123 results on '"Burnley M"'
Search Results
2. P234 Improving in inhaler technique: a community pharmacy service
- Author
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Capstick, TGD, primary, Burnley, M, additional, and Higgins, H, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Influence of pacing strategy on O2 uptake and exercise tolerance
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Jones, A. M., Wilkerson, D. P., Vanhatalo, A., and Burnley, M.
- Published
- 2008
4. Response expectancies and interpretations as determinants of hypnotic responding
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Spanos, Nicholas P., Burnley, M. Caroline E., and Cross, Patricia A.
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Hypnotic susceptibility -- Research ,Response consistency -- Research ,Expectation (Psychology) -- Research ,Psychology and mental health ,Sociology and social work - Abstract
Ss rated the extent to which they expected to respond to each of the suggestions on a hypnotizability scale both before and after the administration of the preliminary hypnotic induction procedure. After the induction, Ss also rated the extent to which they planned to respond actively and passively to each suggestion. Contrary to strong versions of response-expectancy theory, the extent to which Ss planned to adopt an active interpretation predicted behavioral and subjective indexes of hypnotizability even after controlling for the effects of postinduction expectations. In addition, an active interpretation significantly predicted response to suggestion for which Ss held weak and uncertain expectations. The relationship between expectation and hypnotizability was found to be fan-shaped rather than linear. Implications are discussed.
- Published
- 1993
5. EFFECTS OF PRIOR SPRINT EXERCISE AND MUSCLE HEATING ON OXYGEN UPTAKE KINETICS DURING HEAVY EXERCISE
- Author
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Burnley, M, Doust, J H., Carter, H, and Jones, A M.
- Published
- 2001
6. Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Treadmill Running and Cycle Ergometry: A Comparison.
- Author
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Carter, H, Jones, A M, Barstow, T J, Burnley, M, Williams, C A, and Doust, J H
- Published
- 2001
7. The effect of two different mathematical modelling procedures on the characterization of oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise
- Author
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Burnley, M., Carter, H., Jones, A.M., Williams, C.A., and Doust, J.H.
- Published
- 2000
8. Comments on Point:Counterpoint: Afferent feedback from fatigued locomotor muscles is/is not an important determinant of endurance exercise performance
- Author
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Perrey, S., Smirmaul, B. D. P. C., Fontes, E. B., Noakes, T. D., Bosio, A., Impellizzeri, F. M., Meeusen, R., Nakamura, F. Y., Abbiss, C. R., Peiffer, J. J., Smith, S. A., Murphy, M. N., Bishop, D. J., Vrijer, A., Mendez-Villanueva, A., Williamson, J. W., Girard, O., Racinais, S., Place, N., Kayser, B., Millet, G. P., Millet, G. Y., Hettinga, F. J., Light, A. R., Dousset, E., Prilutsky, B. I., Gregor, R. J., Gagnon, P., Saey, D., Maltais, F., Taylor, J. L., Gandevia, S. C., Burnley, M., Jones, A. M., Wright, R. A., Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Déterminants Physiologiques de l'Activité Physique, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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Physics ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physiology ,Control theory ,Physiology (medical) ,Afferent ,[SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience ,[SDV.MHEP.PHY]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Tissues and Organs [q-bio.TO] ,030229 sport sciences ,Limit (mathematics) ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience; no abstract
- Published
- 2010
9. Quadriceps activation at different hip and knee joint angles
- Author
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Burnley, M and Winter, SL
- Subjects
QP - Published
- 2009
10. Sexual harassment in academic institutions: the effects of grievance procedures on deliberation processes and outcomes.
- Author
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Burnley, M., primary
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11. Influence of pacing strategy on O2 uptake and exercise tolerance
- Author
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Jones, A. M., primary, Wilkerson, D. P., additional, Vanhatalo, A., additional, and Burnley, M., additional
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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12. The Effects of Stress Inoculation Training and Skills Training on the Treatment of Speech Anxiety
- Author
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Burnley, M. Caroline E., primary, Cross, Patricia A., additional, and Spanos, Nicholas P., additional
- Published
- 1993
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13. Critical power: implications for determination of VO2max and exercise tolerance.
- Author
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Jones AM, Vanhatalo A, Burnley M, Morton RH, and Poole DC
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- 2010
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14. Influence of pacing strategy on O2 uptake and exercise tolerance.
- Author
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Jones, A. M., Wilkerson, D. P., Vanhatalo, A., and Burnley, M.
- Subjects
FATIGUE research ,EXERCISE physiology ,PHYSICAL education research ,PHYSIOLOGICAL aspects of cycling ,SPORTS medicine ,PHYSICAL fitness - Abstract
Seven male subjects completed cycle exercise bouts to the limit of tolerance on three occasions: (1) at a constant work rate (340±57 W; even-pace strategy; ES); (2) at a work rate that was initially 10% lower than that in the ES trial but which then increased with time such that it was 10% above that in the ES trial after 120 s of exercise (slow-start strategy; SS); and, (3) at a work rate that was initially 10% higher than that in the ES trial but which then decreased with time such that it was 10% below that in the ES trial after 120 s of exercise (fast-start strategy; FS). The expected time to exhaustion predicted from the pre-established power–time relationship was 120 s in all three conditions. However, the time to exhaustion was significantly greater ( P<0.05) for the FS (174±56 s) compared with the ES (128±21 s) and SS (128±30 s) conditions. In the FS condition, &Vdot;O
2 increased more rapidly toward its peak such that the total O2 consumed in the first 120 s of exercise was greater (ES: 5.15±0.78; SS: 5.07±0.83; FS: 5.36±0.84 L; P<0.05 for FS vs ES and SS). These results suggest that a fast-start pacing strategy might enhance exercise tolerance by increasing the oxidative contribution to energy turnover and hence “sparing” some of the finite anaerobic capacity across the transition to high-intensity exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2008
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15. A 3-min all-out cycling test is sensitive to a change in critical power.
