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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered an independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). The excess risk in relation to the presence of proteinuria has not been well elucidated. Our aim was to determine the association between the incidence of AF and proteinuria in diabetic population. A total of 240,499 individuals aged ≥ 60 years from the Korea National Health Insurance Service-Senior cohort from 2004 to 2014 were included. 4.2% of individuals with DM and 3.7% of controls were diagnosed with AF during a median follow-up period of 7.2 years. Amongst controls (participants without proteinuria and DM), DM only, proteinuria only, and DM with proteinuria groups, the crude incidences of AF were 0.58, 0.70, 0.96, 1.24 per 100 person-years respectively. Compared with controls, the weighted risk of AF was increased by 11% (hazard ratio = 1.11, 95% confidence interval = 1.02–1.20, P = .001), 48% (hazard ratio = 1.48, 95% confidence interval = 1.30–1.69, P

Background There are limited data on the long-term outcome of platinum chromium-based everolimus-eluting stents (PtCr-EES) vs. cobalt chromium-based zotarolimus-eluting stents (CoCr-ZES).Methods and Results:A total of 3,755 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were randomized 2:1 to PtCr-EES or CoCr-ZES, and 96.0% of patients completed the 3-year clinical follow-up. The primary outcome was target lesion failure (TLF), defined as a composite of cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction (MI), and clinically-driven target lesion revascularization (TLR). At 3 years, TLF occurred in 5.3% and in 5.4% of the PtCr-EES and CoCr-ZES groups, respectively (hazard ratio 0.978; 95% confidence interval 0.730-1.310, P=0.919). There were no significant differences in the individual components of TLF. Routine angiographic follow-up was performed in 38.9% of the total patients. In a landmark analysis of the subgroup that had follow-up angiography, the clinically-driven TLR rate of CoCr-ZES was significantly higher than PtCr-EES group during the angiography follow-up period (P=0.009). Overall definite and probable stent thrombosis rates were very low in both groups (0.5% vs. 0.6%, P=0.677). Conclusions PtCr-EES and CoCr-ZES had similar and excellent long-term outcomes in both efficacy and safety after PCI in an all-comer population.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered an independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). The excess risk in relation to the presence of proteinuria has not been well elucidated. Our aim was to determine the association between the incidence of AF and proteinuria in diabetic population. A total of 240,499 individuals aged ≥ 60 years from the Korea National Health Insurance Service-Senior cohort from 2004 to 2014 were included. 4.2% of individuals with DM and 3.7% of controls were diagnosed with AF during a median follow-up period of 7.2 years. Amongst controls (participants without proteinuria and DM), DM only, proteinuria only, and DM with proteinuria groups, the crude incidences of AF were 0.58, 0.70, 0.96, 1.24 per 100 person-years respectively. Compared with controls, the weighted risk of AF was increased by 11% (hazard ratio = 1.11, 95% confidence interval = 1.02-1.20, P = .001), 48% (hazard ratio = 1.48, 95% confidence interval = 1.30-1.69, P .001), and 66% (hazard ratio = 1.66, 95% confidence interval = 1.26-2.18, P .001) in the DM only, proteinuria only, and DM with proteinuria groups, respectively (P for trend .001). Degree of proteinuria in diabetic patients was associated with a significantly higher rate of incident AF in dose dependent manner. Thus, assessing proteinuria by a simple urine dipstick test could provide a useful adjunct to risk assessment for AF in elderly population with DM.

