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Oral dysesthesia (OD) is a diagnosis of exclusion that manifests as an unpleasant and abnormal sensation of the oral mucosa without any noticeable oral lesions. Burning sensation is one of the manifestations of OD which may advocate for similar pharmacotherapeutic options to burning mouth syndrome (BMS), resulting in possible adverse events. The aim of these case reports was to illustrate the significance and rationale for the use of oral devices as a mechanical/physical barrier and a safe approach in the management of OD, without experiencing any antagonistic effects from pharmacotherapeutic agents. Two patients with spontaneous and evoked (following dental procedures) OD symptoms in the right posterior mandibular quadrant and anterior hard palatal areas were evaluated. Additionally, their OD symptoms were associated with hyposalivation and taste changes. A thorough history and complete head and neck examination, with the exclusion of oral lesions and systemic conditions, were performed. These patients were previously prescribed topical clonazepam rinses. An in-office trial, with application of orthodontic wax to the affected area, was performed as a preliminary test in order to justify the fabrication of an oral device for possible symptomatic relief. Conclusion: The case reports demonstrated significant improvement of OD symptoms and amelioration of pain following fabrication of oral devices in two patients with no undesirable effects from pharmacotherapy. Additionally, the oral devices aided as a mechanical/physical barrier, potentially exerting a placebo effect while facilitating an improved quality of life. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness and ease of fabricating the oral device has been advantageous over other systemic medications. This encourages the need for a detailed prospective study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aims Protocol and Methods Results Conclusions To investigate the effect of a lingual nerve block on spontaneous pain in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and to estimate associated somatosensory abnormalities by quantitative sensory testing (QST).A standardised QST battery including cold detection threshold (CDT), warmth detection threshold (WDT), thermal sensory limen (TSL), paradoxical heat sensation (PHS), cold pain threshold (CPT), heat pain threshold (HPT), mechanical pain threshold (MPT), wind‐up ratio (WUR) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) was performed at the oral mucosa of the most painful site and intraoral control site in 20 BMS patients, and at the tongue and cheek mucosa in 22 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls. The effect of a lingual nerve block on spontaneous burning pain reported by the BMS patients on a 0–10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS) was investigated in a randomised double‐blind crossover design using (1 mL) lidocaine (lido) or saline (sal) with an interval of 1 week. The BMS patients were grouped into ‘central’ and ‘peripheral’ mechanisms based on the effect of the lingual nerve injections. For each BMS patient, Z‐scores and Loss/Gain scores were computed. Differences among groups and sites were analysed using a two‐way ANOVA. Differences within group were assessed by paired t‐test.The 20 BMS patients were characterised on the basis of VAS changes (ΔLido—ΔSal) as a peripheral BMS subgroup (n = 9) with pain relief more than 1 cm on the VAS and a central BMS subgroup (n = 11) with pain relief less than 1 cm. BMS patients (n = 20) had lower sensitivity to thermal stimuli (i.e., CDT, WDT, TSL, CPT, HPT and PPT) and higher sensitivity to mechanical stimuli (i.e., PPT) compared with controls (p ≤ 0.007). Based on Loss/Gain coding, L1G0 (loss of thermal somatosensory function with no somatosensory gain, 55.0%) was the most frequent coding in the BMS group, which was higher than 11.4% in the control group (p < 0.001). Surprisingly, there was no significant difference between the peripheral and central BMS subgroups with regard to the Z‐scores of any of the nine QST parameters (p > 0.097).The results of the lingual nerve blocks demonstrated two distinct phenotypes with either peripheral or central mechanisms but no direct impact on somatosensory function. Overall, somatosensory function in BMS patients seems abnormal in the painful areas compared to matched controls with a conspicuous loss of thermosensory function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim Materials and Methods Results Conclusions To evaluate conditioned pain modulation (CPM) in burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients with different pain mechanisms.Twenty BMS patients (52.0 ± 6.8 years, 17 women and 3 men) and age‐ and gender‐matched 22 healthy controls were enrolled in this randomised controlled trial. The patients received an active lingual nerve block (lidocaine) and a placebo injection (saline) randomly with an interval of 1 week in a double‐blinded manner. Patients evaluated their pain intensity on a 0‐ to 10‐cm visual analogue scale (VAS) before and after each injection, with or without CPM. Based on the anaesthesia effect, BMS patients were divided into two groups with presumed different pain mechanisms; a ‘central subgroup (n = 11)’ with pain relief less than 1 cm and ‘peripheral subgroup (n = 9)’ with pain relief more than 1 cm on the VAS. Mechanical pain threshold (MPT) and wind‐up ratio (WUR) were investigated at two oral mucosa regions: the region with most intense symptoms and a control region for the patient group; tongue and buccal region for the control group. CPM was induced by immersing the left hand into cold water. A moderate level of pain (around five on the VAS) was obtained by adjusting the water temperature. MPT and WUR were measured twice for all the participants with and without CPM, which was analysed