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Increased environmental awareness has prompted the need for improved feedlot runoff control. Vegetative treatment systems (VTSs) provide a cost-effective option that may enhance environmental security by protecting water quality. Vegetative treatment systems are typically designed on the basis of hydraulic performance, which may result in excess application of some nutrients, specifically nitrogen and phosphorus. Groundwater quality monitoring is required to determine the effect, if any, that VTSs have on groundwater. Shallow groundwater (2 to 10 m) quality beneath six VTSs in Iowa was monitored over a four-year period. Monitoring wells were located upgradient, within, and downgradient of the VTSs. Groundwater samples were collected on a monthly basis and analyzed for ammoniacal nitrogen, chloride, nitratenitrogen, and fecal coliforms. A trend analysis was conducted to evaluate groundwater response patterns to VTS construction and use. In general, monitoring wells located within and downgradient of the VTS showed increasing trends in chloride and decreasing trends in nitrate concentrations. No trends for fecal coliforms or ammoniacal nitrogen were seen. Statistical analysis was performed to test for concentration differences between upgradient, within, and downgradient monitoring wells. In general, no differences in ammoniacal nitrogen concentration were seen. Fecal coliform concentrations were generally highest at the monitoring well within the VTS, but no difference was found between upgradient and downgradient concentrations. Chloride concentrations were generally significantly higher within and downgradient of the VTS when compared to the upgradient well; nitrate concentrations were generally significantly lower within and downgradient of the VTA than upgradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beef feedlots of all sizes are looking for cost-effective solutions to manage feedlot runoff. Vegetative treatment systems (VTSs) are a potential option. VTSs consist of a solids settling structure followed by additional treatment components, such as vegetative infiltration basins (VIBs) and/or vegetative treatment areas (VTAs) that use soil and vegetation to treat nutrients in the applied runoff Investigations have shown that VTSs can provide a cost-effective means of controlling feedlot runoff" however, their sustainability and life expectancy have not yet been determined. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate, based on the VTA's ability to sorb and utilize phosphorus, the expected phosphorus sink life of VTSs on beef feedlots in Iowa. In doing so, we evaluated three things: (1) phosphorus removal with vegetation harvest, (2) the extent of vertical redistribution of phosphorus in the soil profile, and (3) if a mass balance approach was capable of predicting changes in soil test phosphorus. Vegetation harvest removed 6% to 16% of the applied phosphorus, and a P mass balance did an adequate job of predicting the significant increases in soil P test concentrations. Deep soil cores (1.2 m) showed that phosphorus accumulation tended to be limited to the top 0.3 m but that vertical migration was increasing. Based on this success, we proposed a P mass balance and soil sorption model to project VTA life expectancy and evaluated the sensitivity of the estimated life to different design and management alternatives. The sensitivity analysis showed that phosphorus sorption capacity and loading rate were important, but the critical depth of the soil that can be saturated has the largest impact on VTA life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia (NH3) emissions from laying hens are affected by nutrient content of the diet, manure quantity, and manure properties such as moisture content, nitrogen content, and pH. These production traits may vary with strain of the hen. However, limited information is available concerning the effects of laying-hen genetics on manure properties and NH3 emission. This study was conducted to comparatively quantify production performance, manure properties, and NH3 emissions (through N mass balance) of four white-egg-laying strains (Hy-Line W-36, Hy-Line W-98, Lohmann LSL Lite, and Bovans White) and four brown-egg-laying strains (Hy-Line Brown, Lohmann Brown, ISA Brown, and Bovans Brown) during two production periods of 27-28 weeks (PI) and 35-36 weeks (P2) of age. The diets were formulated to meet the nutritional needs of the brown and white hens. As a result, crude protein contents during PI and P2 were, respectively, 13.2% and 15.2% for the brown hens but 14.5% and 17.4% for the white hens. The results showed that the brown and white hens had similar hen-day egg production (97.5% to 89.2% for brown hens and 96.0% to 88.2% for white hens) and egg mass output (57.1 to 52.6 g d-1 hen-1 