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Despite the long history of geological exploration and scientific research in the Caspian region many issues of its oil and gas geological zoning remain controversial, including justification the boundaries of oil and gas provinces at the ancient and young platforms: PreCaspian, Ciscaucasia-Mangyshlak and North-Ustyurt. This paper discusses problems of the ancient and young platforms sedimentary cover’s oil and gas zoning using the example of Pre-Caspian region. It is proposed to carry out oil and gas geological zoning of these regions with taking into account the types of the Earth’s crust sections and sedimentary cover’s hydrocarbon systems types, as well as the types of the main oil and gas complexes’ structures. The type of the Earth’s crust section is crucial upon identification oil and gas provinces boundaries; the type of hydrocarbon systems is in the foreground when identifying sub provinces; and the boundaries of oil and gas regions are determined by the main types of oil and gas complexes’ sections and structures.In the Pre-Caspian province three sub-provinces are identified and their oil and gas potential is characterized. The proposed boundaries of the province closely coincide with the distribution contours of the Kungur saliferous strata with considerable thickness (hundreds of meters). Due to the lack of a clear structural boundary between the Paleozoic hydrocarbon systems the Pre-Caspian and Volga-Ural oil and gas provinces are proposed to be considered as a single marginal-continental oil and gas mega-province. The obtained materials and conclusions can serve as a basis for basin modeling and hydrocarbon resources forecast’s refinement.

In this article, the issues of fluid outflow from vertical cylindrical tanks through various bottom openings were investigated. The solution of the problem was reduced to the solution of the Cauchy problem, which was obtained analytically and numerically in the environment of the Mathcad package using built-in functions. The presented algorithms and Mathcad documents allow us to obtain a priori information about the hydrodynamic modes of emptying vessels, which increase the reliability, safety and durability of containers for storing petrochemical products.

We study the monopolistic competition model of Dixit–Stiglitz–Krugman with additive separable utility and transport costs of “iceberg types”. The production costs are not necessary linear. We study two concepts: market equilibrium and social optimality. There are well-known facts in the closed economy under monopolistic competition: (1) “in market equilibrium, the elasticity of revenue equals the elasticity of total costs” and (2) “in social optimality, the elasticity of utility equals the elasticity of total costs”. Moreover, earlier Prof. Sergey Kokovin (HSE University, Russia) generated the idea that (3) “the search for equilibrium is equivalent to the problem of optimization, but revenue, not utility”. For the case of several countries, it turns out that facts (1) and (2) and prediction (3) remain mostly true.

Structural reform of railway transport of Russia realized within the last 20 years is synthesized descriptive and standard approaches to the analysis of the large-scale institutional project. Quantitative indices and the qualitative expert judgments testifying to ambiguity of results of long-term reforming are given. The conclusion is drawn that Reform did not lead to transformation of the railways of Russia into an effective remedy of transformation of industrial economy where they were rather effective, in modern high-speed hi-tech transport communication, congruent to the future society of the knowledge, identified today with digital economy. Offers on the content of options of the further reform development and the mechanism of its management are formulated.

Subject of Research. The paper presents results of the experimental study on the dependence of the noise floor level of a fiber-optic interferometric sensor array on the gain factor of operational amplifiers located on the signal processing board and connected in series into a single cascade. Method. The fiber-optic interferometric sensor array is based on Michelson interferometers, arrayed with time division multiplexing. Operational amplifier cascade consists of a variable operational amplifier and a current feedback operational amplifier (transimpedance amplifier), which converts the photocurrent from the photodiode to voltage. A signal from the photodetector is transmitted to transimpedance amplifier, which has two operating modes with gain factors equal to 0 and 6 dB, and then to programmed operational amplifier, which additionally amplifies the incoming electric signal in the range from 0 to 40 dB. Further, enhanced signals from the amplifier cascade are fed to analog-todigital converter and then they are demodulated. During the experiment the fiber-optic sensor array under research was closed off from external vibroacoustic impacts on the sensor. Noise signals from four sensors were recorded after demodulation into data files at the various values of gain factors of operational amplifiers. Spectral estimations of noise floor levels of the fiberoptic interferometric sensors were performed by the averaged modified periodogram method depending on the gain factors of operational amplifiers. Main Results. The following minimal average noise floor levels were obtained: 65 urad/Hz0.5 at 1000 Hz with the gain factor of the current feedback operational amplifier equal to 6 dB and the gain factor of the variable operational amplifier equal to 12 dB, and 80 urad/Hz0.5 at 1000 Hz with the gain factor of the current feedback operational amplifier equal to 0 dB and the gain factor of the variable operational amplifier equal to 20 dB. Practical Relevance. The study has shown that optimal operating conditions are achieved with the gain factor of the current feedback operational amplifier equal to 6 dB and in the range of the gain factor of the variable operational amplifier from 5 dB to 20 dB, which provided the minimal average noise floor level of the fiber-optic interferometric sensors at the level of 65–70 urad/Hz0.5. The proposed method of applying operational amplifiers is usable for the amplification of optical signals from the fiber-optic multiplexed sensor array without significant deterioration of their noise performance in case of the optimal operating domain selection.