- Author
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Vanhatalo A, Doust JH, and Burnley M
- Published
- 2008
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16. Determination of critical power using a 3-min all-out cycling test.
- Author
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Vanhatalo A, Doust JH, and Burnley M
- Published
- 2007
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17. A 3-min all-out test to determine peak oxygen uptake and the maximal steady state.
- Author
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Burnley M, Doust JH, and Vanhatalo A
- Abstract
Purpose: We tested the hypothesis that a 3-min all-out cycling test would provide a measure of peak oxygen uptake (V[middle dot]O2peak) and estimate the maximal steady-state power output.Methods: Eleven habitually active subjects performed a ramp test, three 3-min all-out tests against a fixed resistance, and two further submaximal tests lasting up to 30 min, 15 W below or above the power output attained in the last 30 s of the 3-min test (the end-test power).Results: The V[middle dot]O2peak measured during the 3-min all-out test (mean +/- SD: 3.78 +/- 0.68 L[middle dot]min-1) was not different from that of the ramp test (3.84 +/- 0.79 L[middle dot]min-1; P = 0.75). The end-test power (257 +/- 49 W) was significantly lower than that at the end of the ramp test (368 +/- 73 W) and significantly higher than the power at the gas exchange threshold (169 +/- 55 W; P < 0.001). Nine subjects were able to complete 30 min of exercise at 15 W below the end-test power, and seven of these did so with a steady-state blood [lactate] and V[spacing dot above]O2 response profile. In contrast, when subjects exercised at 15 W above the end-test power, blood [lactate] and V[middle dot]O2 rose inexorably until exhaustion, which occurred in approximately 13 +/- 7 min.Conclusions: These data suggest that a 3-min all-out exercise test can be used to establish V[middle dot]O2peak and to estimate the maximal steady state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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18. Effects of prior warm-up regime on severe-intensity cycling performance.
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Burnley M, Doust JH, and Jones AM
- Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of three different warm-up regimes on cycling work output during a 7-min performance trial. METHODS: After habituation to the experimental methods, 12 well-trained cyclists completed a series of 7-min performance trials, involving 2 min of constant-work rate exercise at approximately 90% VO2max and a further 5 min during which subjects attempted to maximize power output. This trial was performed without prior intervention and 10 min after bouts of moderate, heavy, or sprint exercise in a random order. Pulmonary gas exchange was measured breath by breath during all performance trials. RESULTS: At the onset of the performance trial, baseline blood [lactate] was significantly elevated after heavy and sprint but not moderate exercise (mean +/- SD: control, 1.0 +/- 0.3 mM; moderate, 1.0 +/- 0.2 mM; heavy, 3.0 +/- 1.1 mM; sprint, 5.9 +/- 1.5 mM). All three interventions significantly increased the amplitude of the primary VO2 response (control, 2.59 +/- 0.28 L x min(-1); moderate, 2.69 +/- 0.27 L x min(-1); heavy, 2.78 +/- 0.26 L x min(-1); sprint, 2.78 +/- 0.30 L x min(-1)). Mean power output was significantly increased by prior moderate and heavy exercise but not significantly reduced after sprint exercise (control, 330 +/- 42 W; moderate, 338 +/- 39 W; heavy, 339 +/- 42 W; sprint, 324 +/- 45 W).Conclusions: These data indicate that priming exercise performed in the moderate- and heavy-intensity domains can improve severe-intensity cycling performance by ~2-3%, the latter condition doing so despite a mild lactacidosis being present at exercise onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
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19. Prior heavy exercise enhances performance during subsequent perimaximal exercise.
- Author
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Jones AM, Wilkerson DP, Burnley M, and Koppo K
- Published
- 2003
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20. PART IV: PHYSIOLOGY.
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Van Someren, K.A., Backx, K., Palmer, G.S., Airstone, M.R., Baker, P.J., Atkinson, G., Storrow, M., Cable, N.T., Maughan, R., Buchanan, H.C., Bird, W., Kinch, R.F.T., Ramsbottom, R., Buckley, J.P., Quinlivan, R.M., Sim, J., Eston, R.G., Burnley, M., and JOnes, A.M.
- Subjects
SPORTS physiology ,PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Presents the results of researches related to physiology. Priority over the control of body mass through nutritional intake habits among flat racing jockeys; Achievement of optimal performance among well-trained cyclists through favorable temperature.
- Published
- 2001
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21. Transdisciplinary working
- Author
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Judith Sixsmith, Kontos, P., Grigorovich, A., Mei Lan Fang, and Burnley, M.
22. The effect of two different mathematical modelling procedures on the characterization of oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise
- Author
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Burnley, M., Carter, H., Jones, A. M., Craig Williams, and Doust, J. H.
23. Effects of prior heavy exercise on V̇O2 kinetics during heavy exercise are related to changes in muscle activity
- Author
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Burnley, M., Doust, J. H., Derek Ball, and Jones, A. M.
24. .VO2max is not altered by self-pacing during incremental exercise: reply to the letter of Alexis R. Mauger.
- Author
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Chidnok W, Dimenna FJ, Bailey SJ, Burnley M, Wilkerson DP, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM, Chidnok, Weerapong, Dimenna, Fred J, Bailey, Stephen J, Burnley, Mark, Wilkerson, Daryl P, Vanhatalo, Anni, and Jones, Andrew M
- Published
- 2013
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25. Resolving Differences between MLSS and CP by Considering Rates of Change of Blood Lactate during Endurance Exercise.
