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La relación entre la inasistencia a la escuela y la participación en economías delictivas está ampliamente documentada en la literatura sobre la delincuencia juvenil. Sin embargo, la compleja conexión entre estos dos fenómenos aún no se ha esclarecido por completo. Este trabajo se basa en dos estudios que nosotras, las autoras, hemos llevado a cabo por separado en donde se explora el papel que juegan las experiencias educativas en la formación de las trayectorias delictivas de hombres jóvenes y adolescentes que participan en el negocio de las drogas en los centros urbanos ubicados en México y Colombia. El primer estudio consiste en entrevistas a profundidad y encuestas realizadas en Ciudad Juárez (México), mientras que el segundo se basa en un trabajo etnográfico de largo plazo en Medellín (Colombia). En este artículo proporcionamos una visión única de las experiencias educativas de esta población de difícil acceso y descubrimos que las dificultades económicas no explican del todo por qué estos jóvenes dejan la escuela y se dedican a actividades delictivas. Estos jóvenes no "abandonan" la escuela en busca de dinero, sino que son "expulsados" por un círculo vicioso de estigmatización, segregación, castigo y exclusión. Al explorar estas dinámicas en dos ciudades que han visto prolongadas guerras contra las drogas, este artículo promueve una comprensión más matizada del nexo entre la violencia relacionada con el delito y las experiencias educativas, haciendo así una importante contribución al área de la educación en emergencias (EeE).

The relation between being out of school and participating in criminal economies is widely documented in the literature on youth delinquency. However, the complex connection between these two phenomena has not yet been fully unpacked. This paper draws from two studies that we, the authors, conducted separately to explore the role educational experiences play in shaping the delinquent trajectories of male youth who participate in the drug business in urban centers located in Mexico and Colombia. The first consists of in-depth interviews and surveys conducted in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, while the second is based on long-term ethnographic engagement in Medellín, Colombia. We provide unique insights into the educational experiences of this hard-to-reach population and find that economic hardship does not wholly explain why these young people leave school and engage in delinquent activities. These youth do not "drop out" of school in search of money; rather, they are "pushed out" by a vicious cycle of stigmatization, segregation, punishment, and exclusion. By exploring these dynamics in two cities that have waged long drug wars, this article furthers understanding of the nexus between crime-related violence and educational experiences, thus making an important contribution to the field of education in emergencies.

The relation between being out of school and participating in criminal economies is widely documented in the literature on youth delinquency. However, the complex connection between these two phenomena has not yet been fully unpacked. This paper draws from two studies that we, the authors, conducted separately to explore the role educational experiences play in shaping the delinquent trajectories of male youth who participate in the drug business in urban centers located in Mexico and Colombia. The first consists of in-depth interviews and surveys conducted in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, while the second is based on long-term ethnographic engagement in Medellín, Colombia. We provide unique insights into the educational experiences of this hard-to-reach population and find that economic hardship does not wholly explain why these young people leave school and engage in delinquent activities. These youth do not "drop out" of school in search of money; rather, they are "pushed out" by a vicious cycle of stigmatization, segregation, punishment, and exclusion. By exploring these dynamics in two cities that have waged long drug wars, this article furthers understanding of the nexus between crime-related violence and educational experiences, thus making an important contribution to the field of education in emergencies.

The surge of transnational illicit economies has led to important transformations in gang structures and cultures. From locally-bound, solidarity-driven institutions, gangs have morphed into globally-connected, market-driven ones. But how has this change affected the way young gang members relate to each other? This paper explores this question in the particular case of Medellín (Colombia), based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork with adolescents working at the low ends of narco-gangs. It traces the evolution of gangs from the 1970s galladas – peer groups of kids who sought to support each other – to today's pandillas – ruthless and profit-driven groups that operate as the local franchises of larger criminal organizations. The paper argues that the co-optation of youth gangs by transnational organized crime has drastically reduced the sense of protection, inclusion, and belonging that gangs provide to their youngest members. It has also hampered the role of gangs as institutions of cultural resistance and critique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stent implantation of renal stenosis (RS) has been reported on extensively; this technique is perceived as superior to balloon angioplasty alone and less invasive than surgical revascularization. With the development of new accessories and stents, we can now improve and optimize procedural and clinical results. In this pilot study, we tested an alternative minimally invasive approach for renal stenting: the transradial artery catheterization (TAC) and a 6 French (Fr) system for stenting., Methods: In this feasibility study, we enrolled patients with RS uncontrolled hypertension and/or chronic renal insufficiency. After assuring good dual blood supply (Allen test), TAC was attempted. The guiding catheters chosen for stenting were 6 Fr (0.70 ) Zuma 2 (Medtronic AVE, Santa Rosa, California). The selection of the guiding catheter was performed with respect to back-up support and coaxial alignment. RS were crossed with a coronary extra support guidewire (0.0.14 mailman, Boston Scientific/Scimed, Maple Grove, Minnesota). A balloon angioplasty before stenting was performed only in presence of subocclusive calcified stenosis, otherwise direct stenting was performed. We used low profile stents (12 16 mm LP Sulzer stent, IntraTherapeutics Inc., Minnesota) manually crimped on monorail balloon (5.0 6.0 mm x 20 mm). Immediately after completion of the procedure, the sheath was removed and a selective radial artery compression device was used for hemostasis. Patients were not restricted to bedrest, but were discharged the following day., Results: There were 25 patients in the study population. Procedural indications were poorly controlled hypertension in 15/25 patients and/or preservation of renal function in 10/25 patients. Procedural success was obtained in 27/27 lesions (100%). Direct stenting was performed in 24/27 stenosis; predilatation was necessary in 3/27. We used 1 stent per lesion. The mean fluoro time was 7 5 minutes/lesion and mean procedural time was 14 5 minutes/lesion. No procedural and clinical complications occurred during the procedures upon the discharge., Conclusions: Our results confirmed the safety of this approach in the treatment of RS. The devices used in the study were those traditionally used for coronary procedures. The adoption of these materials and techniques have simplified the procedure and has permitted a reduction of fluoro and procedural time. An additional advantage has been the passive achievement of hemostasis by pressure devices reducing the workload of nursing and medical staff with elimination of bleeding complications that allowed immediate post procedural ambulation.