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2. Acceptability and feasibility of tests for infection, serological testing, and photography to define need for interventions against trachoma

Author

Renneker, Kristen K., primary, Mtuy, Tara B., additional, Kabona, George, additional, Mbwambo, Stephen Gabriel, additional, Mosha, Patrick, additional, Mollel, Jeremiah Mepukori, additional, Hooper, PJ, additional, Emerson, Paul M., additional, Hollingsworth, T. Deirdre, additional, Butcher, Robert, additional, Solomon, Anthony W., additional, and Harding-Esch, Emma M., additional

Published
2024
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3. Effective cataract surgical coverage in adults aged 50 years and older: estimates from population-based surveys in 55 countries

Author

Ababora, Jafer K, AlSawahli, Heba, Alvarado, Doris M, Andriamanjato, Hery Harimanitra, Ashraf Amalius, Ahmad, Barrenechea, Rosario, Batlle, Juan F, Brea, Ileana, Burnett, Anthea M, Chiriboga, Felipe A, Davaatseren, Uranchimeg, Duerksen, Rainald, Eusebio, Cristina I, Finger, Robert P, Gomez-Bastar, Pedro A, Gonzales, César, Gurung, Reeta, Hajar, Saad, Jadoon, Muhammad Zahid, Jain, Elesh, Kabona, George E, Kalua, Khumbo, Kandeke, Levi, Kandel, Ram P, Karimurio, Jefitha, Kulkarni, Sucheta, Lansingh, Van C, Lepcha, Nor T, Mathenge, Wanjiku, Mishra, Sailesh Kumar, Mohammadi, Seyed Farzad, Mörchen, Manfred, Muhammad, Nasiru, Musana, Paddy B, Mutati, Grace C, Nano, Maria Eugenia, Németh, János, Paduca, Ala, Páez, Alexander, Polack, Sarah, Rabiu, M Mansur, Rif'ati, Lutfah, Rodríguez Rodríguez, Beatriz Natividad, Salowi, Mohamad Aziz, Sapkota, Yuddha D, Sargent, Nicholas, Syumarti, Mansyur, Thoufeeq, Ubeydulla, Villalobos, Astrid V, Wachira, Joseph W, Wu, Min, Xiao, Biaxiang, Yee Melgar, Mariano, Zhang, Xiu Juan, McCormick, Ian, Butcher, Robert, Evans, Jennifer R, Mactaggart, Islay Z, Limburg, Hans, Jolley, Emma, Oye, Joseph Enyegue, Bastawrous, Andrew, Furtado, João M, Joshi, Anagha, Xiao, Baixiang, Ravilla, Thulasiraj D, Bourne, Rupert R A, Cieza, Alarcos, Keel, Stuart, Burton, Matthew J, and Ramke, Jacqueline

Published
2022
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4. Acceptability and feasibility of tests for infection, serological testing and photography to define need for interventions against trachoma

Author

Renneker, Kristen K, primary, Mtuy, Tara B, additional, Kabona, George, additional, Mbwambo, Stephen Gabriel, additional, Mosha, Patrick, additional, Mollel, Jeremiah Mepukori, additional, Hooper, PJ, additional, Emerson, Paul M, additional, Hollingsworth, T. Deirdre, additional, Butcher, Robert, additional, Solomon, Anthony W, additional, and Harding-Esch, Emma M, additional

Published
2024
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5. Using alternate indicators to define need for public health intervention for trachoma : evidence from the Pacific Islands

Author

Butcher, Robert M. R., Roberts, C. H., and Solomon, A. W.

Subjects
617.7
Abstract

Introduction: Trachoma is the most common infectious cause of blindness worldwide. The presentation of trachoma in the Pacific small island states varies. This study focuses on Fiji, where the trichiasis prevalence recorded prior to this study was very high, and the Solomon Islands, where the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation – follicular (TF) is high enough to warrant intervention with mass antibiotic treatment, but there is apparently little or no trachomatous trichiasis (TT). This study aims to supplement clinical data with photographic and molecular tools to better characterise presentation and microbiological correlates of disease. Methods: Pre-intervention population-based prevalence surveys for trachoma were carried out independently and in conjunction with the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP). Additionally, one focused post-intervention survey was performed. Standardised clinical data collection was supplemented with ocular swab, dried blood spot and photograph collection. Quantitative and sequence-based nucleic acid techniques were used for targeted and nontargeted pathogen detection and characterisation. Enzyme immunoassays were used for serological analysis. Clinical data was supplemented with photographs. Results: Within the mosaic pattern of clinical trachoma in the Pacific, the prevalence of TT was found to be very low in Fiji and the Solomon Islands. Prevalence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection in these countries was also very low. Further investigations in the Solomon Islands demonstrated Ct isolates found to be most closely related to ocular reference strains. Several pathogens that are known to cause follicular conjunctivitis were found, but neither frequency nor load of infection was associated with TF. Amplification of 16S ribosomal RNA amplicons showed diverse ocular microbial communities but no dominant metagenomic communities associated with TF. There is evidence of accumulation of mild scarring as age increases, but little evidence of severe scarring, or association between any trachoma phenotype and exposure to Ct. Conclusion: In Solomon Island communities studied, no evidence was found of significant burden of Ct infection, Ct transmission, trachomatous inflammation – intense, accumulation of severe scarring in older people or TT. We therefore suspect TF in the Solomon Islands to be of an as-yet unidentified aetiology. The WHO simplified grading system also appeared to lack diagnostic accuracy in Fiji. There are direct implications for implementation of control measures in the Pacific. There are additional connotations worldwide; as the global elimination effort continues and phenotypically similar conditions are unmasked, we suspect the positive predictive value of simplified clinical grading to drop. Use of molecular tools could differentiate communities with a high burden of infection, a key correlate of blinding disease, from those where resources may be better allocated elsewhere.

Published
2017
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6. Accuracy, acceptability and feasibility of photography for use in trachoma surveys: a mixed methods study in Tanzania.

Author

Bisanzio, Donal, Butcher, Robert, Turbé, Valérian, Matsumoto, Kenji, Dinesh, Chaitra, Massae, Patrick, Dejene, Michael, Jimenez, Cristina, Macleod, Colin, Matayan, Einoti, Mpyet, Caleb, Pavluck, Alex, Saboyá-Díaz, Martha Idalí, Tadesse, Fentahun, Talero, Sandra Liliana, Solomon, Anthony W, Ngondi, Jeremiah, Kabona, George, Uisso, Cecilia, and Simon, Alistidia

Subjects
*TRACHOMA, *PHOTOGRAPHY, *PHOTOGRAPHY backdrops
Abstract

Background Photography could be used to train individuals to diagnose trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) as trachoma prevalence decreases and to ensure accurate field TF grading in trachoma prevalence surveys. We compared photograph and field TF grading and determined the acceptability and feasibility of eyelid photography to community members and trachoma survey trainers. Methods A total of 100 children ages 1–9 y were examined for TF in two Maasai villages in Tanzania. Two images of the right everted superior tarsal conjunctiva of each child were taken with a smartphone and a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera. Two graders independently graded all photos. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with community members and Tropical Data trainers. Results Of 391 photos, one-fifth were discarded as ungradable. Compared with field grading, photo grading consistently underdiagnosed TF. Compared with field grading, DSLR photo grading resulted in a higher prevalence and sensitivity than smartphone photo grading. FGDs indicated that communities and trainers found photography acceptable and preferred smartphones to DSLR in terms of practicalities, but image quality was of paramount importance for trainers. Conclusions Photography is acceptable and feasible, but further work is needed to ensure high-quality images that enable accurate and consistent grading before being routinely implemented in trachoma surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Accuracy, acceptability and feasibility of photography for use in trachoma surveys: a mixed methods study in Tanzania