- Author
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Ozkaya O, As H, Peker A, Burnley M, and Jones AM
- Abstract
Purpose: To develop a new method that more closely represents the heavy-to-severe exercise domain boundary by evaluating the rates of blood lactate accumulation during the constant power output exercise bouts that are employed in the assessment of the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS)., Methods: Eight well-trained male cyclists completed five exercise tests of up to 30 min for determination of the traditional MLSS (MLSSTRAD) and a further four maximal tests for determination of critical power (CP). The rates of change of blood [lactate] between 10 min and the end of exercise in the MLSS tests were plotted against the corresponding power outputs and a two-segment linear regression model was used to identify individualised breakpoints in lactate accumulation vs. power output (MLSSMOD)., Results: MLSSMOD was significantly higher than MLSSTRAD (297 ± 41 vs. 278 ± 41 W; P < 0.001) but was not significantly different from CP (297 ± 41 W; P > 0.05); MLSSMOD and CP were closely aligned (r: 0.97; Bias: -0.52 W; SEE: 10 W; Limits of Agreement: -20 to 19 W). The rates of change of both blood [lactate] and V̇O2 were significantly greater, and exercise intolerance occurred before 30 min, at a power output slightly above MLSSMOD., Conclusions: A novel method for evaluating blood lactate kinetics during a traditional MLSS protocol produces a modified MLSS that is not different from CP and better represents the heavy-to-severe exercise domain boundary., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Funding Source: The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this article and no funding sources to declare., (Copyright © 2024 by the American College of Sports Medicine.)
- Published
- 2024
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26. Rapid differentiation of cystic fibrosis-related bacteria via reagentless atmospheric pressure photoionisation mass spectrometry.
- Author
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Haworth-Duff A, Smith BL, Sham TT, Boisdon C, Loughnane P, Burnley M, Hawcutt DB, Raval R, and Maher S
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- Humans, Breath Tests methods, Escherichia coli isolation & purification, Staphylococcus aureus isolation & purification, Cystic Fibrosis microbiology, Volatile Organic Compounds analysis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation & purification, Atmospheric Pressure, Mass Spectrometry methods
- Abstract
Breath analysis is an area of significant interest in medical research as it allows for non-invasive sampling with exceptional potential for disease monitoring and diagnosis. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in breath can offer critical insight into a person's lifestyle and/or disease/health state. To this end, the development of a rapid, sensitive, cost-effective and potentially portable method for the detection of key compounds in breath would mark a significant advancement. Herein, we have designed, built and tested a novel reagent-less atmospheric pressure photoionisation (APPI) source, coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), utilising a bespoke bias electrode within a custom 3D printed sampling chamber for direct analysis of VOCs. Optimal APPI-MS conditions were identified, including bias voltage, cone voltage and vaporisation temperature. Calibration curves were produced for ethanol, acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate and eucalyptol, yielding R
2 > 0.99 and limits of detection < 10 pg. As a pre-clinical proof of concept, this method was applied to bacterial headspace samples of Escherichia coli (EC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) collected in 1 L Tedlar bags. In particular, PSA and SA are commonly associated with lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients. The headspace samples were classified using principal component analysis with 86.9% of the total variance across the first three components and yielding 100% classification in a blind-sample study. All experiments conducted with the novel APPI arrangement were carried out directly in real-time with low-resolution MS, which opens up exciting possibilities in the future for on-site (e.g., in the clinic) analysis with a portable system., (© 2024. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2024
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27. No sex differences in oxygen uptake or extraction kinetics in the moderate or heavy exercise intensity domains.
- Author
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Solleiro Pons M, Bernert L, Hume E, Hughes L, Williams ZJ, Burnley M, and Ansdell P
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- Adult, Humans, Female, Male, Young Adult, Bicycling, Cell Respiration, Oxygen, Sex Characteristics, Lactic Acid
- Abstract
The integrative response to exercise differs between sexes, with oxidative energy contribution purported as a potential mechanism. The present study investigated whether this difference was evident in the kinetics of oxygen uptake (V̇o
2 ) and extraction (HHb + Mb) during exercise. Sixteen adults (8 males, 8 females, age: 27 ± 5 yr) completed three experimental visits. Incremental exercise testing was performed to obtain lactate threshold and V̇o2peak . Subsequent visits involved three 6-min cycling bouts at 80% of lactate threshold and one 30-min bout at a work rate of 30% between the lactate threshold and power at V̇o2peak . Pulmonary gas exchange and near-infrared spectroscopy of the vastus lateralis were used to continuously sample V̇o2 and HHb + Mb, respectively. The phase II V̇o2 kinetics were quantified using monoexponential curves during moderate and heavy exercise. Slow component amplitudes were also quantified for the heavy-intensity domain. Relative V̇o2peak values were not different between sexes ( P = 0.111). Males achieved ∼30% greater power outputs ( P = 0.002). In the moderate- and heavy-intensity domains, the relative amplitude of the phase II transition was not different between sexes for V̇o2 (∼24 and ∼40% V̇o2peak , P ≥ 0.179) and HHb + Mb (∼20 and ∼32% ischemia, P ≥ 0.193). Similarly, there were no sex differences in the time constants for V̇o2 (∼28 s, P ≥ 0.385) or HHb + Mb (∼10 s, P ≥ 0.274). In the heavy-intensity domain, neither V̇o2 ( P ≥ 0.686) or HHb + Mb ( P ≥ 0.432) slow component amplitudes were different between sexes. The oxidative response to moderate- and heavy-intensity exercises did not differ between males and females, suggesting similar dynamic responses of oxidative metabolism during intensity-matched exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrated no sex differences in the oxidative response to moderate- and heavy-intensity cycling exercise. The change in oxygen uptake and deoxyhemoglobin were modeled with monoexponential curve fitting, which revealed no differences in the rate of oxidative energy provision between sexes. This provides insight into previously reported sex differences in the integrative response to exercise.- Published
- 2024
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28. Different categories of VO 2 kinetics in the 'extreme' exercise intensity domain.
