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This paper describes a psychogeriatric service in Gloucestershire. Agreement on policies was reached with general practitioners, Social Services, other psychiatrists and hospital nursing staff. The day hospital is regarded as the preferred area of treatment for a wide variety of patients, including the severely demented. In this service less than five per cent of admissions appear to become long-stay. With emphasis on day hospital and community support the number of beds for this type of patient recommended by DHSS may be excessive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thickness-shear vibrations in AT-cut quartz plates with partial electrodes including the effects of a pair of free edges are discussed in a qualitative manner. The frequencies and mode shapes as a function of plate and electrode dimensions are determined from an analysis similar to that of Mindlin and Lee. These results are compared with measured values obtained from rectangular quartz plates with rectangular electrodes. The ratio of capacitances of thickness-shear vibrations are calculated from an expression given by Lewis. These calculations indicate that the ratio of electrode length to plate length is equally as important in the suppression of anharmonic thickness-shear vibrations in finite quartz plates as is the ratio of electrode length to plate thickness (Bechmann's number). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective wildlife management on private lands can supplement and diversify income by providing opportunities for hunting, fishing, and ecotourism. We offered a workshop series that covered a comprehensive set of issues pertaining to this topic. In the process, we found that using a large, multi-state, multi-agency planning committee enabled us to tap into numerous clientele networks, reach many people new to Extension, recruit expert speakers from many organizations, and spread tasks so that individual burdens were reduced. This mutually beneficial collaboration is a model for future Extension programming that may become increasingly useful as Extension budgets continue to decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoclasts form when hematopoietic cells are stimulated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). Osteoclast precursors derive from M-CSF-dependent proliferating hematopoietic cells but cannot yet be purified from mixed populations. M-CSF stimulation of bone marrow cells results in large numbers of nonadherent, proliferating macrophage precursors. These rapidly form adherent bone marrow macrophages (BMM). BMM and their precursors can be isolated free from mesenchymal and lymphocytic cells. BMM precursors derived from CBA-strain mouse bone marrow, when cocultured with ST2 cells (which express RANKL and M-CSF), formed numerous mononuclear osteoclasts, which resorbed bone and expressed tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and calcitonin receptors (CTR). Addition of approximately 10 BMM precursors to ST2 cultures resulted in over 80% of these cocultures forming functional osteoclasts, suggesting that they are a highly enriched source of osteoclast progenitors. Supporting this, recombinant RANKL/M-CSF-stimulated BMM precursors formed populations in which all cells expressed TRAP. While only a small proportion of these cells (8.6%) expressed CTR, with transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) present RANKL/M-CSF-stimulated BMM precursors formed almost pure (98.4%) CTR-positive osteoclasts after 7 days. This suggests that TGFbeta stimulated the maturation rate of these cells. Passaged or viably frozen BMM precursors gave rise to BMM that also all formed osteoclasts lineage cells after RANKL/M-CSF stimulation. These data suggest that BMM precursors derived from CBA mice are an expanded pool of osteoclast progenitors. These can be employed to generate osteoclast populations of high purity and in large numbers when stimulated by TGFbeta, which greatly augments the osteoclastogenic effects of RANKL.

Macrophage accumulation and proliferation as well as altered macrophage properties have been observed in autoimmune MRL mice. To determine whether there might be innate differences in the proliferative responses, we examined the DNA synthesis responses of peritoneal macrophages and macrophages derived in vitro from bone marrow precursors (bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM)). Murine peritoneal exudate macrophages normally require the addition of macrophage CSF (CSF-1) to enter cell cycle in vitro. In contrast, we have found that many thioglycollate-induced adherent peritoneal macrophages, but not resident peritoneal macrophages, from both MRL/lpr and MRL+/+ mice atypically underwent DNA synthesis even in the absence of added CSF-1. They also responded very well to granulocyte-macrophage CSF. These findings may help to explain the appearance of increased macrophage numbers in MRL lesions. In contrast to a previous report, it was found that MRL/lpr and MRL+/+ BMM did not have an enhanced response to CSF-1 and that modulation of CSF-1 receptor expression was not more rapid in MRL BMM. We also found no evidence for abnormal CSF-1 internalization and degradation or for the lpr mutation to have any enhanced effect on BMM survival in the absence of CSF-1. TNF-alpha lowered the DNA synthesis response to CSF-1 of MRL/lpr BMM rather than enhanced it, as has been reported. Our data suggest that the enhanced accumulation of macrophages in the MRL/lpr kidney cannot be explained by a proposed model of enhanced responsiveness of MRL/lpr BMM to CSF-1, including a contribution by TNF-alpha.

Reagents for research on virus diseases of persons and animals have been produced through the effort of government, international agencies, and the private sector. These reagents are essential in the development and the evaluation of new technology which in turn finds application in the detection and the prevention of disease. Ideally, viral reagents consisting of purified seed virus or viral antigen(s) and corresponding antisera should be independently certified for purity, specificity, and potency.