for brown hens and 55.6 to 51.2 g d-1 hen-1 for white hens) but different feed consumption (112 to 98 g d-1 hen-1 for brown hens and 101 to 93 g d-1 hen-1 for white hens, p < 0.01) and feed efficiency (1.97 to 1.87 g feed g-1 egg for brown hens and 1.82 g feed g-1 egg for white hens, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.11). The higher feed consumption for the brown hens stemmed from their heavier body mass (1.81 to 1.78 kg vs. 1.56 to 1.53 kg for white hens). Manure moisture content was higher for the brown hens than for the white hens, although the dry-matter manure production was not significantly different. The results further revealed that under the experimental conditions (i.e., higher CP contents of the diet for the white hens than for the brown hens) the white hens had higher NH3 emissions than the brown hens as expressed per hen (37% to 19% higher, p = <0.001 to 0.016), per animal unit (AU, 500 kg live body mass; 59% to 39% higher, p = 0.0007 to 0.007), per unit of egg mass output (41% to 24% higher, p = 0.01 to 0.09), per unit of feed N consumed (39% to 27% higher, p = 0.01 to <0.0001), and per unit of dry manure (56% to 39% higher, p = 0.001 to 0.007). Certain differences existed in production performance among strains within the brown or white hens, but no differences in NH3 emissions were detected. Because of the relatively small sample size (number of hens involved) and the relatively short monitoring period, the results should be referenced with these limitations in mind. Further larger-scale studies with longer monitoring periods to verify these findings are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treating animal wastes through anaerobic digestion (AD) yields methane-rich biogas that can be used for power generation or heating, and a nutrient-rich digestate that can be land-applied as fertilizer. Furthermore, AD reduces odors from stored and land-applied manures. Despite these benefits, AD deployment rates in the U.S. are only 5% for dairy farms identified as suitable for AD by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The objective of this study was to analyze the economic and technical limitations of farm-scale anaerobic digesters using a simple model permitting insight into the fundamental constraints on the technology. A model was developed to determine the cost of methane produced via AD based on operation size. Dairy plug-flow systems were modeled because of their well-documented economic performance, and . Model validation used data from AgSTAR's FarmWare program. The analysis shows that farm size is critical to make digestion-derived methane cost-competitive with natural gas. At low herd sizes (<400 animals), carbon credits and odor reductions alone appear insufficient to overcome the low commercial energy rates in the U.S. However, moderate reductions in digester cost and interest rate, coupled with moderate increases in amortization period and/or natural gas prices, could make AD more competitive with commercial energy in the U.S. even at relatively small herd sizes (approx. 400 animals). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beef feedlot runoff is a potential environmental contaminant. As such, it should be managed properly to preserve water quality. Primary treatment of feedlot runoff often relies on sedimentation techniques; thus, accurate knowledge of feedlot runoff physical properties is required. This study characterized the physical and chemical properties of runoff effluent from earthen and concrete beef feedlots in Iowa with the objective\of providing the necessary information to improve solid settling basin design and performance. Results, although not statistically significant (p = 0.11), indicated that solids in runoff from concrete lots tended to settle more slowly than solids from earthen lots. Particle size distribution and particle density measurements indicated that the poorer settle ability of concrete lot runoff was primarily caused by lower particle densities: 1.47 ±0.17 g cm-3 (average ± SD) for concrete lots as compared to 1.89 ±0.11 g cm-3 for earthen lots. Runoff composition was analyzed before and after settling to relate nutrient reduction to solids removal. Results indicated an average of 41 g total Kjeldahl nitrogen per kg total solids and 16 g total phosphorus per kg total solids were removed during settling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate matter (PM) associated with animal feeding operations is a concern for the occupants and the surrounding community. Baseline measurements of PM concentration and emission rate are the first step toward assessing the magnitude of concentrations and emissions and evaluating effectiveness of dust control strategies. This study presents the results of PM measurements at a high-rise layer house (approx. 