Objectives This study sought to test whether the newly developed platinum chromium (PtCr)-based everolimus-eluting stent (EES) is noninferior to the cobalt chromium (CoCr)-based zotarolimus-eluting stent (ZES) in all-comers receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background PtCr provides improved radial strength, conformability, and visibility compared with the CoCr alloy, but PtCr-based stents have not been tested in a wide range of patients receiving PCI. Also, recent case series have raised the issue of longitudinal stent deformation (LSD) with newer drug-eluting stents. Methods We randomly assigned 3,755 all-comers receiving PCI to PtCr-EES or CoCr-ZES. The primary outcome was target lesion failure (TLF) at 1-year post-PCI, defined as the composite of cardiac death, nonfatal target vessel–related myocardial infarction, and ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization. Post-hoc angiographic analysis was performed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze LSD. Results At 1 year, TLF occurred in 2.9% and 2.9% of the population in the PtCr-EES and CoCr-ZES groups, respectively (superiority p = 0.98, noninferiority p = 0.0247). There were no significant differences in the individual components of TLF as well as the patient-oriented clinical outcome. Of 5,010 stents analyzed, LSD occurred in 0.2% and 0% in the PtCr-EES and CoCr-ZES groups, respectively (p = 0.104). There was no significant difference in post-deployment stent length ratio between the 2 stents (p = 0.352). Conclusions At 1 year, PtCr-EES was noninferior to CoCr-ZES in all-comers receiving PCI. Although LSD was observed only in PtCr-EES, both the stent length ratio and the frequency of LSD were not significantly different between the 2 stent types, and PtCr-EES was not associated with adverse clinical outcomes. (Harmonizing Optimal Strategy for Treatment of Coronary Artery Stenosis–SAfety & EffectiveneSS of Drug-ElUting Stents & Anti-platelet REgimen [HOST–ASSURE]; NCT01267734 )

Objectives This study sought to test the noninferiority of triple antiplatelet therapy (TAT) versus double-dose clopidogrel dual antiplatelet therapy (DDAT) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background Antiplatelet regimen is an integral component of medical therapy after PCI. A 1-week duration of doubling the dose of clopidogrel was shown to improve outcome at 1 month compared with the conventional dose in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing PCI. Yet in Asia, the addition of cilostazol is used more commonly than DDAT in high-risk patients. Methods We randomly assigned 3,755 all-comers undergoing PCI to either TAT or DDAT, which was continued for 1 month, to test the noninferiority of TAT versus DDAT. The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of net clinical outcome at 1 month post-PCI defined as the composite of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, and PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) major bleeding. Results TAT was noninferior to DDAT with respect to the primary outcome, which occurred in 1.2% and 1.4% of patients, respectively (−0.22% absolute difference, 0.34% 1-sided 97.5% confidence interval, p = 0.0007 for noninferiority; hazard ratio: 0.85; 95% confidence interval: 0.49 to 1.48; p = 0.558 for superiority). The individual risks of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, and PLATO major bleeding did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. There were no significant between-group differences in the treatment effect with regard to the rate of the primary outcome. Conclusions The adjunctive use of cilostazol was noninferior to doubling the dose of clopidogrel for 1 month in all-comers undergoing PCI with exclusively drug-eluting stents. (Harmonizing Optimal Strategy for Treatment of Coronary Artery Stenosis–SAfety & EffectiveneSS of Drug-ElUting Stents & Anti-platelet REgimen [HOST-ASSURE]; NCT01267734 )