Author

Bisanzio, Donal, primary, Butcher, Robert, additional, Turbé, Valérian, additional, Matsumoto, Kenji, additional, Dinesh, Chaitra, additional, Massae, Patrick, additional, Dejene, Michael, additional, Jimenez, Cristina, additional, Macleod, Colin, additional, Matayan, Einoti, additional, Mpyet, Caleb, additional, Pavluck, Alex, additional, Saboyá-Díaz, Martha Idalí, additional, Tadesse, Fentahun, additional, Talero, Sandra Liliana, additional, Solomon, Anthony W, additional, Ngondi, Jeremiah, additional, Kabona, George, additional, Uisso, Cecilia, additional, Simon, Alistidia, additional, Mwingira, Upendo, additional, and Harding-Esch, Emma M, additional

Published
2023
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9. Tropical Data: Approach and Methodology as Applied to Trachoma Prevalence Surveys

Author

Harding-Esch, Emma M, primary, Burgert-Brucker, Clara R, additional, Jimenez, Cristina, additional, Bakhtiari, Ana, additional, Willis, Rebecca, additional, Bejiga, Michael Dejene, additional, Mpyet, Caleb, additional, Ngondi, Jeremiah, additional, Boyd, Sarah, additional, Abdala, Mariamo, additional, Abdou, Amza, additional, Adamu, Yilikal, additional, Alemayehu, Addisu, additional, Alemayehu, Wondu, additional, Al-Khatib, Tawfik, additional, Apadinuwe, Sue-Chen, additional, Awaca, Naomie, additional, Awoussi, Marcel S, additional, Baayendag, Gilbert, additional, Badiane, Mouctar Dieng, additional, Bailey, Robin L, additional, Batcho, Wilfrid, additional, Bay, Zulficar, additional, Bella, Assumpta, additional, Beido, Nassirou, additional, Bol, Yak Yak, additional, Bougouma, Clarisse, additional, Brady, Christopher J, additional, Bucumi, Victor, additional, Butcher, Robert, additional, Cakacaka, Risiate, additional, Cama, Anaseini, additional, Camara, Mamoudou, additional, Cassama, Eunice, additional, Chaora, Shorai Grace, additional, Chebbi, Amel Chenaoui, additional, Chisambi, Alvin Blessings, additional, Chu, Brian, additional, Conteh, Abdulai, additional, Coulibaly, Sidi Mohamed, additional, Courtright, Paul, additional, Dalmar, Abdi, additional, Dat, Tran Minh, additional, Davids, Thully, additional, Djaker, Mohamed El Amine, additional, de Fátima Costa Lopes, Maria, additional, Dézoumbé, Djore, additional, Dodson, Sarity, additional, Downs, Philip, additional, Eckman, Stephanie, additional, Elshafie, Bilghis Elkhair, additional, Elmezoghi, Mourad, additional, Elvis, Ange Aba, additional, Emerson, Paul, additional, Epée, Emilienne EE, additional, Faktaufon, Daniel, additional, Fall, Mawo, additional, Fassinou, Aréty, additional, Fleming, Fiona, additional, Flueckiger, Rebecca, additional, Gamael, Koizan Kadjo, additional, Garae, Mackline, additional, Garap, Jambi, additional, Gass, Katie, additional, Gebru, Genet, additional, Gichangi, Michael M, additional, Giorgi, Emanuele, additional, Goépogui, André, additional, Gómez, Daniela Vaz Ferreira, additional, Gómez Forero, Diana Paola, additional, Gower, Emily W, additional, Harte, Anna, additional, Henry, Rob, additional, Honorio-Morales, Harvy Alberto, additional, Ilako, Dunera R, additional, Issifou, Amadou Alfa Bio, additional, Jones, Ellen, additional, Kabona, George, additional, Kabore, Martin, additional, Kadri, Boubacar, additional, Kalua, Khumbo, additional, Kanyi, Sarjo Kebba, additional, Kebede, Shambel, additional, Kebede, Fikreab, additional, Keenan, Jeremy D, additional, Kello, Amir B, additional, Khan, Asad Aslam, additional, Khelifi, Houria, additional, Kilangalanga, Janvier, additional, Kim, Sung Hye, additional, Ko, Robert, additional, Lewallen, Susan, additional, Lietman, Thomas, additional, Logora, Makoy Samuel Yibi, additional, Lopez, Yuri A, additional, MacArthur, Chad, additional, Macleod, Colin, additional, Makangila, Felix, additional, Mariko, Brehima, additional, Martin, Diana L, additional, Masika, Michael, additional, Massae, Patrick, additional, Massangaie, Marilia, additional, Matendechero, Hadley S, additional, Mathewos, Tsedeke, additional, McCullagh, Siobhain, additional, Meite, Aboulaye, additional, Mendes, Elsa Palma, additional, Abdi, Hirpa M, additional, Miller, Hollman, additional, Minnih, Abdellahi, additional, Mishra, Sailesh Kumar, additional, Molefi, Tuduetso, additional, Mosher, Aryc, additional, M’Po, Nerkoua, additional, Mugume, Francis, additional, Mukwiza, Robson, additional, Mwale, Consity, additional, Mwatha, Stephen, additional, Mwingira, Upendo, additional, Nash, Scott D, additional, Nassa, Christophe, additional, Negussu, Nebiyu, additional, Nieba, Cece, additional, Noah Noah, Jean Claude, additional, Nwosu, Christian O, additional, Olobio, Nicholas, additional, Opon, Rapheal, additional, Pavluck, Alexandre, additional, Phiri, Isaac, additional, Rainima-Qaniuci, Merelesita, additional, Renneker, Kristen K, additional, Saboyá-Díaz, Martha Idalí, additional, Sakho, Fatoumata, additional, Sanha, Salimato, additional, Sarah, Virginia, additional, Sarr, Boubacar, additional, Szwarcwald, Celia L, additional, Shah Salam, Ahmad, additional, Sharma, Shekhar, additional, Seife, Fikre, additional, Serrano Chavez, Gloria Marina, additional, Sissoko, Mactar, additional, Sitoe, Henis Mior, additional, Sokana, Oliver, additional, Tadesse, Fentahun, additional, Taleo, Fasiah, additional, Talero, Sandra Liliana, additional, Tarfani, Youcef, additional, Tefera, Amsayaw, additional, Tekeraoi, Rabebe, additional, Tesfazion, Andeberhan, additional, Traina, Abubaker, additional, Traoré, Lamine, additional, Trujillo-Trujillo, Julián, additional, Tukahebwa, Edridah M, additional, Vashist, Praveen, additional, Wanyama, Ernest B, additional, Warusavithana, Supriya D.P., additional, Watitu, Titus K, additional, West, Sheila, additional, Win, Ye, additional, Woods, Geordie, additional, Yajima, Aya, additional, Yaya, Georges, additional, Zecarias, Alem, additional, Zewengiel, Solomon, additional, Zoumanigui, Akoi, additional, Hooper, Pamela J, additional, Millar, Tom, additional, Rotondo, Lisa, additional, and Solomon, Anthony W, additional

Published
2023
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10. Stability of the proton-to-electron mass ratio

Author

Shelkovnikov, Alexander, Butcher, Robert James, Chardonnet, Christian, and Amy-Klein, Anne

Subjects
Physics - Atomic Physics, Quantum Physics
Abstract

We report a limit on the fractional temporal variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio as, obtained by comparing the frequency of a rovibrational transition in SF6 with the fundamental hyperfine transition in Cs. The SF6 transition was accessed using a CO2 laser to interrogate spatial 2-photon Ramsey fringes. The atomic transition was accessed using a primary standard controlled with a Cs fountain. This result is direct and model-free.