250,000 hens) in central Iowa using tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) equipment. Daily average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 over a 17-month measurement period were 393 (±257 SD) and 44 (±36 SD) µg m-3, respectively. Daily average PM10 and PM2.5 emission rates during the same monitoring period were, respectively, 26.1 (±15.8 SD) and 3.6 (±3.7 SD) mg bird-1 d-1, or 8.16 (±4.94) and 1.13 (±1.16) g AU-1 d-1 (AU = animal unit = 500 kg body weight). PM emission rate was positively related to ventilation rate but was negatively related to relative humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited data exist in the literature regarding air emissions front U.S. turkey feeding operations. The project described in this article continuously monitored ammonia (NH3) and particulate matter (PM) emissions front turkey production houses in Iowa (IA) and Minnesota (MN) for 10 to 16 months, with IA monitoring Hybrid tom turkeys (35 to 143 d of age, average market body weight of 17.9 kg) for 16 months and MN monitoring Hybrid hens (35 to 84 d of age, average market body weight of 6. 7 kg) for 10 months. Mobile air emission monitoring units (MAEMUs) were used in the continuous monitoring. Based on the approximately one-year measurement, each involving three flocks of birds, daily NH3, PM10, and PM2.5 concentrations (mean ±SD) in the tom turkey barn were 8.6 + 10.0 ppm, 1104 ± 719 µg m-3, and 143 (±124)µg m-3, respectively. Daily NH3 and PM10 concentrations (mean ±SD) in the hen turkey barn were 7.3 ± 7.9 ppm and 301 ± 160 µg m-3, respectively. Daily NH3 concentrations during downtime (mean ±SD) were 38.4 ± 20.5 and 20.0 ± 16.3 ppm in the tom and hen barns, respectively. The cumulative NH3 emissions (mean ±SE) were 141 ± 13.1 and 1.8 ± 0.9 g bird-1 for the tom turkeys during 108 d growout and 13 d downtime, respectively, and 52 ± 2.1 and 28.2 ± 2.5 g bird-1 for the hen turkeys during 49 d growout and 32 d downtime, respectively (the extended downtime for the hen house was to ensure monitoring of one flock per season). The cumulative PM10 emission (mean ±SE) was 28.2 ± 3.3 g bird-1 for the tom turkeys during 108 d growout and 4.6 ± 2.2 and 0.3 ± 0.06 g bird-1 for the hen turkeys during 49 d growout and 32 d downtime, respectively. Downtime in the hen house was of greater duration than would be typically observed (32 d vs. 7 d to 14 d typical). The cumulative PM2.5 emission (mean ± SE) was 3.6 ± 0.7 g bird-1 for the tom turkeys during 108 d growout (not monitored for the hen turkeys). Because farm operations will vary in flock number, growout days, and downtime; annual emissions can be calculated front the cumulative emissions and downtime emissions per bird from the data provided. Air emissions data from this study, presented in both daily emission and cumulative per-bird-marketed emission, contribute to the improved U.S. national air emissions inventory for animal feeding operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the biochemical methane potential (BMP) results from the anaerobic digestion (AD) of switchgrass. Triplicate BMP assays were performed on: untreated switchgrass, aqueous ammonia soaking (AAS) pretreated switchgrass (soaked in 29.5% reagent-grade aqueous ammonia at 5 L kg-1 switchgrass for 5 d), and AAS-pretreated switchgrass plus cellulytic enzymes at 12.5, 25, 62.5, and 125 filter paper units (FPU) enzyme g-1 volatile solids (VS). Biogas production and biogas methane content were measured daily in all treatments for 21 d. Both biogas and corrected methane production varied significantly among treatments, especially during the first 7 d of the BMP period. Total methane production at 21 d was corrected for enzyme degradation, and methane yields ranged from 0.15 to 0.36 m³ CH4 kg-1 VS. We compared the corrected energy yield of biogas from switchgrass to prior reports of the energy yield of ethanol from switchgrass via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The AD of AAS-pretreated switchgrass at the highest enzyme loading rates resulted in a 120% increase in energy extracted as compared to AAS-pretreated switchgrass converted to ethanol via SSF. Overall, the addition of enzymes to AAS-pretreated switchgrass greatly accelerated the rate of methane production over the untreated switchgrass and AAS-pretreated switchgrass without enzymes. However, the process economics are not clear, and additional work is needed to determine whether pretreating switchgrass with aqueous ammonia and/or enzymes before AD is economically advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food industry by-products such as spent brewer's yeast and whey from cheese production are being amended with nutrients and used as a feed source in the Croatian swine sector However, as interest in energy production and anaerobic digestion of animal manures has increased, co-digestion of these materials with manure could improve the economic viability of on-farm digesters. To determine the feasibility of this approach, consideration should be given to whether food industry by-products provide a better economic return as a low-cost animal feed or as an anaerobic digester feedstock. In addition, while slaughterhouse wastes are not used as an animal feed, this article also considers the use of this material as a co-digestion feedstock. The economic information and substrate selection presented in this article are based on by-products available to a swine farm in Croatia and production data from the facility while feeding with by-products. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays were used as a fast, inexpensive method to determine the potential methane production rates for the various substrates. Using BMPs, the potential methane production rates for various combinations of spent brewer's yeast, whey, slaughterhouse waste, corn silage, and swine manure were also determined. Results of the BMP assays were used to compare the potential economic return of using the food wastes to produce methane in the digester to the value of these materials as feed ingredients for swine production. Based on live production data, liquid feeding of food industry by-products was calculated to provide a $6.89 savings per finish pig produced over a 90-day period at the Croatian facility. Since the facility produces 14,000 finish pigs every 90 days, this represents a cost savings of $96,000 per turn, or over $307,000 per year considering that the facility finishes 3.2 turns of pigs per year Using cheese whey or spent brewer's yeast as a co-substrate in the proposed swine manure digester has the potential to provide an additional income via electricity generation of $26,000 and $34,000 over a 90-day period, or $83,000 and $109,000 annually, respectively. These values were based on the value of the substrate, assuming that either a digester or liquid feeding system already existed. Based on the data, the economic return is better when the by-products are used as a feed ingredient. However, if the swine digester is amended with all available co-substrates, including whey, spent brewer's yeast, slaughterhouse waste, and corn silage, the potential additional income is $168,000 per 90-day turn or $538,000 per year. The data presented in this article include substrate characteristics, potential methane production normalized on the basis of mass of substrate volatile solids, estimated electricity generation potential, and economic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the biochemical methane potential (BMP) production from anaerobic digestion of corn-ethanol coproducts including dried distiller grain with solubles (DDGS), distiller's wet grains (DWG), thin stillage, and condensed distiller's solubles (CDS) as well as evaluating the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on methane production from these feedstocks. Ultrasonic pretreatment was applied with three amplitude settings of 33% (52.8 μmpp), 66% (105.6 μmpp), and 100% (160 μmpp) as well as five time settings (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 s) to each of the four coproducts prior to conducting benchtop BMP trials. Ultrasonic pretreatment reduced mean particle size of DDGS and DWG by 45% and 43%, respectively. Without ultrasound pretreatment, CDS had the highest methane production potential (407 mL g-1 VS added) compared to the other coproducts. Ultrasonic pretreatment of DWG co-products (DDGS and DWG) resulted in greater increases in methane production than on liquid coproducts (CDS and thin stillage). Methane yields were increased by 25% and 12% for the ultrasound pretreated DDGS and DWG, respectively, compared with untreated samples. An energy balance for the DWG, thin stillage, and CDS coproducts indicated that ultrasonic pretreatment required more energy than was generated by the process in terms of additional biogas production. However, an energy balance for ultrasonic pretreatment of DDGS provided 70% more energy than was required to operate the ultrasonic unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the effect of ultrasonication as a pretreatment to anaerobic digestion of four types of animal manure, including swine slurry, beef feedlot manure, dairy manure slurry, and separated dairy manure effluent. The effect of ultrasonication on soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and biochemical methane potential (BMP) were determined, and the energy efficiency of ultrasonic pretreatment was evaluated. Ultrasonic pretreatment was applied at two amplitudes (80 and 160 µmpp) and at two time settings (15 and 30 s) to each of the four manure types. The SCOD of each manure sample was determined before and after ultrasonic pretreatment. In addition, BMP trials were run on each