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Background: A marked increase in physical activity (PA) publications has occurred since 1985. Increased publications reflect a globalization of publications and increase the difficulty of reviewing evidence and identifying effective PA strategies. Methods: Review of Scopus database publications with the title or keyword "physical activity" between 1985 and 2022, examining 193,335 PA publications. The choice of search strategy was standardized across the period and maximized relevant PA papers (high sensitivity). Results: The results showed 3 clear periods for increases in PA publications; an initial increase in period 1 between 1985 and 2000, a 9-fold increase in period 2 between 2001 and 2016 (from 645/y to 5876/y), and a further increase to 15,812 publications per year in period 3 between 2017 and 2022. The primary driver of this increase was the transition from publications in traditional subscription-model journals to open-access business model journals, which comprised 80% of PA publications by period 3. Although this trend was global, some countries showed greater increases through open-access publication. Discussion: These data identify a relatively unrecognized and urgent threat to the field: An exponential increase in PA publications may influence the quality of published work and increases the difficulty of finding and applying important research findings. The shift in publication patterns is contributed to by higher acceptance rates and rapid time to publication offered in open-access journals. This represents a "commercial determinant" of publications in the PA field, influencing the type and volume of publications without consideration of their contribution to evidence or impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional financial planning models make certain assumptions about planning and life-cycle finance. These assumptions do not recognize the reality facing many Americans. Consumer research and the recent experience of financial wellness firms offer a different picture of the reality facing households and a model for improving financial results which reflects a wide range of situations. This article develops the idea of "meeting people where they are," providing information about the financial planning needs of individuals in various situations. It challenges advisors to think about these situations and their business models and to identify additional opportunities where they can serve. It synthesizes published research from several sources including real-life experience and proprietary research, to provide a realistic picture of the gaps in conventional planning and the need for more advisory support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disruptions often call for rapid innovation at scale. Open innovation (OI) is critical in such contexts because it allows organizations to access resources beyond the firm's boundaries. Yet, many OI projects fail, posing significant risks during disruptions. This article examines 12 ventilator development projects during the COVID-19 pandemic, of which only seven succeeded. Fifty-five interviews were analyzed to understand how organizational roles influence the outcomes of OI projects in times of disruption. The key finding is that projects that succeeded involved an organizational role largely absent in those that failed: namely, a catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the dynamics between the extremes of open innovation (OI)—from inclusive co-creation to exclusive vertical integration (VI). This analysis addresses the management issues of how Tesla and Porsche manage value capture and value distribution in the e-mobility industry through their contrasting approaches and strategic shifts between OI and VI. It develops a novel theoretical model juxtaposing the OI mode from open to closed with the value chain position from horizontal to vertical. Analyzing Tesla and Porsche's strategic moves offers a paradigm shift for OI practitioners. Our model can enable enhanced value capture through greater openness and more inclusive value distribution through proactive inside-out strategies in core technology areas. Instead of positioning VI and OI as static polar extremes, a novel combination of VI and OI can realize untapped potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) can enhance, enable, or replace traditional open innovation (OI) practices, changing the scope and efficiency of both outside-in and inside-out OI. This article provides a comprehensive framework to analyze AI's influence on OI, supported by illustrative examples, and outlines the key implications for organizations and researchers. The co-evolutionary relationship between AI and OI will be a central focus in both research and practice moving forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open Innovation (OI) has become a key part of corporate strategy, and many firms have adopted dedicated organizational functions to leverage OI. However, current literature lacks insights into how firms deploy such functions and what they do. To address this issue, this article provides insights from interviews with senior managers in dedicated OI functions in 20 different firms. The findings reveal three ways that firms can employ these functions and the key practices for which they are responsible. Finally, dedicated OI functions can change over time as the firms' OI capabilities mature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product co-design which connects the firm and consumers to achieve value co-creation is widely applied in the service-oriented manufacturing system (SOMS) to improve service quality. One of the key challenges in practice is to understand how the product co-design affects the performance of SOMS under different business models. This study considers a SOMS in which the firm optimises its product co-design effort and consumers decide whether to participate in product co-design under the selling and leasing models. The results show that the firm can always benefit from implementing the product co-design, even though consumers do not participate in product co-design under some