and presented as relative change in MPT and WUR. Differences between groups were analysed using two‐way ANOVA. Differences within group between tests were assessed by paired t‐test.At baseline, there were no significant group differences for MPT or WUR between BMS patients and healthy controls (p ≥ 0.156). The mean bath temperature to evoke moderate pain for the BMS group was significantly lower than that for the healthy control group (8.9°C vs. 11.9°C, p = 0.003). The CPM evoked an inhibitory modulation in 18.2%–44.4% of BMS patients, while for the healthy group, the ratio was 68.2%–81.8%. Central BMS patients had smaller CPM effects than healthy participants at the painful site and control site, which indicated a decreased CPM function (p ≤ 0.034). Peripheral BMS patients had lower CPM effects than healthy participants only at the painful site (p = 0.037).The present findings documented impairment of central nociceptive inhibition processing in BMS patients which was more extensive in central BMS than peripheral BMS. These findings add to the suggestion that BMS may a heterogeneous pain condition with at least two different phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic idiopathic orofacial pain disorder, characterized by persistent burning sensations and pain without clear pathological causes. Recent research suggests that small fiber neuropathy (SFN) may play a significant role in the neuropathic pain and sensory disturbances associated with BMS. Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review aims to evaluate and synthesize current evidence supporting SFN's involvement in BMS. The protocol is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024555839). The results show eight studies reported reductions in nerve fiber density in tongue biopsies (ranging from 30% to 60%), along with morphological changes indicative of small fiber damage. Additionally, an increase in TRPV1-positive, NGF-positive, and P2X3-positive fibers, overexpression of Nav1.7, and slight underexpression of Nav1.9 mRNA were observed in BMS patients. Quantitative Sensory Testing in seven studies revealed sensory abnormalities such as reduced cool detection and cold pain thresholds. Blink reflex and corneal confocal microscopy also indicated peripheral and central small fiber damage, along with increased artemin mRNA expression. The evidence strongly supports SFN as a key factor in the pathophysiology of BMS, particularly due to reductions in nerve fiber density and altered sensory thresholds. However, variability across studies highlights the need for larger, standardized research to establish causal relationships and guide therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain condition affecting the oral cavity. This condition mostly affects peri‐ or postmenopausal women; for this reason, sexual hormonal changes have been implicated in BMS pathogenesis. Methods: A systematic review was performed in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EMBASE without restriction for language or year. Eligibility criteria were controlled studies addressing the PICO question: (P) patients with BMS; (I) detection of the sex hormones; (C) patients without BMS; (O) changes on sexual hormones as a risk factor for BMS severity. Risk of bias was performed with Newcastle‐Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Results: Four studies were included. Salivary levels were evaluated in three studies and serum blood was used in one. Three studies analysed oestradiol and/or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), two assessed progesterone and one evaluated follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH). Oestradiol results were contradictory, with two studies reporting lower levels in BMS patients compared to controls and one finding the opposite. DHEA was statistically lower in the BMS group in one study. Progesterone showed opposite results in two studies, although none with statistical significance. FSH was statistically higher in the BMS group compared to controls. Correlation of hormones with quality of life was performed in three studies and there was no significant correlation with self‐perceived symptoms severity. Conclusion: Sexual hormones can be altered in BMS, especially oestradiol. Despite these changes, we did not find correlation between hormone fluctuation and BMS symptoms intensity affecting quality of life. These findings suggested the need for further investigation on hormonal alterations, which may be a promising target on BMS management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Gut dysbiosis in patients with chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis" explores the potential role of gut microbiota in chronic pain conditions. The study found that individuals with chronic pain exhibit dysbiosis in their gut microbiota, leading to changes in alpha diversity and an increase in the genus Eggerthella. This dysbiosis may impact dopamine metabolism and estrogen regulation, potentially influencing chronic pain development. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between gut microbiota, dopamine function, and estrogen stimulation in chronic pain patients, offering new avenues for pain management. [Extracted from the article]