Operation of railway rolling stock is accompanied by high costs of maintaining its operating condition throughout the entire period of operation. To improve the operation efficiency of rolling stock, methods and diagnostics tools have been developed, which are used both in its manufacture and in carrying out maintenance and repairs, and as an independent technological process. Diagnostics allows to increase the availability factor and the probability of uptime of the rolling stock, reduce the complexity and cost of periodic maintenance of its nodes. The article proposes a new integrated method for estimating discontinuities in parts and units of railway rolling stock according to the amplitude — distance — diameter diagrams by the standardless method with the possibility of determining the type of discontinuity by the dual-frequency method of flaw-detection with a manual ultrasonic testing with a single-channel ultrasonic flaw detector. Developed method is most relevant in the control of cast parts of railway rolling stock, since castings can be equally likely to contain bulk (pores, shells, nonmetallic inclusions, etc.) and planar discontinuities (cracks of different origin; flocks; segregations that lead to violation continuity, etc.). Proposed method allows estimating the discontinuity by comparing the amplitude of the echo signal from it with the corresponding type of tuning reflector: if the discontinuity is planar as a result of using the two-frequency flaw-detection method, the comparison is carried out with the amplitude of the flat-bottomed cylindrical reflector; if the discontinuity is volumetric, then the comparison is made with the amplitude from the spherical reflector. The article describes the algorithm that was developed to automate the calculation of the parameters of the amplitude — distance — diameter diagram, the parameters of the use of the two-frequency method, and also the estimation of the detected discontinuities, and, based on it, the NDTRT-25 software that allows ensuring the convenience of the operator-diagnostician.

Subject of Research. The paper presents experimental study results of the gain factor effect of an erbium doped fiber amplifier on the noise floor level of a fiber-optic interferometric acoustic sensor. Fiber-optic sensor is based on a Michelson interferometer. The optical amplifier is located behind the compensating interferometer which induces the auxiliary phase modulation to the interference signal. The homodyne demodulation algorithm is used to recover the sensor phase signal. Method. During the experiment there were no external acoustical impacts on the sensor. The power control of optical signals from the fiber amplifier was performed. Noise signals from the sensor were written into data files under the different values of the fiber amplifier gain factor. Spectral estimations of the noise floor level of the fiber-optic interferometric sensor were performed by the averaged modified periodogram method under the different values of the fiber amplifier gain factor. Obtained results were used to define the dependence of the noise floor level of the fiber-optic interferometric sensor on the fiber amplifier gain factor. Main Results. Mean noise floor levels were equal to 64 urad/Hz0.5 at 355 Hz, 68 urad/Hz0.5 at 450 Hz and 66 urad/Hz0.5 at 500 Hz. Experimental results showed insignificant increase of the noise floor level of the fiber-optic interferometric sensor with the growth of the optical amplifier gain factor from 14.6 dB to 25.8 dB. The gain factor increase was about several percent and did not exceed inaccuracies of performed measurements. Practical Relevance. The absence of significant changes in the noise floor level of the considered fiber-optic sensor with the changing of the fiber amplifier gain factor is caused by the intensity noise suppression of the used demodulation scheme. The considered fiber amplifier might be used for the amplification of optical signals from the fiber-optic multiplexed array of fiber-optic sensors without the significant deterioration of their noise performance on condition that the homodyne demodulation algorithm with the intensity noise suppression is used.

Studies have established the effect of ekobentokorm (TU 9283-199-10514645-13-2013) on the metabolism of cows and the natural resistance of young black-and-white breed. The physiological state of cows was assessed by morphological and biochemical studies of blood, in which changes in the body’s metabolic processes were tracked in dynamics according to the following indicators: the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin level, total protein and protein fractions, glucose, urea, aminotransferases (AST, ALT), total calcium and inorganic phosphorus, trace elements (Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu) and carotene. The indicators characterizing the natural resistance of young animals were studied: red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, color index, total protein and protein fractions, phagocytic activity of neutrophil granulocytes, bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum, the content and concentration of T-and B-lymphocytes, the level of circulating immune complexes (CIC). As a result of the conducted research, it was found that ekobentokorm has high biological activity, improves morphological and biochemical parameters of cows blood, and also increases milk productivity. It has a pronounced stimulating effect on the immunocompetent systems of the body of young animals, as a result of which the level of non-specific protection of the animal increases.