Objectives This study sought to assess the impact of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance on clinical outcomes following drug-eluting stent implantation when treating long lesions. Background The role of IVUS guidance when treating long lesions has been tested during bare-metal stent, but not during drug-eluting stent, implantation. Methods A total of 543 patients treated with stents ≥28 mm in length were randomly assigned to IVUS guidance (n = 269) versus angiography guidance (n = 274). The primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization, or stent thrombosis at 1 year following intervention. Results In the intention-to-treat analysis, total stent length was 32.4 mm in the IVUS-guided arm versus 32.3 mm in angiography-guided arm (p = 0.84). Adjunct post-dilation was more frequently performed in the IVUS-guided arm (54.6% vs. 44.5%, p = 0.03); post-intervention minimal lumen diameters were similar (2.55 vs. 2.55 mm, respectively, p = 0.50); and MACE occurred in 12 (4.5%) patients in IVUS-guided arm and in 20 (7.3%) patients in the angiography-guided arm (p = 0.16). However, among the 269 patients assigned to IVUS guidance, IVUS was not used in 13 patients (4.8%); conversely, in 274 patients assigned to angiography alone, 41 patients (15.0%) were treated with IVUS guidance. Therefore, in a per-protocol analysis according to actual IVUS usage, minimum lumen diameter was larger (2.58 vs. 2.51 mm, p = 0.04), and MACE rates were lower: 4.0% in the IVUS-guided arm versus 8.1% in the angiography-guided arm (p = 0.048). Conclusions A strategy of routine IVUS for drug-eluting stent implantation in long lesions did not improve the 1-year MACE rates. The IVUS use per operator decision was associated with improved results. (A New Strategy Regarding Discontinuation of Dual Antiplatelet; NCT01145079 )

Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate shorter duration (3 months) dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. Background There have been few published reports of prospective randomized clinical studies comparing the safety and efficacy of shorter duration DAPT after DES implantation. Methods We randomly assigned 2,117 patients with coronary artery stenosis into 2 groups according to DAPT duration and stent type: 3-month DAPT following Endeavor zotarolimus-eluting stent (E-ZES) implantation (E-ZES+3-month DAPT, n = 1,059) versus 12-month DAPT following the other DES implantation (standard therapy, n = 1,058). We hypothesized that the E-ZES+3-month DAPT would be noninferior to the standard therapy for the primary composite endpoint (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, target\vessel revascularization, or bleeding) at 1 year. Results The primary endpoint occurred in 40 (4.7%) patients assigned to E-ZES+3-month DAPT compared with 41 (4.7%) patients assigned to the standard therapy (difference: 0.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −2.5 to 2.5; p = 0.84; p Conclusions E-ZES+3-month DAPT was noninferior to the standard therapy with respect to the occurrence of the primary endpoint. (REal Safety and Efficacy of a 3-month dual antiplatelet Therapy following E-ZES implantation [RESET]; NCT01145079 )

Previously, we reported that dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans (DBLLs) from the fruit of Forsythia koreana NAKAI (Oleaceae) has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-asthmatic effects. In this study, to clarify the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of DBLL, we evaluated the effects of DBLLs on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) productions, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activations, inhibitor of κB (IκB) and inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) phosphorylations in cytosolic proteins, and cytotoxicity in Raw264.7 cells. DBLLs potently suppressed both the enzyme expression and DNA-binding activity of NF-κB. Arctiin, arctigenin (1.0 µM) and matairesinol (10 µM) inhibited the expression of iNOS by 37.71±2.86%, 32.51±4.28%, and 27.44±2.65%, respectively, and arctiin, arctigenin (0.1 µM) and matairesinol (1.0 µM) inhibited COX-2 expression by 37.93±7.81%, 26.70±4.61% and 29.37±5.21%, respectively. The inhibitory effects of DBLLs on NO and PGE(2) productions were the same patterns as those seen for the reductions in iNOS and COX-2 expression, respectively. Arctiin, arctigenin (1.0 µM) and matairesinol (10 µM) significantly (p

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized from the reaction of silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) with a 1 wt% aqueous solution of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, and Brij 97, respectively, under microwave irradiation. The resulting nanoparticles were effectively dispersed throughout water and characterized by UV–vis spectra and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The reaction time of 45 s was investigated by monitoring the color change of the nanoparticle solution. The peaks in the UV–vis spectra showed surface plasmon resonance characteristics inherent in silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were reacted with 4-aminothiophenol in water, followed by addition of diethyl ether and fullerene[C 60 ] in toluene and stirring for 24 h. The resulting fullerene[C 60 ]-silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis and MALDI–TOF–MS spectra.

