has been reported in more than 90% of patients. With the shortage of organs, such patients to be selected carefully for transplanation. For patients who present with widespread disease and those with high operative risks, advances in interventional radiology and endoscopy have facilitated nonsurgical management options. Biliary decompression using expandable metallic stents provides superior patency and decreased frequency of hospitalization when compared with plastic stents. Moreover, patients treated with expandable metal stents have survival rates comparable with those who undergo surgical decompression, with fewer early complications. The benefit of external beam radiotherapy for palliation of proximal cholangiocarcinoma is uncertain. Radiotherapy in conjunction with biliary stenting has a survival benefit over stenting alone, but is not without potential toxicity. It should be considered as an adjunct to biliary decompression in all patients with good performance status, because modern conformal CT-based dosimetry can minimize toxicity to normal adjacent tissue. Photodynamic therapy is emerging as a new palliative treatment modality for patients with unresectable tumors in whom stenting has failed. It offers the advantage of an endoscopic delivery system, and unlike radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy may be delivered repeatedly.

In 1996 two mutations in Hfe, the gene affected in hereditary hemochromatosis, were identified as C282Y (c.845G. A) and H63D (c.187C. G). Immunohistochemical studies have localized the protein product of Hfe to the deep crypts of the duodenum, the maximum site of iron absorption. To date, there are no published data on the cellular location and regulation of Hfe in patients with hemochromatosis who are homozygous for C282Y. The aim of this study was to identify the cellular localization of Hfe in genotyped individuals and to study possible regulation of this protein by the mutations described in the Hfe gene locus and iron deficiency. Duodenal biopsy specimens and serum for iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation were taken from controls (n = 10) and patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (n = 10) and iron deficiency anemia (n = 10). All participants were genotyped for C282Y and H63D mutations. Expression of Hfe in the duodenum was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Hfe was expressed in the deep crypts of the duodenum in all three groups in a perinuclear fashion. Hfe staining was weaker in the hemochromatosis and iron deficiency patients (mean transferrin saturation 69.6%, SD 23% and 15%, SD 11%, respectively) when compared to controls (mean transferrin saturation 33.1%, SD 15%). There was no difference in the intensity of Hfe staining within the hemochromatosis group who were iron overloaded when compared to their iron-depleted counterparts. In summary, Hfe is expressed strongly in the deep crypts of the small intestine of normal subjects. Homozygosity for C282Y and conditions of iron deficiency result in a downregulation of Hfe. Furthermore, Hfe is not regulated by therapeutic iron depletion in patients with hemochromatosis who are homozygous for the C282Y mutation., (Copyright 2000 Academic Press.)