Search

Background: The use of serious games (SGs) in nursing education is increasing, with the COVID-19 pandemic significantly accelerating their development. A key feature of SGs is their flexibility, allowing students to train at any place and time as needed. Recently, there has been a shift from developing disease-specific SGs to games focused on broader health issues. However, there has been a lack of proposals to enhance nursing interventions in home and frail care settings. The REACtion project developed a SG to improve students' understanding and clinical reasoning in caring for home-dwelling older adults., Objective: This study aims to describe the development of "REACtion Game" (RG) and explore its validity as an educational tool. A multidisciplinary team created a SG that simulates the assessment process of older adults in home settings by nurses. It features web-based scenarios, clickable objects, and a menu with tools, and medical records to enhance nursing students' knowledge and clinical reasoning skills., Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted using the Dutch Society for Simulation in Healthcare's framework to validate the game. Further, 5 experts in home health care nursing evaluated content validity, while 30 students assessed construct validity, face validity, concurrent validity (by comparing game scores with those from the Nursing Clinical Reasoning Scale), game quality, and usability. Data were collected through self-administered web-based questionnaires and the debriefings of each match played. The students were enrolled in 2 postgraduate nursing programs: a master of science in nursing degree and a first-level continuing education in family and community nursing., Results: Experts rated the content validity highly after revisions (universal agreement calculation method of scale-level content validity index=0.97). The sample consisted of 30 students, predominantly women (n=20, 67%) and aged younger than 45 years (n=23, 77%) with no prior experience in SG. Almost all students had a positive impression of RG as an attractive and useful method for learning new knowledge. Participants found the cases, scenarios, and dialogues realistic (face validity) and of high quality, though usability aspects such as instructions clarity and intelligibility of game progression were less favored. Construct validity showed general agreement on the game's educational value, with family and community nursing students reporting more consistent alignment with educational goals. Overall, RG scores correlated positively with time spent playing but showed limited correlation with Nursing Clinical Reasoning Scale scores., Conclusions: This study developed and validated a nursing education game, especially valuable as simulation is underused in some curricula. Created during the pandemic, it offered a digital learning environment. Although the game shows potential, further testing is needed for usability, concurrent validity, and functional improvements. Future research should involve larger samples to fully validate the game and assess its impact on academic achievement., (©Erica Busca, Silvia Caristia, Sara Palmira Bidone, Alessia Bolamperti, Sara Campagna, Arianna Cattaneo, Rosaria Lea, Doriana Montani, Antonio Scalogna, Erika Bassi, Alberto Dal Molin. Originally published in JMIR Serious Games (https://games.jmir.org), 26.11.2024.)

Patients with acute stroke often require venous access to facilitate diagnostic investigations or intravenous therapy. The primary aim of this study was to describe the rate and type of complications associated with the placement of a short peripheral catheter (SPC) in patients with acute ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. A prospective, observational, single-cohort study was conducted at Niguarda Hospital, Italy, with enrolment in the Emergency Department. Adult patients with an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke requiring an SPC were enrolled. Complications, such as infiltration, occlusion, phlebitis and dislodgment, were recorded daily. Descriptive statistics were used, and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) was estimated to assess the difference in complications, considering catheter calibre, dominant side, exit site, limb, and limb mobility, ictus type (ischemic/haemorrhagic), impairment deficit (language, motor, visual) and EA-DIVA score. A total of 269 participants and 755 SPC were analysed. Removal of SPC due to at least one local complication occurred in 451 (60%). Dislodgment was the major cause of SPC removal (31%), followed by infiltration (18%), occlusion (6%), and phlebitis (5%). The SPC calibre (22G), exit-site other than antecubital and forearm, visual deficit and EA-DIVA ≥ 8 were associated with a higher rate of SPC complications: IRR, 1.71 [1.31; 2.31]; 1.27 [1.01; 1.60], 1.38 [1.06; 1.80], 1.30 [1.04; 1.64], respectively. No other differences in complication rates were observed according to the insertion site, i.e. dominant side, left side, plegic/hyposthenic limb, or exit site. This study provides novel insights into the frequency and types of complications associated with SPC in patients with acute stroke. Compared to the literature, a higher dislodgment rate was observed, being the first cause of SPC removal, whereas no differences in the number of infiltrations, occlusions, and phlebitis were recorded., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Due to global shifts in demographics and advances in chronic illness management over the past few decades, domiciliary care has become the primary setting for caring for older people. In this regard, nurses play a crucial role, promoting quality care and minimizing hospital admissions and the need for institutionalization. However, historical and geographic variation in nursing titles and the multitude of labels for different roles have been obstacles to the creation of a clear map outlining specific nursing roles in home care for older people. The aim of this scoping review is to map the evidence on the different nurses' roles in caring for older people in domiciliary settings. This review will include primary, secondary, and gray literature on nurses' roles in domiciliary settings for older people, sourced through comprehensive searches of various databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL) and reference scanning. No language restrictions will be applied. Two independent reviewers will conduct screening and data extraction. The tabulated results will be informed by descriptive frequencies and content analysis, presenting comprehensive findings. The review protocol was retrospectively registered within OSF database on the 23 November 2023.