Published
2008
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13. Changes in trachoma indicators in Kiribati with two rounds of azithromycin mass drug administration, measured in serial population-based surveys

Author

Goodhew, E. Brook, primary, Taoaba, Raebwebwe, additional, Harding-Esch, Emma M., additional, Gwyn, Sarah E., additional, Bakhtiari, Ana, additional, Butcher, Robert, additional, Cama, Anasaini, additional, Guagliardo, Sarah Anne J., additional, Jimenez, Cristina, additional, Mpyet, Caleb D., additional, Tun, Kab, additional, Wickens, Karana, additional, Solomon, Anthony W., additional, Martin, Diana L., additional, and Tekeraoi, Rabebe, additional

Published
2023
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14. Prevalence of Trachoma from 66 Impact Surveys in 52 Woredas of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' and Sidama Regions of Ethiopia, 2017–2019.

Author

Seyum, Dawit, Fetene, Nigusie, Kifle, Tezera, Negash, Habtamu, Kabeto, Temesgen, Gebre, Mulatu, Data, Tadesse, Tadele, Tafese, Abayo, Getahun, Wondimu, Asfaw, Butcher, Robert, Bakhtiari, Ana, Willis, Rebecca, Boyd, Sarah, Jimenez, Cristina, Negussu, Nebiyu, Tadesse, Fentahun, Kebede, Fikreab, Dejene, Michael, and Solomon, Anthony W.

Subjects
TRACHOMA, SANITATION, ADMINISTRATIVE & political divisions, COUNTRIES, CLUSTER sampling, DRINKING water
Abstract

Trachoma is endemic in Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' (SNNP) and Sidama regions of Ethiopia. We aimed to measure the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) among children aged 1 – 9 years and the prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) unknown to the health system among people aged ≥15 years following interventions for trachoma in 52 woredas of SNNP and Sidama regions. From 2017 – 2019, 66 two-stage cluster sampling cross-sectional population-based surveys were carried out in 52 woredas (third-level administrative divisions) using a standardized World Health Organization-recommended survey methodology. This included one impact survey in 40 woredas, two consecutive impact surveys in 10 woredas and three consecutive impact surveys in two woredas. Water, sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) access was assessed using a modified version of the United Nations Children's Fund/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme questionnaire. By the end of this survey series, 15 (23%) of the woredas had met the active trachoma elimination threshold (TF prevalence <5%) and 12 (18%) had met the TT threshold (TT ≤ 0.2%). Regarding WASH coverage, 20% of households had access to an improved drinking water source within a 30-min journey and 3% had an improved latrine. There was strong evidence that TF was less common in 4 – 6-year-olds and 7 – 9-year-olds than 1 – 3-year-olds. Based on the findings, further antibiotic mass drug administration is required in 37 woredas and active TT case finding is needed in 40 woredas. In these surveys, access to WASH facilities was very low; WASH improvements are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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15. Trachoma Prevalence in Four Localities of Darfur Region, Sudan, following One Round of Antibiotic Mass Drug Administration.

Author

Elshafie, Balgesa E, Elsanosi, Mazin Salih Abdalla, El Amin, Atif, Butcher, Robert, Willis, Rebecca, Bakhtiari, Ana, Jimenez, Cristina, Dejene, Michael, Solomon, Anthony W, Harding-Esch, Emma M, and Binnawi, Kamal H

Subjects
DRUG administration, TRACHOMA, DISEASE relapse, ANTIBIOTICS, CLUSTER sampling
Abstract

The prevalence of trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) in 1–9-year-olds and of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) in ≥15-year-olds in four endemic evaluation units (EUs) of Darfur region, Sudan, was measured more than a year after the required single round of antibiotic mass drug administration (MDA). Surveys were conducted using highly standardised, World Health Organization-recommended methodologies. Individuals aged ≥1 year, resident in selected households, were chosen for the survey using a two-stage cluster sampling process. Consenting adults and children were examined for the signs TF and TT by graders trained to international standards. Prevalence of disease in key indicator groups was calculated and weighted to the underlying population structure. A mean of 1,415 (range: 1,253–1,611) children aged 1–9 years were examined in each EU. The age-adjusted prevalence of TF in 1–9-year-olds in each of the four surveyed EUs was <5%. A mean of 1,139 people aged ≥15 years (range: 1,080–1,201) were examined in each EU. The estimated age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT in ≥15-year-olds was <0.2% in all four EUs. In general, the proportion of households with access to improved WASH facilities was generally lower in this study than in corresponding baseline studies. No further MDA should be conducted in these four EUs for the next 2 years, at which point they should be re-surveyed to determine whether the prevalence of TF in 1–9-year-olds has remained <5%. Active TT case-finding is also not indicated. Environmental improvement and promotion of facial cleanliness measures should continue to be implemented to prevent disease recrudescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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16. Prevalence of Trachoma in 72 Districts of Afghanistan in 2018−2019: Results of 35 Population-based Prevalence Surveys.

Author

Salam, Ahmad Shah, Qayumi, Rafiqullah, Majeed Siddiqi, Abdul, Naseem, Mohammad, Mansoor, Mirwais, Butcher, Robert, Bakhtiari, Ana, Renneker, Kristen, Willis, Rebecca, Jimenez, Cristina, Dejene, Michael, Safi, Naimullah, Heggen, Anne, Solomon, Anthony W., Harding-Esch, Emma M., and Alizoi, Najeebullah

Subjects
SANITATION, TRACHOMA, NEGLECTED diseases
Abstract

To determine where interventions are needed to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem, prevalence data are needed. We aimed to generate baseline population-based data on trachoma prevalence in suspected-endemic areas of Afghanistan. Cross-sectional population-based prevalence surveys designed according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations were conducted in 35 evaluation units (EUs) covering 72 districts. In selected households, all resident individuals aged ≥1 year were examined for trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) according to the WHO simplified trachoma grading system. Water, sanitation and hygiene access was assessed in households of survey participants. 104,104 people aged ≥1 year were examined, including 43,774 children aged 1–9 years and 46,439 people aged ≥15 years. The age-adjusted prevalence of TF in 1–9-year-olds was ≥5% in 3 EUs, with the highest EU TF prevalence being 7.8%. The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT unknown to the health system in ≥15-year-olds was <0.2% in all EUs. The majority of households had access to an improved water source within 30 minutes of the house. However, only a minority of households had an improved latrine and/or a handwash station. Trachoma is not a public health problem in the majority of EUs surveyed. However, antibiotic mass drug administration, promotion of facial cleanliness and environmental improvement (the A, F and E components of the SAFE strategy) are needed for trachoma elimination purposes in three of the EUs surveyed in Afghanistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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17. Baseline Prevalence of Trachoma in Refugee Settlements in Uganda: Results of 11 Population-based Surveys.