- Author
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Ozkaya O, Jones AM, Burnley M, As H, and Balci GA
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- Humans, Male, Exercise physiology, Kinetics, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Exercise Test
- Abstract
The aim of this study was to classify potential sub-zones within the extreme exercise domain. Eight well-trained male cyclists participated in this study. The upper boundary of the severe exercise domain (P
upper-bound ) was estimated by constant-work-rate tests. Then three further extreme-work-rate tests were performed in discrete regions within the extreme domain: extreme-1) at a work-rate greater than the Pupper-bound providing an 80-110-s time to task failure; extreme-2) a 30-s maximal sprint; and extreme-3) a 4-s maximal sprint. Different functions were used to describe the behaviour of the V ˙ O 2 kinetics over time. V ˙ O 2 on-kinetics during extreme-1 exercise was best described by a single-exponential model (R2 ≥ 0.97; SEE ≤ 0.10; p < 0.001), and recovery V ˙ O 2 decreased immediately after the termination of exercise. In contrast, V ˙ O 2 on-kinetics during extreme-2 exercise was best fitted by a linear function (R2 ≥ 0.96; SEE ≤ 0.16; p < 0.001), and V ˙ O 2 responses continued to increase during the first 10-20 s of recovery. During the extreme-3 exercise, V ˙ O 2 could not be modelled due to inadequate data, and there was an M-shape recovery V ˙ O 2 response with an exponential decay at the end. The V ˙ O 2 response to exercise across the extreme exercise domain has distinct features and must therefore be characterised with different fitting strategies in order to describe the responses accurately.- Published
- 2023
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29. Functional threshold power and the (manufactured) critical power controversy.
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Wong S, Burnley M, Mauger AR, Sun F, and Hopker J
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- Humans, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Exercise Test
- Abstract
We read with concern yet another communication from Dotan regarding the critical power (CP) concept which contains a litany of factual errors, false statements, and dated physiological interpretations. Space does not permit us to rebut every incorrect point made about our work (Wong et al., 2022) and the wider field in which it sits, but we will address what we consider to be some of the more egregious errors in his letter. We would first note, however, that our paper was not actually focused on the critical power concept.
- Published
- 2023
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30. Invited review: The speed-duration relationship across the animal kingdom.
- Author
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Burnley M
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Rats, Dogs, Horses, Mice, Swimming, Exercise Test, Time Factors, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Physical Endurance physiology, Running physiology
- Abstract
The parameters of the hyperbolic speed-duration relationship (the asymptote critical speed, CS, and the curvature constant, D') provide estimates of the maximal steady state speed (CS) and the distance an animal can run, swim, or fly at speeds above CS before it is forced to slow down or stop (D'). The speed-duration relationship has been directly studied in humans, horses, mice and rats. The technical difficulties with treadmill running in dogs and the relatively short greyhound race durations means that, perhaps surprisingly, it has not been assessed in dogs. The endurance capabilities of lizards, crabs and salamanders has also been measured, and the speed-duration relationship can be calculated from these data. These analyses show that 1) raising environmental temperature from 25 °C to 40 °C in lizards can double the CS with no change in D'; 2) that lungless salamanders have an extremely low critical speed due, most likely, to O
2 diffusion limitations associated with cutaneous respiration; and 3) the painted ghost crab possesses the highest endurance parameter ratio (D'/CS) yet recorded (470 s), allowing it to maintain high speeds for extended periods. Although the speed-duration relationship has not been measured in fish, the sustainable swimming speed has been quantified in a range of species and is conceptually similar to the maximal steady state in humans. The high aerobic power of birds and low metabolic cost of transport during flight permits the extreme feats of endurance observed in bird migrations. However, the parameters of the avian speed-duration relationship have not been quantified., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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31. How Priming Exercise Affects Oxygen Uptake Kinetics: From Underpinning Mechanisms to Endurance Performance.
- Author
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Goulding RP, Burnley M, and Wüst RCI
- Subjects
- Humans, Motor Activity, Exercise physiology, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Oxygen metabolism, Exercise Test methods, Muscle, Skeletal physiology, Acidosis, Lactic metabolism
- Abstract
The observation that prior heavy or severe-intensity exercise speeds overall oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O
2 ) kinetics, termed the "priming effect", has garnered significant research attention and its underpinning mechanisms have been hotly debated. In the first part of this review, the evidence for and against (1) lactic acidosis, (2) increased muscle temperature, (3) O2 delivery, (4) altered motor unit recruitment patterns and (5) enhanced intracellular O2 utilisation in underpinning the priming effect is discussed. Lactic acidosis and increased muscle temperature are most likely not key determinants of the priming effect. Whilst priming increases muscle O2 delivery, many studies have demonstrated that an increased muscle O2 delivery is not a prerequisite for the priming effect. Motor unit recruitment patterns are altered by prior exercise, and these alterations are consistent with some of the observed changes in [Formula: see text]O2 kinetics in humans. Enhancements in intracellular O2 utilisation likely play a central role in mediating the priming effect, probably related to elevated mitochondrial calcium levels and parallel activation of mitochondrial enzymes at the onset of the second bout. In the latter portion of the review, the implications of priming on the parameters of the power-duration relationship are discussed. The effect of priming on subsequent endurance performance depends critically upon which phases of the [Formula: see text]O2 response are altered. A reduced [Formula: see text]O2 slow component or increased fundamental phase amplitude tend to increase the work performable above critical power (i.e. W´), whereas a reduction in the fundamental phase time constant following priming results in an increased critical power., (© 2023. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2023
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32. 15 N-labeled dietary nitrate supplementation increases human skeletal muscle nitrate concentration and improves muscle torque production.