specific circumstances. However, it does not always hold for consumers. Interestingly, we find that the free rider effect occurs when the participation cost is high. We further elaborate on the firm's business model selection strategy, introducing a threshold-based policy designed to assist the firm in making decisions when confronted with varying residual values and participation costs. Lastly, our findings indicate a lack of clear-cut pros and cons between the two business models in terms of the firm's product co-design efforts and consumer surplus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the servicization business model, a service-oriented manufacturer sells the service derived from its products. Because of the special compensation method, a service-oriented manufacturer is more likely to be underfunded. A Stackelberg game is formulated to investigate the interaction among a bank, a manufacturer, and an operator, in which two financing strategies are considered: bank financing and guaranteed (internal) financing. The difference between these two strategies is who bears the bankruptcy risk of the manufacturer. With bank financing, the bank bears the risk and determines the interest rate, while under guaranteed financing, the operator sets a guaranteed financing interest rate. We find that under bank financing, the low operating efficiency of the manufacturer increases the bank's share of the supply chain benefits. In particular, the service-oriented manufacturer can rarely be financed if the bankruptcy risk is high. However, under guaranteed financing, the operator may, interestingly, even subsidise a manufacturer with high operating efficiency. In this situation, a high bankruptcy risk could incentivize the manufacturer to improve its operating efficiency for the sake of the subsidy. Practically, guaranteed financing could coordinate the supply chain through interest rate adjustments or subsidies when facing different risk levels, which could improve both firms' benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advertising ecosystem has been progressively reshaped by computational advertising models facilitated and controlled by digital media platforms. Meta and Alphabet, two of the dominant players in this ecosystem, have contributed significantly to industry disintermediation via the design and market dominance of their advertising systems, which in turn are symbiotic with their own business models, and feed on large amounts of consumer data generated by everyday platform use. The operations and impacts of these systems remain opaque and difficult to observe. Responding to this challenge, we present a methodological framework integrating cultural, legal, media, and computational perspectives to enable the observation of computational advertising. This methodology comprises three novel computational methods: direct data gathering from ad transparency libraries; automated data donation via participatory citizen science browser plug-ins; and a privacy-aware mobile screen capture app. We describe how our suite of computational approaches enables scalable and participant-situated research, overcoming limitations posed by restricted platform access to computational advertising data. Ethical considerations and practical implications are discussed alongside case study findings, further demonstrating the potential for these methods to inform regulatory debates and scholarly advancements in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy landscapes and the closely related cost function landscapes have been recognized in science, mathematics, and various other fields such as economics as being highly useful paradigms and tools for the description and analysis of the properties of many systems, ranging from glasses, proteins, and abstract global optimization problems to business models. A multitude of algorithms for the exploration and exploitation of such landscapes have been developed over the past five decades in the various fields of applications, where many re-inventions but also much cross-fertilization have occurred. Twenty-five years ago, trying to increase the fruitful interactions between workers in different fields led to the creation of workshops and small conferences dedicated to the study of energy landscapes in general instead of only focusing on specific applications. In this perspective, I will present some history of the development of energy landscape studies and try to provide an outlook on in what directions the field might evolve in the future and what larger challenges are going to lie ahead, both from a conceptual and a practical point of view, with the main focus on applications of energy landscapes in chemistry and physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitally enabled firms such as Alphabet, Amazon, and Meta achieved rapid growth in part through business model innovations that challenged the existing norms and regulations of the markets they entered. Research has explored aspects of their norm-breaking behavior—for example, getting users to behave differently, or offering free services to forestall competitors. I focus on their tactics for getting through or around regulatory infrastructure designed to protect consumers and other stakeholders. Specifically, I examine the relationship between large digital firms and three sets of institutional structures—competition policy, employment law, and individual property rights. I identify three tactics firms have used to overcome potential resistance: some have finessed regulations by identifying gaps and inconsistencies they could take advantage of, some have sidestepped regulations by arguing that those regulations do not apply to their situation, and others have nullified those rules by denying their existence altogether. I discuss regulatory responses to these tactics, from providing a free pass on one extreme, to doubling down on existing rules on the other extreme, and negotiating a new set of rules in themiddle. I concludewith thoughts on the role of institutional innovation in fostering economic development in the context of digital innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technologies challenge