Author

Baayenda, Gilbert, Mugume, Francis, Mubangizi, Alfred, Turyaguma, Patrick, Tukahebwa, Edridah M., Byakika, Sarah, Kahwa, Binta, Kusasira, Darlson, Bakhtiari, Ana, Boyd, Sarah, Butcher, Robert, Solomon, Anthony W., Binagwa, Ben, Agunyo, Stella, Osilo, Martin, Crowley, Kathryn, Thuo, Wangeci, French, Mike, Plunkett, Elizabeth, and Mosher, Aryc W.

Subjects
REFUGEE children, TRACHOMA, SANITATION, HEALTH of refugees, REFUGEES, TOILETS, HYGIENE
Abstract

There are several settlements in the Northern and Western Regions of Uganda serving refugees from South Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), respectively. Trachoma prevalence surveys were conducted in a number of those settlements with the aim of determining whether interventions for trachoma are required. An evaluation unit (EU) was defined as all refugee settlements in one district. Cross-sectional population-based trachoma prevalence survey methodologies designed to adhere to World Health Organization recommendations were deployed in 11 EUs to assess prevalence of trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) in 1–9-year-olds and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) unknown to the health system in ≥15-year-olds. Household-level water, sanitation and hygiene coverage was also assessed in study populations. A total of 40,892 people were examined across 11 EUs between 2018 and 2020. The prevalence of TF in 1–9-year-olds was <5% in all EUs surveyed. The prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) unknown to the health system in ≥15-year-olds was <0.2% in 5 out of 11 EUs surveyed and ≥0.2% in the remaining 6 EUs. A high proportion of households had improved water sources, but a low proportion had improved latrines or quickly (within a 30-minute return journey) accessible water sources. Implementation of the antibiotic, facial cleanliness and environmental improvement components of the SAFE strategy is not needed for the purposes of trachoma's elimination as a public health problem in these refugee settlements; however, intervention with TT surgery is needed in six EUs. Since instability continues to drive displacement of people from South Sudan and DRC into Uganda, there is likely to be a high rate of new arrivals to the settlements over the coming years. These populations may therefore have trachoma surveillance needs that are distinct from the surrounding non-refugee communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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18. Population Prevalence of Trachoma in Nine Rural Non-Indigenous Evaluation Units of Brazil.

Author

Szwarcwald, Célia Landmann, Lopes, Maria de Fátima Costa, Borges de Souza Junior, Paulo Roberto, Vaz Ferreira Gómez, Daniela, Luna, Expedito José de Albuquerque, da Silva de Almeida, Wanessa, Damacena, Giseli Nogueira, Ribeiro Favacho, Joana da Felidade, Germano de Frias, Paulo, Butcher, Robert, Boyd, Sarah, Bakhtiari, Ana, Willis, Rebecca, Jimenez, Cristina, Harding-Esch, Emma, Saboyá-Díaz, Martha Idalí, and Solomon, Anthony W.

Subjects
TRACHOMA, INDIGENOUS children, SCHOOL attendance, DRINKING water, HOUSEHOLD surveys, CENSUS
Abstract

To assess the contemporary prevalence of trachoma in Brazil's non-indigenous population, surveys of those thought to be at greatest risk of disease were conducted. Rural census tracts of non-indigenous population from nine mesoregions were selected to compose the survey evaluation units (EUs) by considering previously endemic municipalities at greatest risk of trachoma. In each of the nine EUs, we conducted a population-based prevalence survey. Every resident of selected households aged $$ \ge $$ ≥ 1 year was examined for trachomatous inflammation — follicular (TF) and trachomatous trichiasis (TT). Additionally, data were collected on household-level access to water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH) and education. A total of 27,962 individuals were examined across nine EUs. The age-adjusted TF prevalence in 1–9-year-olds was <5% in each EU. The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT unknown to the health system in ≥15-year-olds was <0.2% in eight EUs; in one EU, it was 0.22%. The median number of households surveyed per EU with access to an improved drinking water source within a 30-minute roundtrip of the house was 66%. School attendance was >99% of surveyed children. The prevalence of TF was well below the target for elimination as a public health problem in all EUs. Because EUs surveyed were selected to represent the highest-risk non-indigenous areas of the country, TF prevalence is unlikely to be ≥5% in non-indigenous populations elsewhere. In one EU, the prevalence of TT was above the target threshold for elimination. Further investigation and possibly improvement in TT surgical provision are required in that EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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19. Prevalence of Trachoma in Four Evaluation Units in Yemen after Implementation of Trachoma Elimination Measures

Author

Al-Khateeb, Tawfik, primary, Al-Haidari, Sami, additional, Butcher, Robert, additional, Rajamani, Anusha, additional, Mahdy, Mohammed Abdu Khalid, additional, Jimenez, Cristina, additional, Dejene, Michael, additional, Boyd, Sarah, additional, Bakhtiari, Ana, additional, Solomon, Anthony W., additional, Thabit, Adnan, additional, Harding-Esch, Emma M., additional, and Al-Shami, Rasheed, additional

Published
2023
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20. Tropical Data: Approach and Methodology as Applied to Trachoma Prevalence Surveys