Leptin, the product of ob gene, is an endocrine hormone that regulates adipose tissue mass. Recently, leptin has been found to generate a growth signal involving a tyrosine kinase-dependent intracellular pathway and promote angiogenic processes via activation of leptin receptor (Ob-R) in endothelial cells. However, it is not clear how leptin functions to promote multi-step processes involved in the neovascularization at the atherosclerotic plaque. We have examined the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and Ob-R in human atherosclerotic lesions, leptin-mediated angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Immunohistochemical analysis of human atherosclerotic aorta revealed an increased expression of Ob-R in the intima of neorevascularized regions and of both MMPs and TIMPs predominantly in the endothelial lining of intimal neovessels and macrophages/foam cells. In the rat corneal angiogenesis assay, leptin elicited a comparable sensitivity of angiogenic activity to those of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The immunohistological analysis of the leptin-treated rat cornea showed definitive rises in Ob-R, MMPs and TIMPs expression as well as those of VEGF receptor (VEGFR-1). Leptin (10-40 ng/ml) induced proliferation of the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and elevation of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Leptin also induced increases of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and Up-regulated the human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs). These findings suggest that leptin, a hormone with pluralistic properties including a mitogenic activity on vascular endothelial cells, plays a role in matrix remodeling by regulating the expression of MMPs and TIMPs. Taken together, our findings further provide evidences for leptin's role as an angiogenesis inducer in the normal organ (rat cornea) and in aberrant vasculature under duress like atherosclerosis.

This study sought to test the noninferiority of triple antiplatelet therapy (TAT) versus double-dose clopidogrel dual antiplatelet therapy (DDAT) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Antiplatelet regimen is an integral component of medical therapy after PCI. A 1-week duration of doubling the dose of clopidogrel was shown to improve outcome at 1 month compared with the conventional dose in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing PCI. Yet in Asia, the addition of cilostazol is used more commonly than DDAT in high-risk patients.We randomly assigned 3,755 all-comers undergoing PCI to either TAT or DDAT, which was continued for 1 month, to test the noninferiority of TAT versus DDAT. The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of net clinical outcome at 1 month post-PCI defined as the composite of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, and PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) major bleeding.TAT was noninferior to DDAT with respect to the primary outcome, which occurred in 1.2% and 1.4% of patients, respectively (-0.22% absolute difference, 0.34% 1-sided 97.5% confidence interval, p = 0.0007 for noninferiority; hazard ratio: 0.85; 95% confidence interval: 0.49 to 1.48; p = 0.558 for superiority). The individual risks of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, and PLATO major bleeding did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. There were no significant between-group differences in the treatment effect with regard to the rate of the primary outcome.The adjunctive use of cilostazol was noninferior to doubling the dose of clopidogrel for 1 month in all-comers undergoing PCI with exclusively drug-eluting stents. (Harmonizing Optimal Strategy for Treatment of Coronary Artery Stenosis-SAfetyEffectiveneSS of Drug-ElUting StentsAnti-platelet REgimen [HOST-ASSURE]; NCT01267734).

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is an increasingly used supportive measurement for patients with Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) complicated by cardiogenic shock. Despite its increasing use, clinical outcomes still remain very poor. We investigated the clinical features and predictors of 1

Background— It remains unclear whether there are differences in the safety and efficacy outcomes between everolimus-eluting stents (EES) and sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) in contemporary practice. Methods and Results— We prospectively enrolled 6166 consecutive patients who received EES (3081 patients) and SES (3085 patients) between April 2008 and June 2010, using data from the Interventional Cardiology Research In-Cooperation Society-Drug-Eluting Stents Registry. The primary end point was a composite of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), or target-vessel revascularization (TVR). At 2 years of follow-up, the 2 study groups did not differ significantly in crude risk of the primary end point (12.1% for EES versus 12.4% for SES; HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.84–1.12, P =0.66). After adjustment for differences in baseline risk factors, the adjusted risk for the primary end point remained similar for the 2 stent types (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.82–1.12, P =0.60). There were also no differences between the stent groups in the adjusted risks of the individual component of death (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.67–1.30, P =0.68), MI (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.79–1.18, P =0.74), and TVR (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.82–1.49, P =0.51). The adjusted risk of stent thrombosis also was similar (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.47–2.84, P =0.75). Conclusions— In contemporary practice of percutaneous coronary intervention procedures, the unrestricted use of EES and SES showed similar rates of safety and efficacy outcomes with regard to death, MI, sent thrombosis, and TVR. Future longer-term follow-up is needed to better define the relative benefits of these drug-eluting stents. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01070420.