- Author
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Kadach S, Park JW, Stoyanov Z, Black MI, Vanhatalo A, Burnley M, Walter PJ, Cai H, Schechter AN, Piknova B, and Jones AM
- Subjects
- Humans, Cross-Over Studies, Torque, Nitrogen Dioxide, Blood Pressure physiology, Muscle, Skeletal metabolism, Nitric Oxide metabolism, Dietary Supplements, Polyesters, Double-Blind Method, Nitrates, Nitrites
- Abstract
Aim: Dietary nitrate (NO
3 - ) supplementation increases nitric oxide bioavailability and can enhance exercise performance. We investigated the distribution and metabolic fate of ingested NO3 - at rest and during exercise with a focus on skeletal muscle., Methods: In a randomized, crossover study, 10 healthy volunteers consumed 12.8 mmol15 N-labeled potassium nitrate (K15 NO3 ; NIT) or potassium chloride placebo (PLA). Muscle biopsies were taken at baseline, at 1- and 3-h post-supplement ingestion, and immediately following the completion of 60 maximal intermittent contractions of the knee extensors. Muscle, plasma, saliva, and urine samples were analyzed using chemiluminescence to determine absolute [NO3 - ] and [NO2 - ], and by mass spectrometry to determine the proportion of NO3 - and NO2 - that was15 N-labeled., Results: Neither muscle [NO3 - ] nor [NO2 - ] were altered by PLA. Following NIT, muscle [NO3 - ] (but not [NO2 - ]) was elevated at 1-h (from ~35 to 147 nmol/g, p < 0.001) and 3-h, with almost all of the increase being15 N-labeled. There was a significant reduction in15 N-labeled muscle [NO3 - ] from pre- to post-exercise. Relative to PLA, mean muscle torque production was ~7% greater during the first 18 contractions following NIT. This improvement in torque was correlated with the pre-exercise15 N-labeled muscle [NO3 - ] and the magnitude of decline in15 N-labeled muscle [NO3 - ] during exercise (r = 0.66 and r = 0.62, respectively; p < 0.01)., Conclusion: This study shows, for the first time, that skeletal muscle rapidly takes up dietary NO3 - , the elevated muscle [NO3 - ] following NO3 - ingestion declines during exercise, and muscle NO3 - dynamics are associated with enhanced torque production during maximal intermittent muscle contractions., (© 2023 The Authors. Acta Physiologica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Scandinavian Physiological Society.)- Published
- 2023
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33. The Application of non-linear methods to quantify changes to movement dynamics during running: A scoping review.
- Author
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Hunter B, Karsten B, Greenhalgh A, Burnley M, and Muniz-Pumares D
- Subjects
- Humans, Biomechanical Phenomena, Fatigue, Movement, Running physiology
- Abstract
The aim of this scoping review was to evaluate research approaches that quantify changes to non-linear movement dynamics during running in response to fatigue, different speeds, and fitness levels. PubMed and Scopus were used to identify appropriate research articles. After the selection of eligible studies, study details and participant characteristics were extracted and tabulated to identify methodologies and findings. Twenty-seven articles were included in the final analysis. To evaluate non-linearities in the time series, a range of approaches were identified including motion capture, accelerometery, and foot switches. Common methods of analysis included measures of fractal scaling, entropy, and local dynamic stability. Conflicting findings were evident when studies examined non-linear features in fatigued states when compared to non-fatigued. More pronounced alterations to movement dynamics are evident when running speed is changed markedly. Greater fitness levels resulted in more stable and predictable running patterns. The mechanisms by which these changes are underpinned require further examination. These could include the physiological demand of running, biomechanical constraints of the runner, and the attentional demands of the task. Moreover, the practical implications are yet to be elucidated. This review has identified gaps in the literature which should be addressed for further understanding of the field.
- Published
- 2023
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34. Louis Passfield-A Role Model for the Mission of IJSPP.
- Author
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Sandbakk Ø, Burnley M, Hopker J, Pappous A, Maria Marcora S, and Brickley G
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
35. Flawed analysis and erroneous interpretations of the critical power concept: response to Mr. Dotan.
- Author
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Burnley M
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Functional threshold power is not a valid marker of the maximal metabolic steady state.
- Author
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Wong S, Burnley M, Mauger A, Fenghua S, and Hopker J
- Subjects
- Humans, Lactic Acid, Exercise physiology, Analysis of Variance, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Exercise Test
- Abstract
Functional Threshold Power (FTP) has been considered a valid alternative to other performance markers that represent the upper boundary of the heavy intensity domain. However, such a claim has not been empirically examined from a physiological perspective.This study examined the blood lactate and VO
2 response when exercising at and 15 W above the FTP (FTP+15W ). Thirteen cyclists participated in the study. The VO2 was recorded continuously throughout FTP and FTP+15W , with blood lactate measured before the test, every 10 minutes and at task failure. Data were subsequently analysed using two-way ANOVA. The time to task failure at FTP and FTP+15W were 33.7 ± 7.6 and 22.0 ± 5.7 minutes (p < 0.001), respectively. The VO2peak was not attained when exercising at FTP+15W (VO2peak : 3.61 ± 0.81 vs FTP+15W 3.33 ± 0.68 L·min-1 , p < 0.001). The VO2 stabilised during both intensities. However, the end test blood lactate corresponding to FTP and FTP+15W was significantly different (6.7 ± 2.1 mM vs 9.2 ± 2.9 mM; p < 0.05). The VO2 response corresponding to FTP and FTP+15W suggests that FTP should not be considered a threshold marker between heavy and severe intensity.- Published
- 2022
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37. Critical power is the severe intensity domain boundary, not a power output that can be maintained "for a very long time without fatigue".
- Author
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Burnley M
- Subjects
- Humans, Muscle Fatigue, Muscle, Skeletal, Fatigue, Physical Endurance
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Polarized Training Is Not Optimal for Endurance Athletes.
- Author
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Burnley M, Bearden SE, and Jones AM
- Subjects
- Humans, Athletes, Physical Endurance
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. The effect of hypertonic saline evoked muscle pain on neurophysiological changes and exercise performance in the contralateral limb.