Author

Harding-Esch, Emma M, Burgert-Brucker, Clara R, Jimenez, Cristina, Bakhtiari, Ana, Willis, Rebecca, Bejiga, Michael Dejene, Mpyet, Caleb, Ngondi, Jeremiah, Boyd, Sarah, Abdala, Mariamo, Abdou, Amza, Adamu, Yilikal, Alemayehu, Addisu, Alemayehu, Wondu, Al-Khatib, Tawfik, Apadinuwe, Sue-Chen, Awaca, Naomie, Awoussi, Marcel S, Baayendag, Gilbert, Badiane, Mouctar Dieng, Bailey, Robin L, Batcho, Wilfrid, Bay, Zulficar, Bella, Assumpta, Beido, Nassirou, Bol, Yak Yak, Bougouma, Clarisse, Brady, Christopher J, Bucumi, Victor, Butcher, Robert, Cakacaka, Risiate, Cama, Anaseini, Camara, Mamoudou, Cassama, Eunice, Chaora, Shorai Grace, Chebbi, Amel Chenaoui, Chisambi, Alvin Blessings, Chu, Brian, Conteh, Abdulai, Coulibaly, Sidi Mohamed, Courtright, Paul, Dalmar, Abdi, Dat, Tran Minh, Davids, Thully, Djaker, Mohamed El Amine, de Fátima Costa Lopes, Maria, Dézoumbé, Djore, Dodson, Sarity, Downs, Philip, Eckman, Stephanie, Elshafie, Bilghis Elkhair, Elmezoghi, Mourad, Elvis, Ange Aba, Emerson, Paul, Epée, Emilienne EE, Faktaufon, Daniel, Fall, Mawo, Fassinou, Aréty, Fleming, Fiona, Flueckiger, Rebecca, Gamael, Koizan Kadjo, Garae, Mackline, Garap, Jambi, Gass, Katie, Gebru, Genet, Gichangi, Michael M, Giorgi, Emanuele, Goépogui, André, Gómez, Daniela Vaz Ferreira, Gómez Forero, Diana Paola, Gower, Emily W, Harte, Anna, Henry, Rob, Honorio-Morales, Harvy Alberto, Ilako, Dunera R, Issifou, Amadou Alfa Bio, Jones, Ellen, Kabona, George, Kabore, Martin, Kadri, Boubacar, Kalua, Khumbo, Kanyi, Sarjo Kebba, Kebede, Shambel, Kebede, Fikreab, Keenan, Jeremy D, Kello, Amir B, Khan, Asad Aslam, Khelifi, Houria, Kilangalanga, Janvier, Kim, Sung Hye, Ko, Robert, Lewallen, Susan, Lietman, Thomas, Logora, Makoy Samuel Yibi, Lopez, Yuri A, MacArthur, Chad, Macleod, Colin, Makangila, Felix, Mariko, Brehima, Martin, Diana L, Masika, Michael, Massae, Patrick, Massangaie, Marilia, Matendechero, Hadley S, Mathewos, Tsedeke, McCullagh, Siobhain, Meite, Aboulaye, Mendes, Elsa Palma, Abdi, Hirpa M, Miller, Hollman, Minnih, Abdellahi, Mishra, Sailesh Kumar, Molefi, Tuduetso, Mosher, Aryc, M’Po, Nerkoua, Mugume, Francis, Mukwiza, Robson, Mwale, Consity, Mwatha, Stephen, Mwingira, Upendo, Nash, Scott D, Nassa, Christophe, Negussu, Nebiyu, Nieba, Cece, Noah Noah, Jean Claude, Nwosu, Christian O, Olobio, Nicholas, Opon, Rapheal, Pavluck, Alexandre, Phiri, Isaac, Rainima-Qaniuci, Merelesita, Renneker, Kristen K, Saboyá-Díaz, Martha Idalí, Sakho, Fatoumata, Sanha, Salimato, Sarah, Virginia, Sarr, Boubacar, Szwarcwald, Celia L, Shah Salam, Ahmad, Sharma, Shekhar, Seife, Fikre, Serrano Chavez, Gloria Marina, Sissoko, Mactar, Sitoe, Henis Mior, Sokana, Oliver, Tadesse, Fentahun, Taleo, Fasiah, Talero, Sandra Liliana, Tarfani, Youcef, Tefera, Amsayaw, Tekeraoi, Rabebe, Tesfazion, Andeberhan, Traina, Abubaker, Traoré, Lamine, Trujillo-Trujillo, Julián, Tukahebwa, Edridah M, Vashist, Praveen, Wanyama, Ernest B, Warusavithana, Supriya D.P., Watitu, Titus K, West, Sheila, Win, Ye, Woods, Geordie, Yajima, Aya, Yaya, Georges, Zecarias, Alem, Zewengiel, Solomon, Zoumanigui, Akoi, Hooper, Pamela J, Millar, Tom, Rotondo, Lisa, Solomon, Anthony W, Harding-Esch, Emma M, Burgert-Brucker, Clara R, Jimenez, Cristina, Bakhtiari, Ana, Willis, Rebecca, Bejiga, Michael Dejene, Mpyet, Caleb, Ngondi, Jeremiah, Boyd, Sarah, Abdala, Mariamo, Abdou, Amza, Adamu, Yilikal, Alemayehu, Addisu, Alemayehu, Wondu, Al-Khatib, Tawfik, Apadinuwe, Sue-Chen, Awaca, Naomie, Awoussi, Marcel S, Baayendag, Gilbert, Badiane, Mouctar Dieng, Bailey, Robin L, Batcho, Wilfrid, Bay, Zulficar, Bella, Assumpta, Beido, Nassirou, Bol, Yak Yak, Bougouma, Clarisse, Brady, Christopher J, Bucumi, Victor, Butcher, Robert, Cakacaka, Risiate, Cama, Anaseini, Camara, Mamoudou, Cassama, Eunice, Chaora, Shorai Grace, Chebbi, Amel Chenaoui, Chisambi, Alvin Blessings, Chu, Brian, Conteh, Abdulai, Coulibaly, Sidi Mohamed, Courtright, Paul, Dalmar, Abdi, Dat, Tran Minh, Davids, Thully, Djaker, Mohamed El Amine, de Fátima Costa Lopes, Maria, Dézoumbé, Djore, Dodson, Sarity, Downs, Philip, Eckman, Stephanie, Elshafie, Bilghis Elkhair, Elmezoghi, Mourad, Elvis, Ange Aba, Emerson, Paul, Epée, Emilienne EE, Faktaufon, Daniel, Fall, Mawo, Fassinou, Aréty, Fleming, Fiona, Flueckiger, Rebecca, Gamael, Koizan Kadjo, Garae, Mackline, Garap, Jambi, Gass, Katie, Gebru, Genet, Gichangi, Michael M, Giorgi, Emanuele, Goépogui, André, Gómez, Daniela Vaz Ferreira, Gómez Forero, Diana Paola, Gower, Emily W, Harte, Anna, Henry, Rob, Honorio-Morales, Harvy Alberto, Ilako, Dunera R, Issifou, Amadou Alfa Bio, Jones, Ellen, Kabona, George, Kabore, Martin, Kadri, Boubacar, Kalua, Khumbo, Kanyi, Sarjo Kebba, Kebede, Shambel, Kebede, Fikreab, Keenan, Jeremy D, Kello, Amir B, Khan, Asad Aslam, Khelifi, Houria, Kilangalanga, Janvier, Kim, Sung Hye, Ko, Robert, Lewallen, Susan, Lietman, Thomas, Logora, Makoy Samuel Yibi, Lopez, Yuri A, MacArthur, Chad, Macleod, Colin, Makangila, Felix, Mariko, Brehima, Martin, Diana L, Masika, Michael, Massae, Patrick, Massangaie, Marilia, Matendechero, Hadley S, Mathewos, Tsedeke, McCullagh, Siobhain, Meite, Aboulaye, Mendes, Elsa Palma, Abdi, Hirpa M, Miller, Hollman, Minnih, Abdellahi, Mishra, Sailesh Kumar, Molefi, Tuduetso, Mosher, Aryc, M’Po, Nerkoua, Mugume, Francis, Mukwiza, Robson, Mwale, Consity, Mwatha, Stephen, Mwingira, Upendo, Nash, Scott D, Nassa, Christophe, Negussu, Nebiyu, Nieba, Cece, Noah Noah, Jean Claude, Nwosu, Christian O, Olobio, Nicholas, Opon, Rapheal, Pavluck, Alexandre, Phiri, Isaac, Rainima-Qaniuci, Merelesita, Renneker, Kristen K, Saboyá-Díaz, Martha Idalí, Sakho, Fatoumata, Sanha, Salimato, Sarah, Virginia, Sarr, Boubacar, Szwarcwald, Celia L, Shah Salam, Ahmad, Sharma, Shekhar, Seife, Fikre, Serrano Chavez, Gloria Marina, Sissoko, Mactar, Sitoe, Henis Mior, Sokana, Oliver, Tadesse, Fentahun, Taleo, Fasiah, Talero, Sandra Liliana, Tarfani, Youcef, Tefera, Amsayaw, Tekeraoi, Rabebe, Tesfazion, Andeberhan, Traina, Abubaker, Traoré, Lamine, Trujillo-Trujillo, Julián, Tukahebwa, Edridah M, Vashist, Praveen, Wanyama, Ernest B, Warusavithana, Supriya D.P., Watitu, Titus K, West, Sheila, Win, Ye, Woods, Geordie, Yajima, Aya, Yaya, Georges, Zecarias, Alem, Zewengiel, Solomon, Zoumanigui, Akoi, Hooper, Pamela J, Millar, Tom, Rotondo, Lisa, and Solomon, Anthony W

Abstract

Population-based prevalence surveys are essential for decision-making on interventions to achieve trachoma elimination as a public health problem. This paper outlines the methodologies of Tropical Data, which supports work to undertake those surveys. Tropical Data is a consortium of partners that supports health ministries worldwide to conduct globally standardised prevalence surveys that conform to World Health Organization recommendations. Founding principles are health ministry ownership, partnership and collaboration, and quality assurance and quality control at every step of the survey process. Support covers survey planning, survey design, training, electronic data collection and fieldwork, and data management, analysis and dissemination. Methods are adapted to meet local context and needs. Customisations, operational research and integration of other diseases into routine trachoma surveys have also been supported. Between 29 February 2016 and 24 April 2023, 3373 trachoma surveys across 50 countries have been supported, resulting in 10,818,502 people being examined for trachoma. This health ministry-led, standardised approach, with support from the start to the end of the survey process, has helped all trachoma elimination stakeholders to know where interventions are needed, where interventions can be stopped, and when elimination as a public health problem has been achieved. Flexibility to meet specific country contexts, adaptation to changes in global guidance and adjustments in response to user feedback have facilitated innovation in evidence-based methodologies, and supported health ministries to strive for global disease control targets.