incumbent firms to rethink their established approaches to customer relationships. This article examines how a corporate bank reconfigured its relationship-oriented business model to benefit from digital transformation. The case analysis reveals a gradual transition toward a blended service model that first replaces, then complements, and finally augments physical with digital in increasingly complex customer interactions. While replacing and complementing human-enabled services with digital offerings are necessary steps of the digital transition, the associated competitive advantages are perceived as unlikely to endure. In contrast, augmenting human-enabled services with sophisticated digital technologies holds the potential for sustainable competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business models play a key role in companies' profit growth and competitiveness. A growing number of companies not only sell products but also provide leasing services. In traditional leasing models, companies usually charge customers for the time they occupy the product, but ignore differences in how long and how often customers actually use the product. In practice, customers have different product usage patterns, which will affect their purchase choice. Considering the pooling effect in the leasing service network, this paper describes customers' usage patterns in two dimensions (product occupancy time and utilisation rate) and determines the optimal pricing under three models (selling, leasing, and their hybrid model) to maximise corporate profits. Through comparative analysis, the optimal business model selection decision is obtained, and its market performance is also analysed. The results show that when the leasing service operational capability is strong, the pure leasing service model is superior; otherwise, the result also depends on the product value creation capability. When this capability is high, the hybrid model will be selected; otherwise, the pure selling model will be better. This result differs from the generally held result in previous studies that the hybrid model is more profitable in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under servitization (one paradigm of non-ownership-transfer) business model such as sharing, a manufacturer is responsible not only for product design but also for maintenance. This paper deals with joint decision of product quality and maintenance under servitization. A model minimising total cost is formulated to obtain the optimal product quality, maintenance effort and maintenance times. We find that the total cost first decreases then increases with product quality, maintenance effort and maintenance times. Moderate quality and maintenance effort level are the best for the manufacturer, because too high or too low quality and effort cause too high total cost. However, preventive maintenance should be implemented as many times as possible until the failure cost is reduced to zero as long as each maintenance can save cost. Moreover, in the optimal joint decision, the product quality, maintenance effort and maintenance times are negatively correlated in pairs. In addition, we explore the impact of unit failure cost, product lifecycle, production cost, maintenance cost, and failure intensity on the manufacturer's optimal decisions. In extensions, we further take penalty cost, exponential failure distribution, discount rate, and customer usage into account. This paper provides insight for the manufacturer to jointly consider product design and maintenance under servitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supply chains are widely studied as carriers of value, but their potential to create value remains underappreciated. This study conceptualizes supply chain orchestration as a business model that allows a firm to create value in a supply chain with high market uncertainty by matching demand and supply more effectively than the present norm, and without relying on product innovation. Building on contingency theory, this study theorizes supply chain orchestration and articulates three defining qualities of its activity system. Next, it describes the evolution of this business model: its creation requires architectural market knowledge; however, sustained belief in the architectural market knowledge, ironically, can hinder its adaptation to changes in the firm's environment and lead to its abandonment. The study, I hope, will promote management practice and research at the largely untapped intersection of business models and strategic supply chain management to foster novel value creation by orchestrating supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding entrepreneurial dynamics during crises increasingly gains scholars' and practitioners' attention, highlighting the adaptability and innovation inherent in entrepreneurial ventures. This study investigates the intertwined role of organizational resilience (OR) and business model innovation (BMI) on the performance of startups amidst the COVID-19 pandemic using data from 258 start-ups in Tanzania. It employs a stepwise multiple regression analysis to assess the moderating effect of BMI on the relationship between OR and the start-ups' performance. The findings suggest that service sector startups exhibited higher performance than those in manufacturing and merchandising. The results show that startups that actively participate in BMI exhibited greater resilience and outperformed their counterparts during the pandemic. The study underscores the imperative for startups to consistently innovate their business models to maintain their competitiveness and success during disruptive moments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Digital technologies are essential for improving efficiency and unlocking new opportunities in various domains. The purpose of this study is to assess whether digital technologies can ameliorate servitization among manufacturing firms via the interaction of organizational slack and research and development (R&D) intensity. Design/methodology/approach: Drawing on resource-based and service-dominant logic, the study employs a deductive approach and gathers empirical