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Investigar el efecto de los diferentes patrones respiratorios (respiración espontánea como control, hiperventilación y espiración forzada) sobre variables bioquímicas, cardiorrespiratorias y de rendimiento tras una prueba específica de tenis. Trece tenistas, varones, bien entrenados y clasificados a nivel nacional participaron en este estudio. En tres sesiones diferentes, los jugadores realizaron un simulacro de entrenamiento de carrera lateral, modificando únicamente el patrón respiratorio (hiperventilación, espiración forzada o respiración espontánea) durante los períodos de recuperación de forma aleatoria y contrabalanceada. No se encontraron diferencias entre las tres pruebas en variables bioquímicas (pH: F2,12=0.118, P=0.890; pCO2: F2,24=1.24, P=0.307;[HCO3-]: F2,24=3.257, P=0.056;[La-] F2,24=0.179, P=0.838) excepto para el exceso de base (BE; F2,24=4.339, P=0.025). Por otra parte, la ventilación y la frecuencia respiratoria fueron diferentes entre las pruebas (VE: F2,24=23.134, P< 0.001; BF: F2,24=74.633, P< 0.001, respectivamente), mientras que VO2 y frecuencia cardíaca fueron similares (VO2: F2,24=0.031, P=0.9691; HR: F2,24=1.213, P=0.315, respectivamente). Finalmente, no se observaron diferencias relevantes para las variables de rendimiento, siendo la carrera media, la carrera máxima y la carrera de precisión similares entre las tres pruebas (F2,36=0.043, P=0.958; F2,36=0.007, P=0.993; F2,36=0.435, P=0.651, respectivamente). Parece que el rendimiento durante un entrenamiento de tenis submáximo específico no se ve influenciado por el patrón de respiración utilizado durante las recuperaciones. Por lo tanto, alterar el patrón de respiración no parece una buena estrategia para modificar el estado ácido-base durante la práctica del tenis.

To investigate the effect of different breathing patterns (spontaneous breathing as a control, hyperventilation and forced exhalation) on biochemical, cardiorespiratory and performance variables following a specific tennis test. Thirteen trained nationally ranked male tennis participated in this study. In three different sessions the players performed a passing-shot drill test, only modifying the breathing pattern (hyperventilation, forced exhalation or spontaneous breathing) during the recovery periods in randomized and counterbalance manner. No differences were found between the three tests in biochemical variables (pH: F2,12=0.118, P=0.890; pCO2: F2,24=1.24, P=0.307; [HCO3-]: F2,24=3.257, P=0.056; [La-] F2,24=0.179, P=0.838) except for the base excess (BE; F2,24=4.339, P=0.025). On the other hand, ventilation and breathing frequency were different among the test (VE: F2,24=23.134, P

Physiology and performance of uphill time-trials (TT) in professional road cycling have been previously described (Lucia A et al., 2004; Padilla S, Mujika I, Orbañanos J, & Angulo F, 2000; Padilla S, Mujika I, Santisteban J, Impellizzeri FM, & Goiriena JJ, 2008). Recent field-based uphill trials focused on power output due to its reliability and accuracy to assess aerobic and anaerobic performance (Bossi AH, Lima P, Perrout de Lima J, & Hopker J, 2016; Vogt et al., 2008; Vogt et al., 2007). However few studies have attempted to correlate the different physiological and performances variables in field conditions.