Published
2023

21. Prevalence of Trachoma in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia, after Implementation of the SAFE Strategy: Results of Four Population-Based Surveys

Author

Mengistu, Belete, primary, Wirtu, Fikru, additional, Alemayehu, Addisu, additional, Alene, Shigute, additional, Asmare, Aemiro, additional, Backers, Sharone, additional, Bakhtiari, Ana, additional, Brady, Molly, additional, Butcher, Robert M. R., additional, Dayessa, Mihiret, additional, Frawley, Hannah, additional, Gebru, Genet, additional, Jimenez, Cristina, additional, Kebede, Fikreab, additional, Kejela, Asfaw, additional, McPherson, Scott, additional, Mihret, Addisalem, additional, Negussu, Nebiyu, additional, Ngondi, Jeremiah M., additional, Taddese, Fentahun, additional, Willis, Rebecca, additional, Wondimu, Asfaw, additional, Dejene, Michael, additional, Solomon, Anthony W., additional, and Harding-Esch, Emma M., additional

Published
2022
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22. Effective cataract surgical coverage in adults aged 50 years and older: estimates from population-based surveys in 55 countries

Author

McCormick, Ian, primary, Butcher, Robert, additional, Evans, Jennifer R, additional, Mactaggart, Islay Z, additional, Limburg, Hans, additional, Jolley, Emma, additional, Sapkota, Yuddha D, additional, Oye, Joseph Enyegue, additional, Mishra, Sailesh Kumar, additional, Bastawrous, Andrew, additional, Furtado, João M, additional, Joshi, Anagha, additional, Xiao, Baixiang, additional, Ravilla, Thulasiraj D, additional, Bourne, Rupert R A, additional, Cieza, Alarcos, additional, Keel, Stuart, additional, Burton, Matthew J, additional, Ramke, Jacqueline, additional, Ababora, Jafer K, additional, AlSawahli, Heba, additional, Alvarado, Doris M, additional, Andriamanjato, Hery Harimanitra, additional, Ashraf Amalius, Ahmad, additional, Barrenechea, Rosario, additional, Batlle, Juan F, additional, Brea, Ileana, additional, Burnett, Anthea M, additional, Chiriboga, Felipe A, additional, Davaatseren, Uranchimeg, additional, Duerksen, Rainald, additional, Eusebio, Cristina I, additional, Finger, Robert P, additional, Gomez-Bastar, Pedro A, additional, Gonzales, César, additional, Gurung, Reeta, additional, Hajar, Saad, additional, Jadoon, Muhammad Zahid, additional, Jain, Elesh, additional, Kabona, George E, additional, Kalua, Khumbo, additional, Kandeke, Levi, additional, Kandel, Ram P, additional, Karimurio, Jefitha, additional, Kulkarni, Sucheta, additional, Lansingh, Van C, additional, Lepcha, Nor T, additional, Mathenge, Wanjiku, additional, Mohammadi, Seyed Farzad, additional, Mörchen, Manfred, additional, Muhammad, Nasiru, additional, Musana, Paddy B, additional, Mutati, Grace C, additional, Nano, Maria Eugenia, additional, Németh, János, additional, Paduca, Ala, additional, Páez, Alexander, additional, Polack, Sarah, additional, Rabiu, M Mansur, additional, Rif'ati, Lutfah, additional, Rodríguez Rodríguez, Beatriz Natividad, additional, Salowi, Mohamad Aziz, additional, Sargent, Nicholas, additional, Syumarti, Mansyur, additional, Thoufeeq, Ubeydulla, additional, Villalobos, Astrid V, additional, Wachira, Joseph W, additional, Wu, Min, additional, Xiao, Biaxiang, additional, Yee Melgar, Mariano, additional, and Zhang, Xiu Juan, additional

Published
2022
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23. Prevalence of five curable sexually transmitted infections among women in Lower River Region of The Gambia

Author

Butcher, Robert, primary, Jarju, Sheikh, additional, Obayemi, Dolapo, additional, Bashorun, Adedapo Olufemi, additional, Vasileva, Hristina, additional, Bransbury-Hare, Hannah, additional, Agboghoroma, Orighomisan, additional, Drammeh, Lamin, additional, Holland, Martin, additional, Harding-Esch, Emma, additional, and Clarke, Ed, additional

Published
2022
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27. Prevalence of Trachoma from 66 Impact Surveys in 52 Woredas of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ and Sidama Regions of Ethiopia, 2017–2019

Author

Seyum, Dawit, primary, Fetene, N, additional, Kifle, Tezera, additional, Negash, Habtamu, additional, Kabeto, Temesgen, additional, Gebre, Mulatu, additional, Data, Tadesse, additional, Tadele, Tafese, additional, Abayo, Getahun, additional, Wondimu, Asfaw, additional, Butcher, Robert, additional, Bakhtiari, Ana, additional, Willis, Rebecca, additional, Boyd, Sarah, additional, Jimenez, Cristina, additional, Negussu, Nebiyu, additional, Tadesse, Fentahun, additional, Kebede, Fikreab, additional, Dejene, Michael, additional, Solomon, Anthony W., additional, Harding-Esch, Emma M., additional, and Sisay, Alemayehu, additional

Published
2022
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28. A national survey integrating clinical, laboratory, and WASH data to determine the typology of trachoma in Nauru

Author

Lynch, Kathleen D., primary, Apadinuwe, Sue Chen, additional, Lambert, Stephen B., additional, Hillgrove, Tessa, additional, Starr, Mitchell, additional, Catlett, Beth, additional, Ware, Robert S., additional, Cama, Anasaini, additional, Webster, Sara, additional, Harding-Esch, Emma M., additional, Bakhtiari, Ana, additional, Butcher, Robert, additional, Cunningham, Philip, additional, Martin, Diana, additional, Gwyn, Sarah, additional, Solomon, Anthony W., additional, Garabwan, Chandalene, additional, Kaldor, John M., additional, and Vaz Nery, Susana, additional

Published
2022
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29. Prevalence of Trachoma in 72 Districts of Afghanistan in 2018−2019: Results of 35 Population-based Prevalence Surveys

Author

Salam, Ahmad Shah, primary, Qayumi, Rafiqullah, additional, Majeed Siddiqi, Abdul, additional, Naseem, Mohammad, additional, Mansoor, Mirwais, additional, Butcher, Robert, additional, Bakhtiari, Ana, additional, Renneker, Kristen, additional, Willis, Rebecca, additional, Jimenez, Cristina, additional, Dejene, Michael, additional, Safi, Naimullah, additional, Heggen, Anne, additional, Solomon, Anthony W., additional, Harding-Esch, Emma M., additional, and Alizoi, Najeebullah, additional