waste with and without ultrasonic pretreatment. As part of the BMP, biogas production was measured and analyzed for methane content and cumulative methane production. Ultrasonic pretreatment of swine slurry, beef feedlot manure, dairy manure slurry, and separated dairy manure effluent increased the average SCOD up to 23%, 92%, 59%, and 33%, respectively, and the average methane yield up to 56%, 43%, 62%, and 20%, respectively. Increasing the ultrasonic amplitude and treatment time resulted in an increase in manure SCOD and methane production; the greatest methane production was obtained using the ultrasonic pretreatment at the highest power and longest treatment time. The observed greatest methane production from swine slurry, beef feedlot manure, dairy manure slurry and separated dairy manure effluent were 394, 230, 226, and 340 mL CH4 g-1 VS, respectively. In contrast, the greatest energy efficiency was obtained with the lowest ultrasonic amplitude combined with the shortest treatment time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative treatment systems to control runoff from open beef feedlots may enhance environmental security and protect water quality. Several Midwestern states have issued National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permits allowing beef feedlots to use vegetative treatment systems (VTSs) to control and treat feedlot runoff. Monitoring VTSs has provided data to validate performance modeling strategies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the Soil-Plant-Air-Water (SPAW) model to predict the hydraulic performance of vegetative treatment areas (VTAs). Two approaches, one using the field module and the other the pond module of the SPAW model were investigated. The model results from the SPA W field and pond modules were compared to monitored performance data from five VTAs in Iowa. Modeling statistics were calculated to evaluate SPAW's ability to predict VTA hydraulic performance. Based on the 18 site-years of data collected, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), percent bias (BIAS), and ratio of the root mean square error to the standard deviation (RSR) were 0.95, 8%, and 0.22, respectively, on an annual basis. The NSE, BIAS, and RSR for the field module were 0.32, 32%, and 0.83, respectively. The results showed that the SPAW model could be used successfully to predict the hydraulic performance of VTAs, with the pond module being more successful than the field module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares results from the Iowa State University Effluent Limitations Guidelines (ISU-ELG) model to results obtained using the Soil-Plant-Air-Water (SPAW) model to simulate feedlot runoff containment basin overflow volume. The objective was to verify that the ISU-ELG model was providing a reasonable prediction of basin overflow. The ISU-ELG model uses a set of guidelines to determine if land application is acceptable, whereas the SPAW model uses a soil moisture criterion. The criterion for determining if a particular day was suitable for land application of basin effluent was investigated to determine the effect on basin overflow volumes. The results show that the ISU-ELG model overpredicted the percentage of feedlot runoff controlled in comparison to the SPAW model at all five locations investigated. For wetter areas in Iowa, the number of drying days had a large effect on basin overflow volumes, whereas for the drier northwest region of Iowa, this effect was limited. Possible methods of improving the ISU-ELG model predictions include adding a soil moisture accounting function to model moisture levels in the land application area or calibrating the number of drying days required before land application can commence. Alternatively, the SPAW model can be used, but this requires additional user inputs and increases complexity in modeling the runoff control system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced biogas production due to toxicants or temperature change can be catastrophic to anaerobic digester operation. Unfortunately, farm manures and wastewaters can contain toxic sanitizers and feed additives, and undergo biomass temperature changes and long-term storage. To understand these impacts, we used mesophilic and thermophilic biomass anaerobic toxicity assays and methanogen activity assays to determine the inhibitory concentration causing a 50% decrease in methane production rate (i.e., 1C50) of a group of commercial products. The products were Rumensin and 11 cleaners/sanitizers and disinfectants (teat dips) from dairy farms (Genron IV, Della Super, Tri Pfan, Zinicin, 1313-SD, Sheen Ezey, Mandate, Masticide, Artec, Della-Soft, and copper sulfate). The effects of thermophilic biomass storage duration (3 to 28 days) and temperature (4°C to 70°C) were also determined. All products were toxic, with