La práctica de actividad física y del deporte ha dado muestras indiscutibles sobre su relación con un buen estado de salud, tanto mental como corporal. Sin embargo, también entraña riesgos que pueden mermar la calidad de vida del practicante, siendo uno de los más comunes e importantes el riesgo de sufrir una lesión deportiva. Actualmente, se han dado respuesta a los factores de riesgo internos y externos que pueden afectar a que un deportista, tanto a nivel profesional como recreativo, pueda sufrir una lesión, pero pocos estudios se han realizado para evaluar la incidencia, la prevalencia y la severidad de las lesiones, en personas sedentarias con sobrepeso y obesidad que deciden comenzar a entrenar y/o a realizar actividad física. Incluso en aquellos casos que por razones clínicas, deben incluir el ejercicio físico como una parte integral del tratamiento terapéutico. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio fue analizar la incidencia, prevalencia y severidad de las lesiones deportivas registradas en los protocolos de entrenamiento desarrollados durante el proyecto de Nutrición y Actividad Física para el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad (PRONAF). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se evaluó el efecto y el grado de asociación entre la incidencia de lesión y la composición corporal, el sexo o el protocolo de entrenamiento. Por otro lado, se observó la localización anatómica más común de las lesiones en cada una de las fases. Por último, se propuso una ecuación para estimar el riesgo de lesión en sujetos en sobrepeso y obesidad, antes de comenzar un programa de ejercicio controlado. Un total de 167 adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad sanos (77 hombres, 90 mujeres) fueron evaluados durante el proyecto mediante un registro de lesiones previamente validado. Los principales resultados de este trabajo mostraron que un 47,3% de los participantes sufrió, al menos, una lesión o dolencia durante el programa de intervención, observando una incidencia de 1,22 lesiones por cada 100 horas de entrenamiento. No obstante, se observó que el 80,2% de las lesiones fueron menores (de 1 a 7 días). La rodilla fue la localización que mayor proporción de lesiones registró durante la intervención. Por otro lado, no se observaron asociaciones significativas entre la fase de sobrepeso y la fase de obesidad, ni entre ser hombre o mujer y sufrir más lesiones durante la intervención. Sin embargo, los protocolos de entrenamiento que incluyen cargas, mostraron hasta cinco veces más riesgo de sufrir una lesión que el protocolo que no las incluyó. Por último, se propuso una ecuación para predecir la influencia de las variables fase, lesión previa, protocolo de entrenamiento, sexo y edad para predecir el riesgo de lesión en una población con sobrepeso y obesidad que incluya los protocolos de entrenamiento propuestos en el proyecto PRONAF. ABSTRACT The practice of physical activity and sport has indisputable signs on his relationship with a good health, both mental and physical. However, it is true that also risks that may impair the quality of life of the practitioner, one of the most common and important risk of sports injury. However, although they have responded to factors internal and external risks that may affect an athlete, both professional and recreational may suffer an injury, few studies have been conducted to assess the incidence and prevalence of injuries in sedentary people who decide to start training and / or physical activity. Even in those cases for clinical reasons, such as overweight and obesity, should include exercise as an integral part of therapy. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the incidence, prevalence and severity of sports injuries registered training protocols developed during the project's Nutrition and Physical Activity for the treatment of overweight and obesity (PRONAF). A descriptive analysis was performed and the effect and the degree of association between the incidence of injury and body composition, sex or training protocol was evaluated. Furthermore, the most common anatomical injury location in each of the phases were observed. Finally, an equation for estimating the risk of injury in overweight and obese subjects, before starting a controlled exercise program was proposed A total of 167 healthy adults with overweight and obesity (77 men, 90 women) were evaluated during the project using a previously validated record injuries. The main results of this study showed that 47.3% of participants experienced at least one injury or illness during the intervention program, having an incidence of 1.22 injuries per 100 hours of training. However, it was observed that 80.2% of injuries were lower (1 to 7 days). Knee location was higher proportion of lesions that recorded during the procedure. On the other hand, no significant associations between the phase of overweight and obesity were observed phase or between being male or female and further injury during project. However, training protocols that included loads, showed up to five times the risk of injury to the protocol did not include them. Finally, an equation was proposed to predict the influence of the phase, previous injury, training protocol, sex and age to observe the risk of injury in a population of overweight and obesity with includes the training protocols proposed in the PRONAF project.

Cambios en los Ratios lipoproteicos tras una intervención de pérdida de peso con ejercicio.

Existen pocos estudios sobre la incidencia y la prevalencia de lesiones en personas sedentarias que deciden comenzar a realizar actividad física. Sobre todo, en aquellos casos que deben incluir el ejercicio físico como una parte integral del tratamiento terapéutico.