Published
2022
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30. Development and Capabilities of ISS Flow Boiling and Condensation Experiment

Author

Nahra, Henry, Hasan, Mohammad, Balasubramaniam, R, Patania, Michelle, Hall, Nancy, Wagner, James, Mackey, Jeffrey, Frankenfield, Bruce, Hauser, Daniel, Harpster, George, Nawrocki, David, Clapper, Randy, Kolacz, John, Butcher, Robert, May, Rochelle, Chao, David, Mudawar, Issam, Kharangate, Chirag R, and O'Neill, Lucas E

Subjects
Fluid Mechanics And Thermodynamics
Abstract

An experimental facility to perform flow boiling and condensation experiments in long duration microgravity environment is being designed for operation on the International Space Station (ISS). This work describes the design of the subsystems of the FBCE including the Fluid subsystem modules, data acquisition, controls, and diagnostics. Subsystems and components are designed within the constraints of the ISS Fluid Integrated Rack in terms of power availability, cooling capability, mass and volume, and most importantly the safety requirements. In this work we present the results of ground-based performance testing of the FBCE subsystem modules and test module which consist of the two condensation modules and the flow boiling module. During this testing, we evaluated the pressure drop profile across different components of the fluid subsystem, heater performance, on-orbit degassing subsystem, heat loss from different modules and components, and performance of the test modules. These results will be used in the refinement of the flight system design and build-up of the FBCE which is manifested for flight in late 2017-early 2018.

Published
2015

31. Population Prevalence of Trachoma in Nine Rural Non-Indigenous Evaluation Units of Brazil

Author

Szwarcwald, Célia Landmann, primary, Lopes, Maria de Fátima Costa, additional, Borges de Souza Junior, Paulo Roberto, additional, Vaz Ferreira Gómez, Daniela, additional, Luna, Expedito José de Albuquerque, additional, da Silva de Almeida, Wanessa, additional, Damacena, Giseli Nogueira, additional, Ribeiro Favacho, Joana da Felidade, additional, Germano de Frias, Paulo, additional, Butcher, Robert, additional, Boyd, Sarah, additional, Bakhtiari, Ana, additional, Willis, Rebecca, additional, Jimenez, Cristina, additional, Harding-Esch, Emma, additional, Saboyá-Díaz, Martha Idalí, additional, and Solomon, Anthony W., additional

Published
2021
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32. Baseline Prevalence of Trachoma in Refugee Settlements in Uganda: Results of 11 Population-based Surveys

Author

Baayenda, Gilbert, primary, Mugume, Francis, additional, Mubangizi, Alfred, additional, Turyaguma, Patrick, additional, Tukahebwa, Edridah M., additional, Byakika, Sarah, additional, Kahwa, Binta, additional, Kusasira, Darlson, additional, Bakhtiari, Ana, additional, Boyd, Sarah, additional, Butcher, Robert, additional, Solomon, Anthony W., additional, Binagwa, Ben, additional, Agunyo, Stella, additional, Osilo, Martin, additional, Crowley, Kathryn, additional, Thuo, Wangeci, additional, French, Mike, additional, Plunkett, Elizabeth, additional, Mosher, Aryc W., additional, Harding-Esch, Emma M., additional, and Ngondi, Jeremiah, additional

Published
2021
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33. Trachoma Prevalence in Four Localities of Darfur Region, Sudan, following One Round of Antibiotic Mass Drug Administration

Author

Elshafie, Balgesa E, primary, Elsanosi, Mazin Salih Abdalla, additional, El Amin, Atif, additional, Butcher, Robert, additional, Willis, Rebecca, additional, Bakhtiari, Ana, additional, Jimenez, Cristina, additional, Dejene, Michael, additional, Solomon, Anthony W, additional, Harding-Esch, Emma M, additional, and Binnawi, Kamal H, additional

Published
2021
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37. Development of Flow Boiling and Condensation Experiment on the International Space Station- Normal and Low Gravity Flow Boiling Experiment Development and Test Results

Author

Nahra, Henry K, Hall, Nancy R, Hasan, Mohammad M, Wagner, James D, May, Rochelle L, Mackey, Jeffrey R, Kolacz, John S, Butcher, Robert L, Frankenfield, Bruce J, Mudawar, Issam, Konichi, Chris, and Hyounsoon, Lee

Subjects
Spacecraft Design, Testing And Performance, Fluid Mechanics And Thermodynamics
Abstract

Flow boiling and condensation have been identified as two key mechanisms for heat transport that are vital for achieving weight and volume reduction as well as performance enhancement in future space systems. Since inertia driven flows are demanding on power usage, lower flows are desirable. However, in microgravity, lower flows are dominated by forces other than inertia (like the capillary force). It is of paramount interest to investigate limits of low flows beyond which the flow is inertial enough to be gravity independent. One of the objectives of the Flow Boiling and Condensation Flight Experiment sets to investigate these limits for flow boiling and condensation. A two-phase flow loop consisting of a Flow Boiling Module and two Condensation Modules has been developed to experimentally study flow boiling condensation heat transfer in the reduced gravity environment provided by the reduced gravity platform. This effort supports the development of a flow boiling and condensation facility for the International Space Station (ISS). The closed loop test facility is designed to deliver the test fluid, FC-72 to the inlet of any one of the test modules at specified thermodynamic and flow conditions. The zero-g-aircraft tests will provide subcooled and saturated flow boiling critical heat flux and flow condensation heat transfer data over wide range of flow velocities. Additionally, these tests will verify the performance of all gravity sensitive components, such as evaporator, condenser and accumulator associated with the two-phase flow loop. We will present in this paper the breadboard development and testing results which consist of detailed performance evaluation of the heater and condenser combination in reduced and normal gravity. We will also present the design of the reduced gravity aircraft rack and the results of the ground flow boiling heat transfer testing performed with the Flow Boiling Module that is designed to investigate flow boiling heat transfer and Critical Heat Flux (CHF) phenomena.

Published
2013

38. Xe Precipitates in Aluminum

Author

Butcher, Robert C., Donnelly, Stephen E., Morrison, Ian, Allen, Charles W., Furuya, Kazuo, Song, Minghui, Mitsuishi, Kazutaka, and Dahmen, Ulrich

Published
2003
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39. Two-photon Ramsey fringes at 30 THz referenced to an H maser/Cs fountain via an optical-frequency bomb at the 1-Hz level

Author

Shelkovnikov, Alexander, Grain, Christophe, Klein, Anne Amy, Butcher, Robert James, and Goncharov, Andrei

Subjects
Photons -- Research, Ramsey theory -- Analysis, Business, Computers, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

Aspects of two-photon Ramsey fringes in SF6 at 30 THz obtained with a 1-m separation between the two absorption zones are presented. Results indicate that the two-photon Ramsey fringe experiment on SF6 currently presents the best frequency standard.

Published
2004

41. High-sensitivity detection of two-photon Ramsey fringes at 30 THz frequency-comb assisted simulation emission

Author

Grain, Christophe, Shelkovnikov, Alexander, Amy-Klein, Anne, Butcher, Robert James, and Chardonnet, Christian

Subjects
Gas lasers -- Research, Optical communications -- Research, Business, Computers, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

A detection scheme for recording two-photon Ramsey fringes on a supersonic beam of SF[subscript 6] is described and discussed.