Objective: The objective of this scoping review is to explore how wearable technology is being used to care for older adults in long-term care facilities., Introduction: The use of digital health technologies to support care delivery in long-term care facilities for older adults has grown significantly in recent years, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. Wearable technology refers to devices worn or attached to the body that can track a variety of health-related data, such as vital signs, falls, and sleep patterns. Despite the evidence that wearable devices are playing an increasing role in older adults' care, no review has been conducted on how wearable technology is being used in long-term care facilities., Inclusion Criteria: This review will consider studies that include people aged over 65, with any health condition or level of disability, who live in long-term care facilities. Primary and secondary studies using quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods study designs will be included. Dissertations and policy documents will also be considered., Methods: Data sources will include comprehensive searches of electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus), gray literature, and reference scanning of relevant studies. Two independent reviewers will screen titles, abstracts, and full texts of the selected studies. Data extraction will be performed using a tool developed by the researchers. Data will be mapped and analyzed. Descriptive frequencies and content analysis will be included, along with the tabulated results, which will be used to present the findings with regard to the review objectives., Review Registration: Open Science Framework https://osf.io/r9qtd., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 JBI.)

Aims: To assess the effects of bed rest duration on short-term complications following transfemoral catheterization., Methods and Results: A systematic search was carried out in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, SciELO and in five registries of grey literature. Randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies comparing different durations of bed rest after transfemoral catheterization were included. Primary outcomes were haematoma and bleeding near the access site. Secondary outcomes were arteriovenous fistula, pseudoaneurysm, back pain, general patient discomfort and urinary discomfort. Study findings were summarized using a network meta-analysis (NMA). Twenty-eight studies and 9217 participants were included (mean age 60.4 years). In NMA, bed rest duration was not consistently associated with either primary outcome, and this was confirmed in sensitivity analyses. There was no evidence of associations with secondary outcomes, except for two effects related to back pain. A bed rest duration of 2-2.9 h was associated with lower risk of back pain [risk ratio (RR) 0.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17-0.62] and a duration over 12 h with greater risk of back pain (RR 1.94, 95% CI 1.16-3.24), when compared with the 4-5.9 h interval. Post hoc analysis revealed an increased risk of back pain per hour of bed rest (RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.11)., Conclusion: A short bed rest was not associated with complications in patients undergoing transfemoral catheterization; the greater the duration of bed rest, the more likely the patients were to experience back pain. Ambulation as early as 2 h after transfemoral catheterization can be safely implemented., Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42014014222., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: None declared., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.)