Purpose: To provide for the basis for collecting strength training data using a rigorously validated injury report form. Methods: A group of specialist designed a questionnaire of 45 item grouped into 4 dimensions. Six stages were used to assess face, content, and criterion validity of the weight training injury report form. A 13 members panel assessed the form for face validity, and an expert panel assessed it for content and criterion validity. Panel members were consulted until consensus was reached. A yardstick developed by an expert panel using Intraclass correlation technique was used to assess the reability of the form. Test-retest reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).The strength training injury report form was developed, and the face, content, and criterion validity successfully assessed. A six step protocol to create a yardstick was also developed to assist in the validation process. Both inter-rater and intra rater reliability results indicated a 98% agreement. Inter-rater reliability agreement of 98% for three injuries. Results: The Cronbach?s alpha of the questionnaire was 0.944 (pmenor que0.01) and the ICC of the entire questionnaire was 0.894 (pmenor que0.01). Conclusion: The questionnaire gathers together enough psychometric properties to be considered a valid and reliable tool for register injury data in strength training, and providing researchers with a basis for future studies in this area. Key Words: data collection; validation; injury prevention; strength training

Purpose: This systematic review examines what is known about injuries in strength training. Methods: A systematic search was performed in PubMed and SportDiscus. Studies were included if they examined powerlifters, weightlifters, strongman athletes, bodybuilding athletes, individuals who undertook recreational weight training or weight training to complement athletic performance. Exposure variables were incidence, severity and body part injury. Results: After examining 1214 titles and abstracts, 62 articles were identified as potentially relevant. Finally, 11 were included in this systematic review. Conflicting results were reported on the relationships between injury definition and incidence or severity recorded. The lower back followed by the shoulder and knee are the most frequently affected areas in strength sports. Conclusion: Strength training is safe. However, the variety of injury definitions has makes it difficult to compare different studies in this field. New styles of reporting injuries have appeared, and could make increases these ratios. If methodological limitations in measuring incidence rate and severity injuries can be resolved, more work can be conducted to define the real incidence rate, compare it with others sports, and explore cause and effect relationships in randomized controlled trials. Key Words: strength training, injuries, specific strength sports, severity

Comparación de las variables cinemáticas y de frecuencia cardiaca en dos posesiones en fútbol

The main regression equations to estimate the maximum oxygen uptake (V02maxl have been obtained with the total population studied [1-31. A limitation of these studies is the validity, since the prediction equations were carried out with a particular population and they were validated with themselves, because the samples did not tend to be very large. The cross validation must be used to check the accuracy of a prediction equations when they are applied to different populations. The aim of this study was to determine the validity of the maximum oxygen uptake prediction equation obtained with cross validation.

Objetivo. El Objetivo del estudio fue observar si existían diferencias significativas en tres protocolos de entrenamiento con cargas, en su respuesta cardiodinámica. Material y métodos. 15 hombres y 14 mujeres realizaron tres protocolos diferentes de entrenamiento en circuito, circuito de peso libre (CPL), entrenamiento en máquinas (CM) y mixto aeróbico (peso libre y ejercicio aeróbico)(CMA), conectados a un analizador de gases portátil Jaeger Oxycon Mobile (Erich Jaeger, Viasys Healthcare, Alemania), que además registra la frecuencia cardíaca a través de un sensor de Polar® heart rate monitor (Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland). Se calculó la carga máxima para 15 RM y se realizó una prueba de esfuerzo máximo, con el objetivo de utilizar el mismo volumen e intensidad en los tres protocolos. Resultados. Existen diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres, sobre todo entre los circuitos CM con el resto, CPL y CMA, que producen una mayor exigencia cardíaca. La respuesta cardíaca muestra una respuesta significativamente mayor en el CPL y el CMA con respecto a CM en ambos sexos, que coincide con la respuesta en el consumo de oxígeno. En ninguno los protocolos se consigue llegar a los estándares del ACSM, salvo en el CMA, para el entrenamiento aeróbico (50% del VO2 máx.). Discusión y conclusiones. La mayor implicación muscular y las necesidades aumentadas de control postural en ejercicios con peso libre podrían explicar estas diferencias. Existen diferencias significativas en la respuesta cardíaca en tres tipos de circuitos de iguales duraciones e intensidades. Además, tan solo el circuito CMA produciría un aumento el consumo de oxígeno significativo.

In the literature, there is another study that evaluates physiological response to circuit weight (CWT) training (1), but lactate (La) contribution was not measured. The objective of this study was to assess the total (aerobic + anaerobic) energy expenditure (EE) in a CWT at several intensities. Secondary, we aimed to evaluate differences between genders

Several studies have examined the role of gender and how it influences physiological responses to aerobic exercise and nowadays circuit weight training is the new issue being studied (1-3). Heart rate in circuit training has been used to find a relationship with the oxygen uptake (4) and to predict energy expenditure (5). The aim of this project was to observe if significant differences existed in the cardiodinamic response among three weight training protocols