IC50 values in the narrow range of 0.1 to 6 v/v %. The quaternary ammonium salt (QUAT)-based sanitizer (Genron IV) and Rumensin were the most toxic, whereas other products were less toxic and had similar toxicity to ammonia. There was no significant difference between mesophilic and thermophilic biomass IC50 values. At storage temperature >20°C, thermophilic digester biomass activity decreased after storage for 3 to 28 days, with approximately 75% activity loss after 28 days. In contrast, less activity loss was observed at lower temperatures (20°C and 4°C). The activity decrease after storage was from 0.9% to 1.6% per °C for the durations and temperatures tested, with greater decreases at longer durations. This information can be used to help determine a course of action to minimize adverse impacts on anaerobic digesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory experiments were conducted using magnesium chloride (MgCl2⋅6H2O, 64% solution) to force the precipitation of phosphorus and reduce the concentration of soluble phosphorus (PO43-) in two swine wastes. One of the swine wastes tested contained a high concentration of PO43- (initially ∼ 1,000 mg/L), and the other swine waste tested contained a low concentration of PO43- (initially ∼ 230 mg/L). The precipitation reactions were performed to determine the required reaction time, pH, magnesium addition rate and seed material for future precipitate recovery work. For the high and low concentration waste, a 10-minute reaction time at a pH of 8.6 was sufficient to remove 98 and 96% of the PO43- from solution. A molar ratio of Mg2+:PO43- of 1.6:1 was determined to be effective for PO43- removal from both the low and high strength wastes. At a molar ratio of 1.6:1, the PO3- in the high concentration waste was reduced from 590 to 12 mg/L. In the low concentration waste, the PO43- concentration was reduced from 157 to 15 mg/L. Seeding the reaction did not significantly enhance the recovery process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2003, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released new guidelines for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO). Under the new guidelines, permitted CAFOs will be required to develop a Nutrient Management Plan (NMP). In most cases, with minor additions, a USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plan (CNMP) will satisfy the requirements of an NMP. One of the Core Elements of the CNMP is feed management. In 2005, a national feed management education project was funded by the NRCS Conservation Innovation Grant program (CIG). The project will develop, test, and implement a National Feed Management Education Program and Assessment Tools into a Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plan. The goal of the project is to increase the understanding of feed management to agricultural professionals, with an emphasis on environmental and financial sustainability of livestock and poultry operations. A team consisting of consulting animal nutritionists, technical service providers (TSPs), Extension Specialists, and research scientists will accomplish the following program objectives: 1) develop and evaluate a two-tier tool for assessing the impacts of feed management practices on whole farm nutrient balance for animal nutritionists, NRCS staff and TSP advisors, 2) develop the content of a Feed Management chapter for the NRCS Agricultural Waste Management Field Handbook (AWMFH), and 3) develop and implement an education program targeting integration of feed management into a CNMP. Specific outcomes are: 1) develop educational materials that are applicable at the national level, 2) provide training for NRCS staff, agricultural professionals, and TSPs in feed management concepts and practices that minimize import of nutrients to the farm, 3) provide training in the use of computer models and software for strategic ration balancing, whole farm nutrient balance, and nutrient excretion estimates based upon feed and animal performance inputs, and 4) develop a chapter for the NRCS AWMFH on Feed Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ventilation rate (VR) is one of the two key elements for quantifying aerial emissions from animal production facilities. Direct, continuous measurement of building VR can be challenging and impractical under certain circumstances, e.g., naturally ventilated animal housing or a large number of ventilation fans in the building. This study examined the suitability of estimating VR of broiler houses with built-up litter (mixture of manure and bedding), when supplemental heating was not in use, through either carbon dioxide (CO2) balance or the relationship of VR to CO2 concentration difference between exhaust and inlet air. The reference VR was based on direct measurement by continuously monitoring operation of the in-situ calibrated exhaust fans. The comparative analysis of the direct method vs. each indirect method was conducted for a measurement integration time (MIT) of 10, 30, 60, or 120 min. The analyses revealed that MIT of 30 min or greater resulted in non-significant differences in VR between the indirect and direct methods. The broiler building VR (m3 s-1) may be related to the exhaust-inlet CO2 concentration difference (ΔCO2, ppm) as VR (±3.0) = 4456 (±41) ΔCO2-0.786(±0.019) at 30 min MIT. The VR may also be determined by the CO2 balance method (including litter CO2 generation) with a correction factor of 0.97 at MIT of 30 to 120 min. If litter CO2 generation is omitted from the total building CO2 production, the actual VR may be estimated by applying a correction factor of 1.077 to the bird respiration CO2 balance VR. Hence, the CO2 balance or concentration difference method offers a viable alternative or supplemental check for quantifying building VR under certain conditions where direct, continuous VR measurement is not feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate ventilation rate (VR) data are essential to maximizing the quality of aerial emission measurements. The Fan Assessment Numeration System (FANS) has been widely used by U.S. researchers in measuring aerial emissions from mechanically ventilated livestock and poultry facilities. The FANS device is used to measure airflow rates of ventilation fans in situ, thereby developing fan performance curves under field conditions. The FANS device was originally intended to be placed upstream of the fan to be calibrated. However, certain field situations make it impractical to apply the FANS device as such. This study was conducted to assess use of the FANS device downstream of a ventilation fan, with the gaps between the FANS device and the discharge cone of the exhaust fan sealed using a non-permeable fabric. Nine exhaust fans (1.22 or 1.32 m diameter) in laying hen and turkey houses were tested with the FANS device placed upstream and downstream for a building static pressure range of 10 to 40 Pa. The results revealed that downstream placement of the FANS device yielded 0.6% ± 0.4% to 4.0% ± 0.9 % (mean ± SE) higher but not significantly different (P > 0.28) VR values as compared to upstream placement for the exhaust fans tested. This magnitude of discrepancy is considered acceptable for in situ measurement of fan performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of the propagation of measurement error into a computed quantity such as building aerial emissions provides insight into which measurements are most critical and which would have the most impact on the computed quantity if improved. An analysis of different instrument measurements, sampling periods, and sites together comprise an objective means of determining optimal sampling strategies for measurements used to compute aerial emissions from livestock facilities. This article describes the uncertainty analysis for a measurement system used in emissions research, and how it can lead to improvements in measurement system design and implementation to obtain estimates of uncertainty in emissions. The system analyzed was used in a broiler house emission monitoring project that was part of the U.S. EPA Air Consent Agreement. The project required U.S. EPA category I Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Data Quality Objectives (DQO), which were developed from this uncertainty analysis. Results of the uncertainty analysis suggest that the combined standard uncertainty in ammonia emission from broiler houses in the study was typically less than 6%; it increased with uncertainty in ventilation rate, but decreased as ventilation rate and number of fans running increased. The combined standard uncertainty was quantified for normal measurement conditions (Case 1) and for conditions in which the instrumentation was at the calibration threshold (Case 2). A key conclusion was that, for the measurement system employed in this project, uncertainty in the measurements associated with ventilation rate are the major contributors to emissions rate uncertainty (ranging from 78% to 98.9% of combined standard emission uncertainty). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas analyzers are commonly protected from impurities in air sampling via use of in-line dust filters to ensure operational performance and longevity of the instruments. This is especially true with extended periods of air quality monitoring in dusty environments. Prices for commercially available filters and monitoring needs vary considerably. A question that has often come up but has not received much investigation is how the filter media types (e.g., paper vs. Teflon) and operational conditions (clean vs. dirty) impact the integrity of gaseous concentration measurement. The study reported here was conducted toward addressing this issue. Specifically, the study assessed the magnitude of ammonia (NH3) adsorption for several types of in-line filters and conditions often used or encountered in animal feeding operation air emission studies, namely, Teflon (most expensive), paper (least expensive), and stand-alone automobile fuel filters, being either clean (new) or dust-laden. Three nominal NH3 levels (20, 45, or 90 ppm, generated with poultry manure) coupled with two nominal airflow rates (4 vs. 8 L/min or 8 vs. 16 L/min) through the filters were used in the evaluation. The types of dust used in the study included corn starch and broiler-house dust. Simultaneous measurements of NH3 concentrations before and after the tested filter were made with two photoacoustic gas spectrometers. The results revealed that NH3 adsorption was highest for the fuel filter initially but negligible for the Teflon filters. However, after 30 min exposure, relative NH3 adsorption by the filters mostly fell below 1%. The higher flow rate led to significantly lower relative NH3 adsorption for both the fuel and paper filters (P < 0.001) but made no difference for the Teflon filters (P = 0.31 to 0.49). During fresh-air purging of the fuel filters laden with broiler-house dust, NH3 was initially released but diminished after 15 min. The results suggest that when used properly (e.g., proper flow rate), the in-line dust filters tested in this study (fuel, paper, and Teflon) offer viable, performance-based options for air emissions (especially NH3) measurement applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatment options for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer brain metastases (BCBMs) remain limited. We previously reported central nervous system (CNS) activity for neratinib and neratinib-capecitabine. Preclinical data suggest that neratinib may overcome resistance to ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) when given in combination. In Translational Breast Cancer Research Consortium (TBCRC) 022's cohort 4, we examined the efficacy of neratinib plus T-DM1 in patients with HER2-positive BCBM., Patients and Methods: In this multicenter, phase II study, patients with measurable HER2-positive BCBM received neratinib 160 mg daily plus T-DM1 3.6 mg/kg intravenously every 21 days in three parallel-enrolling cohorts [cohort 4A-previously untreated BCBM, cohorts 4B and 4C-BCBM progressing after local CNS-directed therapy without (4B) and with (4C) prior exposure to T-DM1]. Cycle 1 diarrheal prophylaxis was required. The primary endpoint was the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology-Brain Metastases (RANO-BM) by cohort. The overall survival (OS) and toxicity were also assessed., Results: Between 2018 and 2021, 6, 17, and 21 patients enrolled in cohorts 4A, 4B, and 4C. Enrollment was stopped prematurely for slow accrual. The CNS objective response rate in cohorts 4A, 4B, and 4C was 33.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.3% to 77.7%], 35.3% (95% CI 14.2% to 61.7%), and 28.6% (95% CI 11.3% to 52.2%), respectively; 38.1%-50% experienced stable disease for ≥6 months or response. Diarrhea was the most common grade 3 toxicity (22.7%). The median OS was 30.2 [cohort 4A; 95% CI 21.9-not reached (NR)], 23.3 (cohort 4B; 95% CI 17.6-NR), and 20.9 (cohort 4C; 95% CI 14.9-NR) months., Conclusions: We observed intracranial activity for neratinib plus T-DM1, including those with prior T-DM1 exposure, suggesting synergistic effects with neratinib. Our data provide additional evidence for neratinib-based combinations in patients with HER2-positive BCBM, even those who are heavily pretreated., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted using magnesium chloride (MgCl2) to force the precipitation of struvite (MgNH4PO4 x 6H2O) and reduce the concentration of soluble phosphorus (SP) in swine waste. In laboratory experiments, reductions of SP of 76% (572 to 135 mg P l(-1)) were observed in raw swine manure after addition of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) at a rate calculated to provide a 1.6:1 molar ratio of magnesium (Mg) to total phosphorus. Adjusting the pH of the treated manure to pH 9.0 with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) increased SP reduction to 91% (572 to 50 mg P l(-1)). X-ray diffraction of the precipitate recovered from swine waste slurry treated only with MgCl2 confirmed the presence ofstruvite. The molar N:P:Mg ratio of the recovered precipitate was 1:1.95:0.24, suggesting that compounds in addition to struvite were formed. In a field experiment conducted in a swine manure holding pond, a 90% reduction in SP concentration was observed in approximately 140,000 l of swine manure slurry treated before land application with 2,000 l MgCl2 (64% solution) at ambient slurry temperatures ranging from 5 to 10 degrees C.