. Patient and public involvement in research. Patient and public involvement (PPI) entails research being carried out 'with' members of the public, rather than 'to', 'about' or 'for' them. The word public can refer to patients, potential patients, carers and people who use health and social care services, people from organisations that represent people who use services as well as members of the public. People with lived experience of a particular service or health condition may add value to the research and even influence the research question. The involvement may occurr in any stage of the research process, but preferably since the very start, when the study is designed. To obtain a real involvement and participation some practical tips are suggested. In this paper advantages but also difficulties related to PPI are presented, based both on the literature but also from the authors' experience.

Background: While the multi-organ manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are now well-documented, the potential long-term implications of these manifestations remain to be uncovered. The aim of the study was to study the level and predictors of post-traumatic stress, anxiety and depression symptoms, quality of life and functional disability in COVID-19 survivors during the first year post Intensive Care Unit (ICU) discharge., Methods: A prospective longitudinal study, reported following the STROBE guidance, was conducted in adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to an Italian ICU from March 2020 to March 2021 who were followed until March 2022., Results: A total of 207 patients were included in the study, of which 145 (70.1%) were male. One hundred and six (51.2%) patients between six and 12 months after ICU discharge reported at least one physical or cognitive impairment. The concurrent prevalence of anxiety, depression and PTSD is present in 25/106 patients (23.6% of cases) at six months and increases in 29/106 patients (27.3% of cases) at 12 months. However, the prevalence of anxiety, depression and PTSD was observed in 86 patients (41.5%) at six months and it gets smaller in 78 patients (37.7%) at 12 months (P=0.049). The EqVAS score (58.8 vs. 72.3, P=0.017) and the Barthel Index (61.5 vs. 74.8, P<0.001) increased significantly between six and 12 months after ICU., Conclusions: Our results show that functional and cognitive recovery improves between six and 12 months after ICU discharge with a high perception of the patients' quality of life. These results will help to inform health system planning and the development of multidisciplinary strategies to reduce chronic health loss among individuals with COVID-19.

The ageing population, increasingly frail and chronically ill, and COVID-19 pandemic challenges have highlighted national health systems' vulnerability and, more strongly/to a greater extent, the pivotal role of the family and community nurse (FCN). However, the recent introduction of FCNs in primary care settings has yet to be explored in Italy. This study aimed to identify the FCNs' cultural model and its implementation during the COVID-19 outbreak. A focused ethnographic study was performed in a primary care community service in northern Italy. Participants were FCNs (N = 5), patients and caregivers (N = 12). Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field notes, observation of FCNs' activities and access to documents. Qualitative analysis identified themes concerned with crucial aspects of FCNs' activities, role implementation, and their relationship with patients and families. This study illuminated how the FCN strategically takes care of and identifies patients' and community needs. Although the COVID-19 outbreak hindered effective FCN project implementation, this study highlighted that the pandemic provided a chance to better identify cultural, organisational and educational weaknesses that need to be addressed to support the full accomplishment of FCNs' scope of practice.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative condition that gradually worsens motor function and leads to postural instability and, eventually, falls. Several factors may influence the frequency of future falls, such as slowness, freezing of gait, loss of balance, and mobility problems, cognitive impairments, and the number of previous falls. The TED bracelet is an advanced technological wearable device able to predict falls., Aims: This principal aim is to investigate the feasibility of a full-scale research project that uses the TED bracelet to identify whether individuals with PD are at risk of falling., Methods: This study will involve a pilot prospective observational study design; the subjects will include 26 patients suffering from mild PD and 26 others with no PD and no gait problems. Data will be collected from the TED bracelet and then compared to a paper-based fall diary. The enrolled participants will have a scheduled outpatient evaluation to collect both clinical and instrumental data as well as biological samples., Discussion: This pilot study could then be implemented in a larger form to further evaluate the effectiveness of the TED device. Finally, it will help further develop gait monitoring systems for people with Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases that can affect physical function and mobility, such as dementia and Alzheimer's., Conclusions: Preventing falls and their complications could lead to major advancements in the quality of home care for patients with PD, which would significantly impact the quality of life of both these patients and their caregivers., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The aim of the study was to explore the effects of Intentional Rounding, a regular-based proactive patient monitoring, on falls and pressure ulcers in internal medicine units. This is a cluster-randomised controlled study, where units were assigned (1:1) to Intentional Rounding (intervention group) or Standard of Care (control group). The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of falls and new pressure ulcers. These events were considered separately as secondary endpoints, together with the number of bell calls and the evaluation of patient satisfaction. Primary analyses were carried out on the modified intention-to-treat population (hospitalisation of at least 10 days). Recruitment occurred between October 2019 and March 2020, at which time the study was prematurely closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Enrolment totalled 1822 patients at 26 sites; 779 patients were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. The intervention group had a lower risk of falls (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.78; p = 0.03). There were no statistical differences in new pressure ulcers or the cumulative incidence of both adverse events. Mean bell calls for each patient were 15.4 ± 24.1 in the intervention group and 13.7 ± 20.5 in the control group ( p = 0.38). Additionally, patient satisfaction in the intervention group was almost at the maximum level. Our study supports the usefulness of Intentional Rounding in a complex and vulnerable population such as that hospitalised in internal medicine units.

Introduction: Although nursing today is an intellectual profession to all intents and purposes, thesocial and professional image gap has not yet been bridged. Also, in the rest of the world, the social image of the nurse suffers from some stereotypes, not only perpetuated by a wrong knowledge on the part of the population but also fostered by the mass media (commentary, cinema, television series)., Objective: To investigate the perception of students at the University of Piemonte Orientale about the nursing profession., Methods: A survey was conducted using an online questionnaire sent during the period of the health emergency linked to COVID-19 (from 18 August to 15 September 2020)., Results: 662 questionnaires were analysed. It was investigated how students describe nurses and whether that description would have been the same even before the COVID-19 health emergency. Furthermore, it was assessed which gender they consider most suited for the profession and whether the mass media has influenced their view of nurses. The students described the nurse with adjectives such as "expert / capable", "courteous / polite" and "welcoming / listening oriented" and stated that they would use the same terms even before the health emergency. The majority of the sample then believed that there is no more suitable gender to fill the role of nurse and that TV series or news reports have positively influenced their perception. However, only a small percentage of the sample would have considered the idea of becoming a nurse., Discussion: A positive view of nurses emerged to overcome gender stereotype and a greater confidence in their technical-professional abilities. The data also highlight that the positive view of the nursing profession is not a consequence of the "publicity" provided by the media during COVID-19 emergency, which represented nurses as "heroes" of the National Health System.

. Experiences implemented during the Covid period in the Novara, Vercelli, Vallemaggia and Locarno areas., Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic promoted the organization of several initiatives for the elderly., Aim: To map the local district initiatives for citizens >65 years active during the Covid pandemic in 3 districts of Piedmont and Ticino Canton., Methods: The data were collected through interviews, contacting local Institutions, volunteer organisations and associations and through free research on the web and on institutional websites., Results: The 26 interviews were conducted between August and September 2022: 16 in the Novara area, 4 in Vercelli and 6 in Canton Ticino. Forty-six initiatives were collected, mainly addressing social-healthcare needs, of which seven were already active in the pre-covid period; overall eight are still ongoing. The initiatives consisted of listening windows, home support (meals, shopping, face-masks, delivery of clean clothes to hospitalized patients). 31 were activated by public services with the collaboration of voluntary services., Conclusions: The mapping of the initiatives showed their heterogeneity and the fundamental role of volunteering in guaranteeing the continuity of supporting services. These experiences should be consolidated over time by institutions and the public health service, enhancing the contribution of volunteers.