Background Second-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) have raised the bar of clinical performance. These stents are mostly made from cobalt chromium alloy. A newer generation DES has been developed from platinum chromium alloy, but clinical data regarding the efficacy and safety of the platinum chromium-based everolimus-eluting stent (PtCr-EES) is limited, with no comparison data against the cobalt chromium-based zotarolimus-eluting stent (CoCr-ZES). In addition, an antiplatelet regimen is an integral component of medical therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A 1-week duration of doubling the dose of clopidogrel (double-dose antiplatelet therapy (DDAT)) was shown to improve outcome at 1 month compared with conventional dose in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing PCI. However in Asia, including Korea, the addition of cilostazol (triplet antiplatelet therapy (TAT)) is used more commonly than doubling the dose of clopidogrel in high-risk patients. Methods In the 'Harmonizing Optimal Strategy for Treatment of coronary artery stenosis - sAfety & effectiveneSS of drug-elUting stents & antiplatelet REgimen' (HOST-ASSURE) trial, approximately 3,750 patients are being prospectively and randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design according to the type of stent (PtCr-EES vs CoCr-ZES) and antiplatelet regimen (TAT vs DDAT). The first primary endpoint is target lesion failure at 1 year for the stent comparison, and the second primary endpoint is net clinical outcome at 1 month for comparison of antiplatelet therapy regimen. Discussion The HOST-ASSURE trial is the largest study yet performed to directly compare the efficacy and safety of the PtCr-EES versus CoCr-ZES in an 'all-comers' population. In addition, this study will also compare the clinical outcome of TAT versus DDAT for 1-month post PCI. Trial registration ClincalTrials.gov number NCT01267734.

Previously, we reported that dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans (DBLLs) from the fruit of Forsythia koreana NAKAI (Oleaceae) has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-asthmatic effects. In this study, to clarify the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of DBLL, we evaluated the effects of DBLLs on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) productions, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activations, inhibitor of κB (IκB) and inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) phosphorylations in cytosolic proteins, and cytotoxicity in Raw264.7 cells. DBLLs potently suppressed both the enzyme expression and DNA-binding activity of NF-κB. Arctiin, arctigenin (1.0 µM) and matairesinol (10 µM) inhibited the expression of iNOS by 37.71±2.86%, 32.51±4.28%, and 27.44±2.65%, respectively, and arctiin, arctigenin (0.1 µM) and matairesinol (1.0 µM) inhibited COX-2 expression by 37.93±7.81%, 26.70±4.61% and 29.37±5.21%, respectively. The inhibitory effects of DBLLs on NO and PGE(2) productions were the same patterns as those seen for the reductions in iNOS and COX-2 expression, respectively. Arctiin, arctigenin (1.0 µM) and matairesinol (10 µM) significantly (p0.05) inhibited NF-κB DNA binding by 44.85±6.67%, 44.16±6.61%, and 44.79±5.62%, respectively, and arctiin (0.1 µM) and arctigenin (1.0 µM) significantly (p0.05) inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB by 20.58±3.86% and 25.99±6.18%, respectively. Furthermore, arctiin, matairesinol (1.0 µM) and arctigenin (10 µM) inhibited the phosphorylation of IKK by 38.80±6.64%, 38.33±6.65%, and 38.57±8.14%, respectively. In addition, DBLLs potently inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of MAPKs (SAPK/c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and extracellular signal receptor-activated kinase (ERK)1/2). Overall, arctiin was the most effective; its effect was nearly the same as that of 10 µM helenalin. These findings suggest that treatment with non-toxic DBLLs inhibits not only NF-κB and NF-κB-regulated protein activation, but also potently inhibits the activations of specific MAPKs.