- Author
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Norbury R, Smith SA, Burnley M, Judge M, and Mauger AR
- Subjects
- Electromyography, Evoked Potentials, Motor physiology, Humans, Knee physiology, Muscle, Skeletal, Quadriceps Muscle physiology, Saline Solution, Hypertonic, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Muscle Fatigue physiology, Myalgia chemically induced
- Abstract
Non-local muscle pain may impair endurance performance through neurophysiological mechanisms, but these are relatively unknown. This study examined the effects of muscle pain on neuromuscular and neurophysiological responses in the contralateral limb. On separate visits, nine participants completed an isometric time to task failure (TTF) using the right knee extensors after intramuscular injection of isotonic saline (CTRL) or hypertonic saline (HYP) into the left vastus lateralis. Measures of neuromuscular fatigue were taken before, during and after the TTF using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and peripheral nerve stimulation. Mean pain intensity was greater in the left leg in HYP (3.3 ± 1.9) compared to CTRL (0.4 ± 0.7; P < 0.001) which was combined with a reduced TTF by 9.8% in HYP (4.54 ± 0.56 min) compared to CTRL (5.07 ± 0.77 min; P = 0.005). Maximum voluntary force was not different between conditions (all P > 0.05). Voluntary activation was lower in HYP compared to CTRL (P = 0.022). No difference was identified between conditions for doublet amplitude (P > 0.05). Furthermore, no difference in MEP·M
max -1 or the TMS silent period between conditions was observed (all P > 0.05). Non-local pain impairs endurance performance of the contralateral limb. This impairment in performance is likely due to the faster attainment of the sensory tolerance limit from a greater amount of sensory feedback originating from the non-exercising, but painful, left leg., (© 2022. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. The effect of elevated muscle pain on neuromuscular fatigue during exercise.
- Author
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Norbury R, Smith SA, Burnley M, Judge M, and Mauger AR
- Subjects
- Adult, Electric Stimulation, Female, Humans, Injections, Intramuscular, Leg, Male, Pain Measurement, Sodium Chloride administration & dosage, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Muscle Fatigue physiology, Musculoskeletal Pain physiopathology, Peripheral Nerves physiopathology, Physical Endurance physiology
- Abstract
Purpose: Muscle pain can impair exercise performance but the mechanisms for this are unknown. This study examined the effects of muscle pain on neuromuscular fatigue during an endurance task., Methods: On separate visits, twelve participants completed an isometric time-to-task failure (TTF) exercise of the right knee extensors at ~ 20% of maximum force following an intramuscular injection of isotonic saline (CTRL) or hypertonic saline (HYP) into the vastus lateralis. Measures of neuromuscular fatigue were taken before, during and after the TTF using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and peripheral nerve stimulation., Results: The mean pain intensity was 57 ± 10 in HYP compared to 38 ± 18 in CTRL (P < 0.001). TTF was reduced in HYP (4.36 ± 0.88 min) compared to CTRL (5.20 ± 0.39 min) (P = 0.003). Maximum voluntary force was 12% lower at minute 1 (P = 0.003) and 11% lower at minute 2 in HYP (P = 0.013) compared to CTRL. Voluntary activation was 4% lower at minute 1 in HYP compared to CTRL (P = 0.006) but not at any other time point (all P > 0.05). The TMS silent period was 9% longer at 100 s during the TTF in HYP compared to CTRL (P = 0.026)., Conclusion: Muscle pain reduces exercise performance through the excacerbation of neuromuscular fatigue that is central in origin. This appears to be from inhibitory feedback from group III/IV nociceptors which acts to reduce central motor output., (© 2021. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Did you know? Using entropy and fractal geometry to quantify fluctuations in physiological outputs.
- Author
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Pethick J, Winter SL, and Burnley M
- Subjects
- Entropy, Fractals
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Fatigue-induced changes in knee-extensor torque complexity and muscle metabolic rate are dependent on joint angle.
- Author
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Pethick J, Winter SL, and Burnley M
- Subjects
- Adult, Electromyography, Female, Humans, Isometric Contraction physiology, Male, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Torque, Knee Joint physiology, Muscle Fatigue physiology, Muscle, Skeletal metabolism, Range of Motion, Articular physiology
- Abstract
Purpose: Joint angle is a significant determinant of neuromuscular and metabolic function. We tested the hypothesis that previously reported correlations between knee-extensor torque complexity and metabolic rate ([Formula: see text]) would be conserved at reduced joint angles (i.e. shorter muscle lengths)., Methods: Eleven participants performed intermittent isometric knee-extensor contractions at 50% maximum voluntary torque for 30 min or until task failure (whichever occurred sooner) at joint angles of 30º, 60º and 90º of flexion (0º = extension). Torque and surface EMG were sampled continuously. Complexity and fractal scaling of torque were quantified using approximate entropy (ApEn) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) α. [Formula: see text] was determined using near-infrared spectroscopy., Results: Time to task failure/end increased as joint angle decreased (P < 0.001). Over time, complexity decreased at 90º and 60º (decreased ApEn, increased DFA α, both P < 0.001), but not 30º. [Formula: see text] increased at all joint angles (P < 0.001), though the magnitude of this increase was lower at 30º compared to 60º and 90º (both P < 0.01). There were significant correlations between torque complexity and [Formula: see text] at 90º (ApEn, r = - 0.60, P = 0.049) and 60º (ApEn, r = - 0.64, P = 0.035; DFA α, ρ = 0.68, P = 0.015)., Conclusion: The lack of correlation between [Formula: see text] and complexity at 30º was likely due to low relative task demands, given the similar kinetics of [Formula: see text] and torque complexity. An inverse correlation between [Formula: see text] and knee-extensor torque complexity occurs during high-intensity contractions at intermediate, but not short, muscle lengths., (© 2021. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Physiological complexity: influence of ageing, disease and neuromuscular fatigue on muscle force and torque fluctuations.