In connection with the crisis increases the relevance of audit control in the Russian economy. Great influence on the modern accounting in Russia have been successfully carried out reforms and existing engineering mechanisms in the system of auditing controls. The article shows the different interpretations of the concept of “engineering”, and discusses the methodology, methods and mechanisms of functioning of engineering mechanisms in the system audit trail, as well as the main directions of the use of accounting and auditing engineering and basic engineering of accounting tools of various kinds. Model instruments and statutory audit of engineering are used in a variety of processes, not only at the micro level, but also at the meso and macro levels. The article identified and grouped the main problems of further development of Russian accounting and reporting. Showing difficulties that do not allow to apply international auditing standards in full, as well as proposed solutions to these problems. As one of these solutions to the identified problems proposed accounting model for using engineering mechanisms in the audit.

Clinical and immunological parallels in inflammatory periodontal diseases are considered taking into account some features of the functioning of general and local structures of the immune system in periodontitis of varying severity, chronic generalized periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis. In the analysis of immunopathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases, an essential role is given to an imbalance in the immune and cytokine system.

The greatest success in improving the breeding and productive qualities of Hereford cattle can be achieved through the use of high-value breeding bulls. The role of producers at the modern stages of beef cattle breeding has increased dramatically, so the evaluation of bulls by the quality of offspring has become an important breeding event to improve and create highly productive herds of beef cattle. At the same time, the use of bulls that are predisposed to various diseases or the deterioration of their offspring can cause irreparable negative consequences for beef cattle breeding. In the course of research work in the conditions of the farm, studies were conducted to assess the quality of bulls-producers of the Hereford breed of cattle. Evaluation of Hereford bulls by the quality of offspring in farm conditions will increase the efficiency of herd reproduction technology in beef cattle breeding, allow rational use of bulls, get a high yield of calves (90-95%), organize the accuracy of accounting for the origin of young animals, increase the level of breeding work to improve the productive, breeding qualities of animals and create highly productive herds of Hereford cattle in a shorter time.

Analysis of available published geological-geophysical data by the new seismic data CDP and drilling allowed making a conclusion that there are two groups spatially separated salt dome structures within the Chu-Sarysu basin. Age of rocks in the cores of the Permian salt structures in the north-west and the Devonian in the southeast, and not only the Devonian as previously thought. The shear-thrust movements are the decisive role in the development history of the Permian salt domes in northwestern Chu-Sarysu basin.

Up-to-date vehicles are equipped by various systems of braking effort automatic control theparameters calculation of which do not as a rule have a rational solution. In order to increase theworking efficiency of such systems it is necessary to have the data concerning the impact of variousoperational factors on processes occurring at braking of the object of adjustment (vehicle wheel).Data availability concerning the impact of operational factors allows to decrease geometricalparameters of adjustment devices (modulators) and maintain their efficient operation under variousexploitation conditions of vehicle’s motion.

The known methods of the realized rate of tyre coefficient of cohesion with the supporting surface at wheel rolling in the brake mode are analysed. The comparison of the obtained φ – S planes with the experimental one for the purpose of determining the most suitable method of practical calculation cohesion is carried out. It is established that the maximum (φmax) calculation coefficient of cohesion essentially depends on the vertical load applied to the wheel, and a variant allowing to calculate this phenomenon at φ – S planes calculation is offered.

The researches in the area of undermined rock massifs estimate the influence of advancing speed of mining stopes on earth’s surface shift-ing ambiguously. It reflects the lack of maturity of this trend. The aim of this paper is to establish the relationship between subsidence of individual points on the surface profile line along strike and the speed of stope’s advancing, taking into account other influencing factors. Dependencies of displacement of certain points of the earth’s surface undermined during mining operations can be identified by frequency instrumental observations on the profile lines. Further analysis is made by mathematical methods, in-cluding the random number theory. In the formation of the dynamic downfold of displacement the relationship between advancing speed and subsiding of individual points in the “behind the face” half-downfold can-not be traced. In the “front face” half-downfold the increase of mining stope advancing speed reduces dynamic subsidence. In the paper empirical relationships between subsidence of individual points on the surface and the position of the working face were shown.

The results of systematic instrumental observations of Earth’s surface’s subsidence which was undermined by SHM (Superior Highwall Miners) are given. The regularities of subsidence are revealed. The empirical relationships are established. The methodical provisions for calculating the expected displacements and deformations of the undermined earth’s surface are given.

Abstract: Seismostratigraphic analysis of Paleogene deposits in northeastern Ustyurt was carried out. Four seismostratigraphic complexes have been recognized: Paleocene–Ypresian, Lutetian–Bartonian (Tasaran unit), Bartonian–Priabonian (Saksaul’skaya–Chegan), and Oligocene. We have established for the first time the clinoform structure of the Tasaran and Saksaul’skaya–Chegan complexes, which explains various concepts of their age. Seismostratigraphic analysis must be an integral part of stratigraphic research, which will significantly increase the reliability of correlation between geological sequences. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]