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Objective Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) is a transmembrane protein involved in the innate immune system and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD). The purpose of this study was to histologically examine the level of expression of TLR-4 relative to severity of TMD. Methods Thirty-one human TMJ disc samples were immunostained for TLR-4 and evaluated for intensity of stain. Among the samples, 8 were control samples, 16 were from patients with anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDwR), and 7 were from patients with anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDwoR). Results There was no statistically significant difference in intensity of stain between groupings (p = 0.673). Conclusions The results indicate a negative correlation between TMD and the expression of TLR-4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) may affect a patient's quality of life, and one of the etiologies can be anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDwR) and anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDWoR). Interleukin 1 Receptor 1 (IL-1R1) is a membrane receptor that plays an important role on initiating immune and inflammatory response by binding the agonists ligands of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate, through immunohistochemical analysis, the association of IL-1R1 with TMD. Methods Thirty-nine human disc samples were collected and composed three different groups: ADDwR (n = 19), ADDwoR (n = 12), and control group (n = 8). The samples were immunostained with IL-1R1 antibody and evaluated on both quantity and intensity of staining. Results There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the control and test groups for both quantity and intensity of staining. Conclusion IL1-R1 was associated with ADDwR and ADDwoR in TMD discs of humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), leading to jaw dysfunction, joint and muscle pain, and a decrease in quality of life. A communication network of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators called cytokines maintains the homeostasis of the TMJ. This review will focus on the Interleukin (IL) family of cytokines, which have been quantified in TMJ synovial fluids in a variety of studies. IL-1α and IL-1β have pro-inflammatory effects, while the endogenous receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) inhibits the pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1.Methods: A literature search (2006-2016) to identify eligible studies was completed using the PubMed database. Studies identified used saline irrigation to quantify cytokine profiles in synovial fluid of healthy and/or dysfunctional joints.Results: The initial search yielded 111 articles, 5 of which met the inclusion criteria after inter-reviewer discussion.Conclusions: Articles that compared IL-1 concentrations in TMD vs. control groups found significant differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) is a transmembrane protein involved in the innate immune system and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD). The purpose of this study was to histologically examine the level of expression of TLR-4 relative to severity of TMD. Methods Thirty-one human TMJ disc samples were immunostained for TLR-4 and evaluated for intensity of stain. Among the samples, 8 were control samples, 16 were from patients with anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDwR), and 7 were from patients with anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDwoR). Results There was no statistically significant difference in intensity of stain between groupings ( p  = 0.673). Conclusions The results indicate a negative correlation between TMD and the expression of TLR-4.

Objective Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) may affect a patient's quality of life, and one of the etiologies can be anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDwR) and anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDWoR). Interleukin 1 Receptor 1 (IL-1R1) is a membrane receptor that plays an important role on initiating immune and inflammatory response by binding the agonists ligands of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate, through immunohistochemical analysis, the association of IL-1R1 with TMD. Methods Thirty-nine human disc samples were collected and composed three different groups: ADDwR (n = 19), ADDwoR (n = 12), and control group (n = 8). The samples were immunostained with IL-1R1 antibody and evaluated on both quantity and intensity of staining. Results There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the control and test groups for both quantity and intensity of staining. Conclusion IL1-R1 was associated with ADDwR and ADDwoR in TMD discs of humans.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between final apical preparation size and smear layer removal in the apical third using conventional irrigation in mandibular bicuspids., Methods: A total of 66 extracted human mandibular bicuspids with comparable root canal morphology were equally divided into five experimental groups and a control group (n=11). Based on their experimental group, samples were instrumented up to size 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 with 0.04 taper using 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as the irrigant. Final irrigation was performed with 17% EDTA followed by 2.5% NaOCl. The control group was instrumented up to size 45/.04, and was irrigated with distilled water. Samples were sectioned buc-colingually, and they were qualitatively evaluated under scanning electron microscope for efficacy in smear layer removal. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed for statistical analysis., Results: Statistical analysis revealed comparable removal of smear layer in the coronal and middle thirds of all experimental samples regardless of grouping. When using file size larger than 35, removal of smear layer in the apical third significantly improved (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed between 40/.04 and 45/.04., Conclusion: Under the conditions of this study, using conventional irrigation, apical enlargement more than size 35/.04 is essential to enhance removal of smear layer at the apical third., Competing Interests: Disclosures Conflict of interest: The authors deny any conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2019 European Endodontic Journal.)

Objective: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), leading to jaw dysfunction, joint and muscle pain, and a decrease in quality of life. A communication network of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators called cytokines maintains the homeostasis of the TMJ. This review will focus on the Interleukin (IL) family of cytokines, which have been quantified in TMJ synovial fluids in a variety of studies. IL-1α and IL-1β have pro-inflammatory effects, while the endogenous receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) inhibits the pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1., Methods: A literature search (2006-2016) to identify eligible studies was completed using the PubMed database. Studies identified used saline irrigation to quantify cytokine profiles in synovial fluid of healthy and/or dysfunctional joints., Results: The initial search yielded 111 articles, 5 of which met the inclusion criteria after inter-reviewer discussion., Conclusions: Articles that compared IL-1 concentrations in TMD vs. control groups found significant differences.