- Author
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Pethick J, Winter SL, and Burnley M
- Subjects
- Electromyography methods, Muscle Contraction physiology, Muscle, Skeletal physiology, Torque, Isometric Contraction physiology, Muscle Fatigue physiology
- Abstract
New Findings: What is the topic of this review? Physiological complexity in muscle force and torque fluctuations, specifically the quantification of complexity, how neuromuscular complexityis altered by perturbations and the potential mechanism underlying changes in neuromuscular complexity. What advances does it highlight? The necessity to calculate both magnitude- and complexity-based measures for the thorough evaluation of force/torque fluctuations. Also the need for further research on neuromuscular complexity, particularly how it relates to the performance of functional activities (e.g. manual dexterity, balance, locomotion)., Abstract: Physiological time series produce inherently complex fluctuations. In the last 30 years, methods have been developed to characterise these fluctuations, and have revealed that they contain information about the function of the system producing them. Two broad classes of metrics are used: (1) those which quantify the regularity of the signal (e.g. entropy metrics); and (2) those which quantify the fractal properties of the signal (e.g. detrended fluctuation analysis). Using these techniques, it has been demonstrated that ageing results in a loss of complexity in the time series of a multitude of signals, including heart rate, respiration, gait and, crucially, muscle force or torque output. This suggests that as the body ages, physiological systems become less adaptable (i.e. the systems' ability to respond rapidly to a changing external environment is diminished). More recently, it has been shown that neuromuscular fatigue causes a substantial loss of muscle torque complexity, a process that can be observed in a few minutes, rather than the decades it requires for the same system to degrade with ageing. The loss of torque complexity with neuromuscular fatigue appears to occur exclusively above the critical torque (at least for tasks lasting up to 30 min). The loss of torque complexity can be exacerbated with previous exercise of the same limb, and reduced by the administration of caffeine, suggesting both peripheral and central mechanisms contribute to this loss. The mechanisms underpinning the loss of complexity are not known but may be related to altered motor unit behaviour as the muscle fatigues., (© 2021 The Authors. Experimental Physiology © 2021 The Physiological Society.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Response to letter to the editor: Methodological considerations for a non-linear analysis of running in the heavy and severe intensity domains.
- Author
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Hunter B, Greenhalgh A, Karsten B, Burnley M, and Muniz-Pumares D
- Subjects
- Humans, Running
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Correction to: A non‑linear analysis of running in the heavy and severe intensity domains.
- Author
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Hunter B, Greenhalgh A, Karsten B, Burnley M, and Muniz-Pumares D
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. A non-linear analysis of running in the heavy and severe intensity domains.
- Author
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Hunter B, Greenhalgh A, Karsten B, Burnley M, and Muniz-Pumares D
- Subjects
- Adult, Ankle Joint physiology, Biomechanical Phenomena, Exercise Test, Healthy Volunteers, Hip Joint physiology, Humans, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Knee Joint physiology, Male, Oxygen Consumption physiology, Rotation, Muscle Fatigue physiology, Physical Endurance physiology, Running physiology
- Abstract
Purpose: Altered movement complexity, indicative of system dysfunction, has been demonstrated with increased running velocity and neuromuscular fatigue. The critical velocity (CV) denotes a metabolic and neuromuscular fatigue threshold. It remains unclear whether changes to complexity during running are coupled with the exercise intensity domain in which it is performed. The purpose of this study was to examine whether movement variability and complexity differ exclusively above the CV intensity during running., Methods: Ten endurance-trained participants ran at 95%, 100%, 105% and 115% CV for 20 min or to task failure, whichever occurred first. Movement at the hip, knee, and ankle were sampled throughout using 3D motion analysis. Complexity of kinematics in the first and last 30 s were quantified using sample entropy (SampEn) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA-α). Variability was determined using standard deviation (SD)., Results: SampEn decreased during all trials in knee flexion/extension and it increased in hip internal/external rotation, whilst DFA-α increased in knee internal/external rotation. SD of ankle plantar/dorsiflexion and inversion/eversion, knee internal/external rotation, and hip flexion/extension and abduction/adduction increased during trials. Hip flexion/extension SampEn values were lowest below CV. DFA-α was lower at higher velocities compared to velocities below CV in ankle plantar/dorsiflexion, hip flexion/extension, hip adduction/abduction, hip internal/external rotation. In hip flexion/extension SD was highest at 115% CV., Conclusions: Changes to kinematic complexity over time are consistent between heavy and severe intensity domains. The findings suggest running above CV results in increased movement complexity and variability, particularly at the hip, during treadmill running.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Influence of simulated hypogravity on oxygen uptake during treadmill running.
- Author
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Yilmaz K, Burnley M, Böcker J, Müller K, Jones AM, and Rittweger J
- Subjects
- Adult, Exercise Test, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Supine Position, Oxygen Consumption, Running physiology, Weightlessness Simulation adverse effects
- Abstract
Prolonged exposure to microgravity during spaceflights leads to severe deterioration in the physical performance of astronauts. To understand the effectiveness of existing in-flight daily countermeasures and to plan exercise onboard the International Space Station, we compared supine treadmill running to traditional upright treadmill running on earth. Specifically, we assessed the cardiorespiratory responses to conventional upright running to the responses to supine treadmill running under 0.3 g, 0.6 g, and 1 g of body weight in younger (20-30 years, n = 14, 8 females) and older healthy adults (50-60 years, n = 12, 6 females). Maximal cardiorespiratory capacity was additionally evaluated by performing an incremental running protocol on each treadmill. Maximum speed was greater for 0.3 g and 0.6 g in supine than for upright running (18.5 km/h (1.1) and 15.9 (3.1) vs 13.2 (2.4) p < 0.001). In contrast, maximum oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2max ) and maximum heart rate (HR
max ) were greater in upright running than in all supine conditions (Upright treadmill running vs S1.0G vs S0.6G vs S0.3G, 41.7 ml kg-1 min-1 (7.2) vs 30.5 (6.6) vs 32.9 (7.0) vs 30.9 (5.2), p < 0.001 and 171 beats min-1 (14) vs 152 (24) vs 155 (20) vs 152 (18), p < 0.001, respectively). The reduction in V ˙ O 2max was remarkably similar across all three supine conditions, could not be increased by higher running speeds and can be well explained by reduced ground reaction forces (GRF). Thus, although a gravity-related restriction of pulmonary gas exchange or perfusion of the legs when exercising in the supine position can be suspected, findings are also explicable on grounds of the vertical treadmill mechanics. Reduced loading will constitute a substantial limitation to V ˙ O 2 in space with implications for crew health and the physical deterioration of astronauts., (© 2021 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Using Technology-Supported Transfer of Care Systems: Informing Good Practice Recommendations.