Published
2002

44. Conjunctival Scarring, Corneal Pannus, and Herbert’s Pits in Adolescent Children in Trachoma-endemic Populations of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu

Author

Butcher, Robert, primary, Tagabasoe, Junely, additional, Manemaka, Joseph, additional, Bong, Annie, additional, Garae, Mackline, additional, Daniel, Lui, additional, Roberts, Chrissy, additional, Handley, Becca L, additional, Hu, Victor H, additional, Harding-Esch, Emma M, additional, Bakhtiari, Ana, additional, Willis, Rebecca, additional, Müller, Andreas, additional, Kaldor, John, additional, Le Mesurier, Richard, additional, Mabey, David, additional, Cama, Anasaini, additional, Sokana, Oliver, additional, Taleo, Fasihah, additional, Taylor, Hugh R, additional, and Solomon, Anthony W, additional

Published
2020
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45. Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection, anti-Pgp3 antibodies and conjunctival scarring in Vanuatu and Tarawa, Kiribati before antibiotic treatment for trachoma

Author

Butcher, Robert, primary, Handley, Becca, additional, Garae, Mackline, additional, Taoaba, Raebwebwe, additional, Pickering, Harry, additional, Bong, Annie, additional, Sokana, Oliver, additional, Burton, Matthew J, additional, Sepúlveda, Nuno, additional, Cama, Ana, additional, Mesurier, Richard Le, additional, Solomon, Anthony W., additional, Mabey, David, additional, Taleo, Fasihah, additional, Tekeraoi, Rabebe, additional, and Roberts, Chrissy h, additional

Published
2020
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46. Genetic diversity of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis before and after mass drug administration for trachoma

Author

Baltas, Ioannis, primary, Pickering, Harry, additional, Beale, Mathew, additional, Holland, Martin, additional, Versteeg, Aalbartus, additional, Mabey, David, additional, Roberts, Chrissy H., additional, Kako, Henry, additional, Solomon, Anthony, additional, Thompson, Nick, additional, Marks, Michael, additional, and Butcher, Robert, additional

Published
2020
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47. Trachoma, Anti-Pgp3 Serology, and Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Papua New Guinea

Author

Macleod, Colin K, primary, Butcher, Robert, additional, Javati, Sarah, additional, Gwyn, Sarah, additional, Jonduo, Marinjho, additional, Abdad, Mohammad Yazid, additional, Roberts, Chrissy H, additional, Keys, Drew, additional, Koim, Samuel Peter, additional, Ko, Robert, additional, Garap, Jambi, additional, Pahau, David, additional, Houinei, Wendy, additional, Martin, Diana L, additional, Pomat, William S, additional, and Solomon, Anthony W, additional

Published
2020
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48. Conjunctival Scarring, Corneal Pannus, and Herbert's Pits in Adolescent Children in Trachoma-endemic Populations of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.

Author

Butcher, Robert, Tagabasoe, Junely, Manemaka, Joseph, Bong, Annie, Garae, Mackline, Daniel, Lui, Roberts, Chrissy, Handley, Becca L, Hu, Victor H, Harding-Esch, Emma M, Bakhtiari, Ana, Willis, Rebecca, Müller, Andreas, Kaldor, John, Mesurier, Richard Le, Mabey, David, Cama, Anasaini, Sokana, Oliver, Taleo, Fasihah, and Taylor, Hugh R

Subjects
*CORNEA diseases, *CONJUNCTIVA diseases
Abstract

Background In the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, the sign trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) is common, but ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis is not. It is therefore debatable whether azithromycin mass drug administration (MDA), the recommended antibiotic treatment strategy for trachoma's elimination as a public health problem, is necessary in this setting. We set out to estimate what proportion of adolescents were at risk of progression of trachomatous scarring. Methods A cross-sectional survey was undertaken of all children aged 10–14 years resident in communities identified as high-TF clusters during previous population-based mapping. Graders examined children for clinical evidence of trachomatous scarring, pannus, and Herbert's pits (HPs) or limbal follicles in both eyes. A dried blood spot was collected from each child and tested for antibodies to C. trachomatis. Results A total of 492 children in 24 villages of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu were examined. In total, 35/492 (7%) of children had limbal signs (pannus and/or HPs) plus any conjunctival scarring. And 9/492 (2%) had limbal signs and moderate or severe conjunctival scarring; 22% of children were anti-Pgp3 seropositive. Conclusions Few adolescents here are at risk of future complications from trachoma, supporting the conclusion that further antibiotic MDA is not currently required for trachoma elimination purposes in these settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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49. Community seroprevalence survey for yaws and trachoma in the Western Division of Fiji

Author

Cocks, Naomi, Rainima-Qaniuci, Merelesita, Yalen, Chelsea, Macleod, Colin, Nakolinivalu, Apisalome, Migchelsen, Stephanie, Roberts, Chrissy H, Butcher, Robert, Kama, Mike, Mabey, David, and Marks, Michael

Subjects
Trachoma, Male, Family Characteristics, genetic structures, Adolescent, Infant, Chlamydia trachomatis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Original Articles, Health Surveys, Scabies, Random Allocation, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Agglutination Tests, Child, Preschool, Yaws, Fiji, Cluster Analysis, Humans, Female, Dried Blood Spot Testing, Public Health, Treponema pallidum, Child, Neglected tropical diseases
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Both yaws and trachoma are endemic in several countries in the Pacific. In co-endemic countries there may be potential synergies between both control programmes. METHODS: We undertook a cluster randomised trachoma and yaws seroprevalence survey of children in the Western Division of Fiji. Children were examined for skin lesions consistent with active yaws. A dried blood spot was collected which was tested using the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) test and an ELISA to detect antibodies against Pgp3. RESULTS: A total of 607 children from 305 households across 23 villages were recruited into the survey. On skin examination, no child had clinical evidence of yaws, and the TPPA assay was negative in all children (0%, 95% CI 0.0-0.6). The seroprevalence of Pgp3 antibodies was 20.9% (95% CI 17.8-24.6%). DISCUSSION: In this study there was neither clinical nor serological evidence that transmission of yaws was ongoing. The Pgp3 seroprevalence pattern was consistent with either low level transmission of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis or exposure to C. trachomatis in the birth canal which is consistent with a survey conducted in the same region in 2013. These data suggest neither yaws nor ocular chlamydia infection are a significant public health problem in the Western Division of Fiji.

Published
2016

50. Absence of Serological Evidence of Exposure to Treponema pallidum among Children Suggests Yaws Is No Longer Endemic in Kiribati

Author

Handley, Becca L, Butcher, Robert, Taoaba, Raebwebwe, Roberts, Chrissy H, Cama, Anasaini, Müeller, Andreas, Solomon, Anthony W, Tekeraoi, Rabebe, and Marks, Michael

Abstract

Yaws is a neglected tropical disease targeted for eradication by 2020. Kiribati, a Pacific Island nation, was previously endemic for yaws but lacks recent data from which its current endemicity status could be determined. This study tested antibody responses to Treponema pallidum to determine if transmission of yaws is taking place among children in Kiribati. Using a commercially available T. pallidum particle agglutination kit (Serodia®, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan), we tested dried blood spots, collected during population-based trachoma prevalence surveys on Tarawa Atoll and Kiritimati Island, for long-lived treponemal antibodies. Dried blood spots from 1,420 children aged 1-9 years were tested. Only two were positive, suggesting T. pallidum is not being widely transmitted among children in the settings sampled. These data require support from additional surveys to demonstrate the absence of clinical signs of disease and molecular evidence of infection, to confirm that yaws is no longer endemic in Kiribati.

Published
2019

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