Aim: This study explored the clinical placement experiences of nursing students during the Covid-19 pandemic., Background: The health emergency caused by Covid-19 required a rapid reorganisation of care settings. This reorganisation entailed revisiting the clinical placements settings and learning programs of Italian nursing faculties. Some Italian universities wanted to seize the health emergency as a learning opportunity enabling the nursing student to acquire additional knowledge and skills., Design: We conducted a descriptive qualitative study employing a phenomenological approach. The study population was second and third-year nursing students. The students did their clinical placement in 5 Northern Italy hospitals, mainly in infectious diseases wards, intensive care and sub-intensive care units, emergency department, short-stay surgical units and internal medicine wards. In these departments, the inpatient wards were entirely converted into Covid-19 units. Ethical approval was obtained from the local ethics committee., Methods: Semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted in March-April 2021 and analysed following a phenomenological approach., Results: Twenty-one nursing students in their 2nd and 3rd academic year participated. Their average age was 24 years. 81% were female and 19% were male. Three main themes were generated: (i) Learning which surpasses technicalities; (ii) Confronting dignity issues; (iii) Feeling treated as an equal in the workspace. Students had to learn how to lower their fear and self-manage the emotional burden to be a caring presence for the patients who were intensely suffering from the disease and isolation. Attending a clinical practice placement in Covid-19 wards led them to focus on human dignity issues: participants realised how dignity was questioned and how they could become patients' advocates. Students also described that they felt part of the team, with their student role almost fading., Conclusions: This study describes that the most unpredictable public health emergency, such as Covid-19, can provide learning opportunities in the practice environment for nursing students. Students described feeling useful and capitalising on new competencies. Designing educational activities for nursing students concerning pandemic emergencies may be strategic for dealing with similar situations in the future., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

. Nosocomial infections during the COVID-19 outbreak. Observational study in an Italian ICU., Introduction: Infections are common among ICU patients., Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine the incidence of nosocomial infections among patients admitted to the ICU with SARS-CoV-2 infection., Methods: A prospective observational study in adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission was performed. From May 2020 to October 2021, a total of 109 admitted patients were included., Results: The incidence rate of new infections was 39.4%. The main infections observed were multidrug-resistant germs infections (39.5%), catheter-related blood infections(24.4%), pneumonia (VAP)(18.6%), and urinary tract infections (17.4%). The overall mortality rate was 32.1% (n= 35) and was significantly higher in patients who had a new infection during hospitalization (n= 26/43, 60.4%) than in patients who did not have a new infection (n= 9/66, 13.6%) (RR = 4.43; 95% CI = 2.31-8.52; p <.001)., Conclusions: Our data suggest that secondary infections are associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay and may negatively impact patient survival. However, larger studies are needed.

Background: The rapid evolution of the epidemiological picture and the recent SARS-COV-2 pandemic has expressed the vulnerabilities of health systems and focuses attention on the population's needs. The nurse's figure in the care teams is universally identified; however, the implementation of the role within some care settings turns out to be complex and challenging. This integrative review aims to identify the barriers and facilitators in implementing the role of the nurse in primary care settings., Methods: An integrative review was conducted on the Medline and Cinahl databases until 9 June 2020. Qualitative, quantitative, and Mixed-method research studies were selected to identify studies related to the barriers and facilitators of the nurse's role in nursing facilities' primary care. For the extraction of the results, the Consolidating Framework for Research Implementation (CFIR) was used to identify the factors that influence implementation in health care., Results: Following the duplicates' removal, the search identified 18,257 articles, of which 56 were relevant to the inclusion criteria; therefore, they were included in the summary. The selected studies were conducted in thirteen countries, most from Oceania, Europe, North America, Latin America, and the Caribbean. The barriers reported most frequently concern the nursing profession's regulatory and regulatory aspects within the contexts of care, cultural and organizational aspects, training, and the transfer of specific skills, which were previously designated to doctors. The facilitators are mainly linked to the nurse's adaptability to the various contexts of care, recognizing the patient's role, and the desire to develop multidisciplinary and effective working groups to respond to the health needs of the population in primary care contexts., Conclusion: This review highlighted the main barriers and facilitators in implementing the nurse's role in primary care settings. These results offer useful elements for stakeholders to identify effective strategies in preparing programs and activities for implementing the nurse's role, acting on the elements identified as barriers and favouring the aspects that emerge as facilitators., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