- Author
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James R, Mantzourani E, Way C, Gray A, Burnley M, and Hodson K
- Abstract
The Discharge Medicines Review (DMR) referral system, Refer-to-Pharmacy (RTP), PharmOutcomes and Help for Harry are UK transfer of care systems that aim to reduce the risks associated with hospital discharge. These systems use technology to facilitate the transmission of discharge information to community pharmacy, allowing community pharmacists to provide an adherence-support service. Despite the evidence that these systems benefit patient safety, there is a paucity of literature on their use. This study aimed to describe, compare and contrast these systems to highlight areas that could inform good practice recommendations. A rapid literature review was completed, and from the twenty-six sources of literature that were synthesised, three themes were identified for further exploration in semi-structured interviews with key informants: implementation, system attributes and stakeholder engagement. The key informants were purposively sampled for their role in the development and/or strategic implementation of each transfer of care system ( n = 4). Audio recordings were transcribed ad verbatim and analysed both deductively and inductively. One interview was undertaken for each of the DMR, RTP and PharmOutcomes systems. Although all systems shared the same aim, differences were identified such as automated feedback for referrals, marketing strategies and practitioner accountability. Good practice recommendations suggested in this study could be applied to the future development of such systems.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Ischemic Preconditioning Blunts Loss of Knee Extensor Torque Complexity with Fatigue.
- Author
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Pethick J, Casselton C, Winter SL, and Burnley M
- Subjects
- Adult, Electric Stimulation, Electromyography, Female, Femoral Nerve physiology, Humans, Isometric Contraction physiology, Male, Muscle, Skeletal physiology, Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared, Task Performance and Analysis, Torque, Young Adult, Exercise physiology, Knee physiology, Muscle Fatigue physiology, Muscle, Skeletal blood supply, Thigh blood supply
- Abstract
Introduction: Neuromuscular fatigue reduces the temporal structure, or complexity, of muscle torque output, purportedly through an effect on motor unit behavior. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), an emerging ergogenic aid, has been demonstrated to have a potent effect on muscular output and endurance. We therefore tested the hypothesis that IPC would attenuate the fatigue-induced loss of muscle torque complexity., Methods: Ten healthy participants (6 males/4 females) performed intermittent isometric knee extension contractions (6 s contraction, 4 s rest) to task failure at 40% maximal voluntary contraction. Contractions were preceded by either IPC (three bouts of 5 min proximal thigh occlusion at 225 mm Hg, interspersed with 5 min rest) or SHAM (as IPC, but occlusion at only 20 mm Hg) treatments. Torque and EMG signals were sampled continuously. Complexity and fractal scaling were quantified using approximate entropy (ApEn) and the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) α scaling exponent. Muscle oxygen consumption (mV˙O2) was determined using near-infrared spectroscopy., Results: IPC increased time to task failure by 43% ± 13% (mean ± SEM, P = 0.047). Complexity decreased in both trials (decreased ApEn, increased DFA α; both P < 0.001), although the rate of decrease was significantly lower after IPC (ApEn, -0.2 ± 0.1 vs -0.4 ± 0.1, P = 0.013; DFA α, 0.2 ± 0.1 vs 0.3 ± 0.1, P = 0.037). Similarly, the rates of increase in EMG amplitude (P = 0.022) and mV˙O2 (P = 0.043) were significantly slower after IPC., Conclusion: These results suggest that the ergogenic effect of IPC observed here is of neural origin and accounts for the slowing of the rates of change in torque complexity, EMG amplitude, and mV˙O2 as fatigue develops., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Sports Medicine.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Physiological Evidence That the Critical Torque Is a Phase Transition, Not a Threshold.
- Author
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Pethick J, Winter SL, and Burnley M
- Subjects
- Adult, Electromyography, Female, Healthy Volunteers, Humans, Male, Torque, Young Adult, Exercise physiology, Muscle Contraction physiology, Muscle Fatigue physiology, Oxygen Consumption physiology
- Abstract
Introduction: Distinct physiological responses to exercise occur in the heavy- and severe-intensity domains, which are separated by the critical power or critical torque (CT). However, how the transition between these intensity domains actually occurs is not known. We tested the hypothesis that CT is a sudden threshold, with no gradual transition from heavy- to severe-intensity behavior within the confidence limits associated with the CT., Methods: Twelve healthy participants performed four exhaustive severe-intensity trials for the determination of CT, and four 30-min trials in close proximity to CT (one or two SE above or below each participant's CT estimate; CT - 2, CT - 1, CT + 1, CT + 2). Muscle O2 uptake, rectified electromyogram, and torque variability and complexity were monitored throughout each trial, and maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) with femoral nerve stimulation were performed before and after each trial to determine central and peripheral fatigue responses., Results: The rates of change in fatigue-related variables, muscle O2 uptake, electromyogram amplitude, and torque complexity were significantly faster in the severe trials compared with CT - 2. For example, the fall in MVC torque was -1.5 ± 0.8 N·m·min in CT - 2 versus -7.9 ± 2.5 N·m·min in the lowest severe-intensity trial (P < 0.05). Individual analyses showed a low frequency of severe responses even in the circa-CT trials ostensibly above the CT, but also the rare appearance of severe-intensity responses in all circa-CT trials., Conclusions: These data demonstrate that the transition between heavy- and severe-intensity exercise occurs gradually rather than suddenly.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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