evidence from 1,929 listed A-shares manufacturing firms in the top-seven China mainland industrial provinces spanning the period 2012–2021. It used fixed-effect logistic regression techniques while controlling for various factors to analyze the relationship between digital technologies and manufacturing firm servitization. Findings: The findings revealed that digital technologies significantly ameliorate manufacturing firms' servitization. Moreover, the study uncovers the contingent nature of this relationship, demonstrating that high levels of both internal and external slack, which provide flexibility and support, intensify the direction of digital technologies towards servitization. Additionally, R&D intensity reflects the firm's commitment to innovation, thereby enhancing synergistic effects in the relationship. Originality/value: This study contributes robust and comprehensive empirical evidence that validates and establishes a clear baseline relationship reflecting the most current digital technology landscape and its implications for manufacturing firms servitization. Moreover, it provides a more patterned understanding of how internal and external slack typologies and R&D intensity contextualize our study's findings. Additionally, it demonstrates how our theoretical synthesis advances firms' strategic shifts towards service-oriented business models through digital technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of online‐ordering technology, an increasing number of service providers are transforming to sell services through online channels alongside traditional offline stores. Our paper studies this emerging business model (also known as omnichannel services) in which customers can choose between online and offline ordering. We develop a queueing‐game‐theoretic model to evaluate the performance of omnichannel systems in terms of throughput and social welfare when customers strategically choose their ordering channels in the presence of service valuation uncertainty. We also contrast omnichannel services with single‐channel services, that is, online‐only and offline‐only services. Our analysis yields the following main insights. First, although customers run the risk of making suboptimal decisions and suffering from unexpected losses when they are uncertain about their service valuations, we find that all customers would be better off in expectation with an increasing level of service valuation uncertainty. Second, while social welfare improves as ordering online becomes more convenient in some cases, it (even online customer welfare) can also be worse off in others, especially when the system operates under heavy congestion, because customers' self‐interested channel choice behavior would impose significant negative congestion externalities among customers. Third, despite the fact that omnichannel services provide customers with an additional, more convenient ordering channel option in comparison with conventional offline‐only services, we find that, somewhat surprisingly, adopting omnichannel services does not necessarily guarantee improvement in social welfare. Finally, we discuss two alternative modeling assumptions to demonstrate the robustness of our main insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can gain a competitive advantage by implementing business model innovation (BMI), which is characterized as irreversible changes to a company's business model. However, BMI is often associated with high risk, uncertainty, and ambiguity. In this study, the effectiveness of BMI on improving SME performance is examined using structural equation modeling (SEM) based on data collected from 330 Chinese SMEs. The purpose of this paper is to examine how enterprise risk management (ERM), organizational agility (OA), and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) affect SME performance. The results reveal that ERM, OA, and EO all have a positive impact on efficiency-centered BMI and SME performance; efficiency-centered BMI mediates this pathway. Building on dynamic capabilities theory, this paper combines ERM, OA, and EO into one framework to assess their impact on SME performance. Additionally, a case study is presented to provide suggestions for making decisions about BMI implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular business models in manufacturing, especially in the recycling industry, face many barriers that need to be managed and mitigated for successful business implementation. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the hierarchy of the main barriers to the implementation of circular business models in the recycling industry and evaluate strategies to overcome them. To achieve this goal, we first conducted a systematic literature review on barriers to implementing circular business models. Second, barriers were prioritized through a survey followed by an expert focus group. Building on these steps, we used interpretive structural modeling combined with a 'matrix of cross-impact multiplications applied to classification' to identify the hierarchy among barriers and describe their interdependencies. As key findings, 10 barriers were prioritized through a survey to identify the most important barriers for the recycling industry. The hierarchy of these barriers highlights regulation and government incentives as the most important, followed by those related to supply chain collaboration and lack of material flow indicators. Finally, internal barriers appear as high investments and associated risks. Finally, we suggest strategies to overcome these barriers based on their hierarchy. The implications of this study provide a proposal of strategies for implementing circular business models in the recycling industry, derived from the hierarchical correlation among the barriers, and can be applied in different regions through expert opinion assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data-driven technologies in smart buildings offer significant opportunities to enhance energy efficiency, sustainability, and occupant comfort. However, the existing literature often lacks a holistic examination of the technological advancements, adoption barriers, and