Treatments of choice for cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections are the removal of the entire CIED system, control of infection, and new device implantation. Occasionally, a complete CIED removal can not be performed for several reasons, such as very old age, severe comobidity, limited life expectancy, or refusal by a patient. We encountered a male patient who developed traumatic CIED infection five years after cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. An intravenous electrode could not be removed by a simple transvenous extraction procedure, and he refused surgical removal of the remnant electrode. After control of local infection, the tips of the electrode were separated and buried between muscles, and the wound was closed with a local flap. CIED infection did not recur for 12 months even without relying on long-term antimicrobial treatment.

Background and Objectives:The present study investigated differences in the effects of macrophages between neointimal formation after balloon (BI) and that after stent injury (SI) in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. We also studied the relationship between advanced glycation end products (AGE), the receptor for AGE (RAGE), and S100A8/A9 in the inflammatory reaction mediated by macrophages. Materials and Methods:Male New Zealand White rabbits fed with a 1% cholesterol diet for 2 weeks underwent balloon dilatation to one iliac artery, and stenting to the contralateral artery. Arteries were harvested at 7, 14, and 28 days after injury. Results:Sizes and cell numbers of neointima were higher in SI than in BI (p 0.05). Sizes and cell numbers of neointima in BI and SI increased significantly till 14 days (p 0.05). Macrophage num- bers increased until 28 days in the media of BI (p=0.003). Macrophage numbers increased at 14 days in the neointima of SI (p=0.001), but decreased at 28 days (p=0.014). Macrophage numbers were not changed in the media of SI. Cell numbers and area were significantly correlated with macrophage numbers in the neointima and media of BI, and in the neointima of SI (p

Lp(a) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) have recently been reported as predictors of plaque instability, but this is surrounded by much controversy. We investigated the influence of Lp(a) and CAC compared other acute coronary syndrome (ACS) risk factors. 698 patients diagnosed with at least minimal coronary artery obstructive disease from a coronary angiography were randomly selected using SPSS. Lp(a), other lipid profiles and past histories were checked, and CAC semi quantitatively graded on stored fluoroscopic images. The prevalence of CAC was significantly higher in the ACS than the non-ACS group (38.0% vs. 29.9%, p=0.026). The serum level of Lp(a) (26.89 +/- 30.64 vs. 20.85 +/- 21.63, p0.01) and prevalence of positive Lp(a) (35 mg/dl) was higher in the ACS group (24% vs. 15.7%, p0.01). The risk of ACS was higher in the patients with both CAC and elevated an Lp(a) than in those with only one (OR: 2.16, p=0.009, 95% CI; 1.213 - 3.843 vs. OR: 1.79, p0.001, 95% CI; 1.300 - 2.456). The risk of ACS was increased 1.451 times (p=0.040, 95% CI; 1.071- 2.071) in patients with CAC and 1.648 times (p=0.014, 95% CI; 1.107- 2.455) in patients with a Lp(a)35 mg/dl. In the younger patients (60 years), the Lp(a), but not the CAC, was an independent risk factor for ACS (OR=2.248, p=0.005, 95% CI; 1.281-3.943). In the older patients (60 years), CAC, but not the Lp(a), was an independent risk factor (OR=1.775, p=0.021, 95% CI; 1.090 - 2.890). Both the Lp(a) and CAC were risk factors for ACS, and they had a synergistic effect on its development. In the younger Lp(a), and the older CAC, was the more potent risk factor for ACS, respectively.