. Family and Community nursing: overview of practice in Europe. In this contribution, an overview of the role and functions of the family nurse in some European countries is presented. The role of family and community nursing varies with respect to contexts and changes according to the needs of the population, focusing particularly on frail conditions, or maternal and child support, or the prevention and management of chronic diseases. Family and community nurses have specialized postgraduate training, except in Finland, to gain skills to help individuals and families prevent disease conditions or cope with chronic disability. They work primarily in community centers, in patients' homes, and with families; advocate for lifestyle modification and behavioral risk factors; and care for families on wide-ranging health issues.

Background: Flushing and locking of totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) is recommended to maintain their patency when not in use. Although manufacturers' recommendations indicate monthly access for TIVAD maintenance, there is a tendency in real life to prolong this interval., Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of prolonged versus short flushing and locking intervals to prevent TIVAD occlusions in adults with cancer., Methods: A systematic search was carried out in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Two reviewers independently selected studies, assessed quality, and extracted data. Study findings were summarized, and a meta-analysis conducted., Results: Six articles were included in the review, with a total of 1255 participants. Differences in types of cancers, flushing and locking techniques, and volume and concentration of heparin were described. Pooled results from 4 studies showed fewer catheter occlusions in favor of prolonged flushing and locking intervals (relative risk, 0.81), even if not statistically significant (95% confidence interval, 0.41-1.61) with no heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 0.00%, P = .69). The quality of evidence was very low., Conclusions: Very low-quality evidence suggests that prolonged schedule flushing and locking intervals has no effect on catheter patency. However, because of low number and poor quality of evidence derived from the studies analyzed, findings of this meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution., Implications for Practice: No statistically significant difference in occlusion rate between short and long timing of flushing was found. However, further studies are necessary to strengthen the safe implementation of longer intervals in clinical practice., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Bed rest is prescribed for all patients after cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) placement but to a varied extent. Different clinical protocols exist., Aim: To assess the effects of different lengths of bed rest on complications and patient comfort after CIED implantation., Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL, SCOPUS. We included randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials. Two of the authors independently selected trials, assessed the risk of bias, and extracted data., Results: We included 2 RCTs. There was no evidence that shorter bed rest was more harmful than longer bed rest in terms of lead displacement (RR 0.681, 95% CI [0.063, 7.332]) and hematoma (RR 1.642, 95% CI [0.282, 9.560]). None of the studies reported the assessment of bleeding, back pain, or urinary discomfort., Conclusions: Shorter periods of bed rest appear to be as safe as longer ones. However, to confirm these results, further larger trials are needed.

Background: Transfemoral cardiac catheterisation is an invasive medical procedure used for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. Postoperative bed rest can prevent a number of complications such as bleeding and haematoma formation and can result in side effects such as back pain and urinary discomfort. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the optimal length of bed rest. Our objective is to assess the effects of post-catheterisation length of bed rest on bleeding and haematoma, other vascular complications, patient symptoms and patient discomfort, among patients who underwent transfemoral cardiac catheterisation., Methods: We wrote this protocol in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols statement. We defined the search query by using the PICO framework (Population: Patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation;, Intervention: early mobilisation; Comparison: late mobilisation;, Outcomes: early and late complications). We will search six biomedical databases and five online registries to obtain both published and unpublished studies. We will include randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised controlled trials, and their quality will be independently appraised with the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care criteria for quality assessment. We will carry out a pairwise meta-analysis and network meta-analysis to estimate the overall intervention effects from both direct and indirect comparisons., Discussion: This review may have considerable implications for practice and help to achieve an effective and efficient management of patients who underwent cardiac catheterisation. This review will be grounded in an expanded search of 11 resources and will employ innovative statistical methods such as network meta-analysis., Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42014014222 .