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Background: Typhoid infection is an insidious onset type of fever and some other gastrointestinal disorders which may have a fatal outcome. The causative agents are Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, and Salmonella paratyphi B. Clinical features include, gradual rising fever, white coated tongue, and severe degree of malaise, drowsiness and pain in abdomen, perforation with bleeding in the intestines, shock and death. It involves mostly male victims of school going age. It is water born disease which spreads due to poor sanitation mostly in congested populated areas. According to World Health Organization sixteen to seventeen million typhoid fever cases were reported annually, out of which 600,000 died. Typhoid fever is 10 to 29 times more in subcontinent than China. Infection only occurs when food is handled by infected person. Isolated strains of Salmonella spp from suspected cases show resistance against routine antibiotics and the modern antibiotics are much more expensive and un affordable. Conclusion: Need of this review is especially for Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) manufactured by some types of fungi introduced by recent researchers have an edge to control or treat some sort of infections due to their antibacterial properties. In this study these (AgNPs) in the form of suspension, give positive results against the Salmonella species. It enables us to treat the typhoid infection in a less expensive way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic dental injuries are emergencies that must be treated promptly. These injuries are common among children; with the maxillary anterior teeth being usually affected causing functional and esthetic problems. Consequences of dental trauma include, speech defects, pulp necrosis, apical radiolucencies, partial or total pulp calcification, root resorption and marginal periodontal bone loss and the possibility that trauma from occlusion might contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. This study focused on the periodontal health of traumatized teeth of young boys from schools in Lahore (n=449). The students were examined by six calibrated dentists in natural light, with the student sitting on a chair using dental examination kit (dental mirror & probe). Findings were recorded on a WHO oral assessment form for CPITN and dental trauma index. The study reported a mean CPITN 2.42 ± 0.78 and mean dental trauma index 2.10 ± 0.71. The average age of the sample was 12 ± 1.92. The sample also highlighted that 31% developed post trauma pocket. The results showed that only 11% (50) of the sample received treatment for trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the lumbar core stability in club-level cricket bowlers., Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan from July 15 to December 10, 2022, after approval from the ethics review board Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad, and comprised male, club-level, hard-ball cricket bowlers aged 18-24 years. Data was collected through a self-structured demographic sheet, and core stability was assessed using McGill Torso Muscle Endurance Test Battery. Data was analysed using SPSS 21., Results: There were 296 male subjects with a mean age of 20.1±1.77 years. Of them, 90(30.4%) bowlers had good lumbar flexion-to-extension ratio and 206(69.6%) had poor ratio. Lateral endurance test of right-to-left side-bridge ratio showed 71(24%) players in the good category, and 225(76%) in the poor category. The ratio of right lateral endurance to lumbar extensor was good in 55(18.6%) and poor in 241(81.4%) subjects. The ratio of left lateral endurance to lumbar extensor endurance was good in 40(13.5%) players and poor in 256(86.5%)., Conclusions: Lumbar core stability was found to be quite poor among club-level cricket bowlers of Rawalpindi and Islamabad.