The present study in angulated coronary stenosis used human in vivo hemodynamic parameters and computed simulation, both qualitatively and qualitatively, to evaluate the influence of flow velocity and wall shear stress (WSS) on coronary atherosclerosis, the changes of hemodynamic indices following coronary stenting, and their effect on evolving in-stent restenosis. Initial and follow-up coronary angiographies in patients with angulated coronary stenosis were performed (n=60). The optimal degree of coronary stenting for angulated coronary stenosis had two models, the less than 50% angle changed group (model 1, n=33) and the more than 50% angle changed group (model 2, n=27). This angle change was based on the percentage change of vascular angle between pre- and post-intracoronary stenting. The flow-velocity wave obtained from in vivo intracoronary Doppler study data was used for in vitro numerical simulation. Spatial and temporal patterns of the flow-velocity vector and recirculation area were drawn throughout the selected segment of coronary models. WSS of pre- and post-intracoronary stenting was calculated from three-dimensional computer simulation. As results, follow-up coronary angiogram demonstrated significant difference in the percentage of diameter stenosis between the two groups (group 1: 40.3 +/- 30.2 vs. group 2: 25.5 +/- 22.5%, p < 0.05). Negative shear area on 3D simulation, which is consistent with the re-circulation area of flow vector, was noted on the inner wall of the post-stenotic area before stenting. The negative WSS disappeared after stenting. High spatial and temporal WSS before stenting fell within the range of physiologic WSS after stenting. This finding was more prominent in model 2 (p < 0.01). The present study suggests that hemodynamic forces exerted by pulsatile coronary circulation, termed WSS, might affect the evolution of atherosclerosis within the angulated vascular curvature. Moreover, geometric characteristics, such as the angular difference between pre- and post- intracoronary stenting might define optimal rheologic properties for vascular repair after stenting.

The role of autoantibody against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether autoantibodies against malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified LDL are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) and clinical presentations of CAD in non-diabetic patients without acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We determined the serum levels of autoantibody against MDA-modified LDL by ELISA in 71 patients with angiographically significant CAD (> or = 50% diameter stenosis in at least 1 vessel) and 80 controls without angiographically significant CAD. Among the total 151 subjects, 30 subjects did not have any clinical ischemic event, 90 subjects had stable angina symptoms, and 31 subjects had unstable angina symptoms. The autoantibody titer, expressed mean optical density units, was significantly higher in patients with CAD than in controls (0.177 +/- 0.014 versus 0.127 +/- 0.011, respectively; p=0.006) and higher in unstable angina group than in stable angina group (0.240 +/- 0.025 versus 0.145 +/- 0.007, respectively; p < 0.001). By logistic regression analysis, the high autoantibody titer was associated significantly with CAD (P=0.008), independent of age, gender, body mass index, triglyceride concentration, and the ratio of total cholesterol-high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In multiple regression analysis, presence of CAD, smoking history and low HDL-cholesterol level were independent factors associated with a increased anti-oxLDL Ab titer. The autoantibody titer was significantly lower in nonsmoker than smoker (p=0.019) and higher in low HDL- cholesterol (< or = 35 mg/dl) group than in high HDL-cholesterol group (p=0.012). Elevated autoantibody titer was associated with CAD and the unstable clinical presentation of CAD. Our results suggest that immune response to oxidized LDL may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and plaque instability.

Aortic interruption is a very rare disease that can be classified into congenital and acquired aortic interruption. Congenital aortic interruption generally implies an interruption of the aortic arch and no case of congenital abdominal aortic interruption has been reported. Acquired aortic interruption, on the other hand, can be caused by atherosclerosis, thrombosis, saddle embolism, and arteritis such as Takayasu arteritis. We experienced a case of congenital abdominal aortic interruption accompanied by one well-developed collateral flow presented with secondary hypertension in a 28-year-old female patient. ( ( ( (Korean Circulation J 2001;31(12 :1336-1339