business models necessary to realize these benefits. To address this gap, this scoping review synthesizes current research on these technologies, identifies factors influencing their adoption, and examines supporting business models. Inspired by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a structured search of the literature across four major databases yielded 112 relevant studies. The key technologies identified included big data analytics, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, the Internet of Things, Wireless Sensor Networks, Edge and Cloud Computing, Blockchain, Digital Twins, and Geographic Information Systems. Energy optimization is further achieved through integrating renewable energy resources and advanced energy management systems, such as Home Energy Management Systems and Building Energy Management Systems. Factors influencing adoption are categorized into social influences, individual perceptions, cost considerations, security and privacy concerns, and data quality issues. The analysis of business models emphasizes the need to align technological innovations with market needs, focusing on value propositions like cost savings and efficiency improvements. Despite the benefits, challenges such as high initial costs, technical complexities, security risks, and user acceptance hinder their widespread adoption. This review highlights the importance of addressing these challenges through the development of cost-effective, interoperable, secure, and user-centric solutions, offering a roadmap for future research and industry applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen has emerged as a potential enabler for reducing emissions in the transport sector. To fully harness its potential, stakeholders must adapt their business models to accommodate future business conditions. In our study, we focused on the Swedish road transportation sector and analyzed potential future conditions that will likely impact business models up to 2045. We outlined existing business models for hydrogen producers and hydrogen refueling station owners using the Business Model Canvas as an analytical framework. By considering policy documents, hydrogen roadmaps, scenario reports, and insights from interviews and workshops with industry experts, we identified key future business conditions. These conditions were categorized into four themes: 'Net-Zero CO 2 ', 'Mature Market', 'Electricity Price Volatility', and 'Heavy-Duty & Long-Haul'. Finally, we applied these conditions to today's business models to propose how future business models for 2045 might evolve. The main differences identified between the current and the future business models were the reduced complexity of the future business model and the opportunity to emphasize additional value offerings to fossil-free hydrogen, since the fossil-free value will be less unique in a future where fossil-free is the norm. Business Model Canvas for a hydrogen producer 2045. Items listed in a parenthesis are depending on the availability of a gas transmission pipeline and on the capacity of the electricity grid capacity. [Display omitted] • Identification of business conditions in 2045 for hydrogen in road transportation. • Analysis of impact on the business models employed by Swedish hydrogen actors today. • Development of 2045 business models for hydrogen in road transportation. • A new competitive edge for hydrogen is needed in 2045 to compete with other fuels. • The future business model will be simplified, as a result of a mature market in 2045. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Third-party logistics (TPL) providers have shown positive impacts on supporting large construction projects. Nevertheless, their role in smaller construction still requires further clarification. Small contractors, facing logistics challenges in material supply, are frequently underrepresented in research. We propose a TPL model designed as an intermediary between suppliers and small contractors for consolidating materials. In the initial phase, TPL's business model should be developed for its business foundation. Therefore, this study aims to develop TPLS's conceptual business model that addresses Indonesian small contractors. Three interview themes were employed in this research, involving three distinct groups of small contractors to explore their capacities within construction work, their assessments of specific materials, and their logistical practices. Based on the nine blocks of the Business Model Canvas (BMC), this study found that TPL can ensure material supplies for small construction projects by coordinating sourcing, providing temporary storage, and delivering materials through building strategic partnerships with material suppliers, transportation service providers, and warehousing facility providers. Furthermore, TPL's conceptual business model allows small contractors to gain better access to material supply while providing suppliers with certainty of material purchasing demand. Nonetheless, achieving successful TPL implementation requires dedication from every stakeholder in their assigned roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While inter-organisational systems (IOS) can significantly impact firm performance within supply chains, the influence of IOS integration on business model innovation (BMI) remains unclear. This paper aims to investigate how industry/political environmental uncertainty (IEU/PEU) moderates the relationship between IOS integration and two types of BMI, namely, novelty-centred BMI (NBMI) and efficiency-centred BMI (EBMI) using an organisational information processing perspective. We collected 184 matched-pair questionnaires from operations and IT executives of Chinese firms located in the Yangtze River Delta region. The results confirm a positive effect of IOS integration on both NBMI and EBMI. Furthermore, IEU positively moderates the relationship between IOS integration and NBMI/EBMI. PEU negatively moderates the effect of IOS integration on EBMI but insignificantly moderates the relationship between IOS integration and NBMI. Finally, this study provides theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]