The trigeminal sensory system consists of the trigeminal nerve, the trigeminal ganglion, and the trigeminal sensory nuclei (the mesencephalic nucleus, the principal nucleus, the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and several smaller nuclei). Various sensory signals carried by the trigeminal nerve from the orofacial area travel into the trigeminal sensory system, where they are processed into integrated sensory information that is relayed to higher sensory brain areas. Thus, knowledge of the trigeminal sensory system is essential for comprehending orofacial pain. This review elucidates the individual nuclei that comprise the trigeminal sensory system and their synaptic transmission. Additionally, it discusses four types of orofacial pain and their relationship to the system. Consequently, this review aims to enhance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying orofacial pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analysed the phytochemical profile of Acmella oleracea extract and the molecular interactions of its main compounds with TRPV1 and CB2, target receptors in the Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) pathogenesis. The phytochemical profile of A. oleracea's floral buds extract treated with activated charcoal (TCEE) was analysed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled to Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). The quantification of spilanthol was analysed by HPLC coupled to a Diode-Array Detector (HPLC-DAD). The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of nine alkylamides and phenolic compounds. The TCEE showed a significant increase in spilanthol content compared to the crude extract (CEE), going from 28.33 mg/g to 117.96 mg/g. The molecular docking indicated a behaviour of the alkylamides as partial TRPV1 agonists and CB2 agonists and, for the first time, indicates the action of these compounds in the symptomatic management of BMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study investigates the psychological impact of COVID‐19 on burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients. It focuses on comparing post‐traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), post‐traumatic growth (PTG), and resilience between BMS patients and Controls. Methods: A total of 100 BMS patients and 100 Controls from five Italian centers participated in this observational cross‐sectional study. They completed several assessments, including the General Health Questionnaire, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, Insomnia Severity Index, National Stressful Events Survey Short Scale, Impact of Event Scale‐Revised, Post Traumatic Growth Inventory Short Form, and Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale. Results: BMS patients had significantly higher stress, anxiety, and depression (DASS‐21 score) and post‐traumatic stress symptoms (IES‐R‐6 score), particularly in terms of intrusive thoughts. They showed lower post‐traumatic growth (PTGI‐SF score) compared to Controls. The resilience scale (CDRS‐10) was a key predictor of PTG in both groups, explaining a significant variance in PTGI‐SF scores. Conclusions: BMS patients experienced heightened post‐traumatic stress, stress, anxiety, and depression during the COVID‐19 pandemic, with reduced post‐traumatic growth. This highlights the need to prioritize their psychological well‐being, focusing on stress management and fostering post‐traumatic growth in challenging times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is an intraoral chronic burning or dysesthetic sensation, without clinically evident causative lesions on clinical examination and investigation. Aim: To assess immediate and weekly effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on BMS patients. Methods: Thirty BMS patients were treated intra‐orally with photobiomodulation 940(±10) nm (InGaAsP) 3 W, semi‐conductor diode, weekly, for up to 10 weeks. Pain intensity, measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and characteristics were recorded immidiately after each treatment, along with a weekly average VAS. Results: Immediate mean VAS score decreased from a starting score of 7.80 ± 1.83 to 2.07 ± 2.55 (p < 0.001). The mean weekly VAS score for the week after the final treatment session was higher (5.73 ± 2.80, p < 0.001) than the immediate response, but still significantly lower than the starting score (p = 0.017). We observed a trend of pain improvement with more treatments, but this was only statistically significant up to the third treatment. Male gender and unilateral pain correlated with better PBM efficacy (p = 0.017, 0.022, respectively). Conclusion: PBM provides significant immediate pain relief for BMS patients after each treatment; however, the efficacy decreases notably over the following week. A trend of increasing pain relief across treatments was observed, statistically significant up to the third treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness, tolerability, and safety of topical amitriptyline as a potential route of administration for the management of burning mouth syndrome. Background: Burning mouth syndrome is a complex, idiopathic, and debilitating orofacial pain disorder that impairs quality of life, with a prevalence of up to 18% in menopausal women. Available drugs to alleviate its burning sensation have inconsistent and limited efficacy. Given its physicochemical properties, excellent tolerability, and ability to target peripheral pathways, topical amitriptyline seems a promising mechanistically specific analgesic drug for burning mouth syndrome. Methods: In this retrospective cross‐sectional real‐world evidence study, patients with burning mouth syndrome who were prescribed topical amitriptyline for 8 weeks were identified. Eligibility criteria stemmed from ICHD‐3, ICOP, and consensus definitions. The primary outcome measure was mean daily pain intensity (on a 0–10 scale); secondary outcomes included adverse events and patient global impression of improvement. Data are given as the mean ± SD. Results: A total of 15 patients fulfilling the eligibility criteria were included and analyzed. Mean daily pain was 6.7 ± 2.1 at baseline and 3.7 ± 2.3 after treatment, with a mean reduction of 3.1 ± 2.8 (p = 0.002). Half of the patients experienced a decrease in pain by at least 50% (p = 0.008). Several mild adverse events were reported, such as somnolence or dry mouth. Conclusions: Topical amitriptyline may be a safe and potent route of administration in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome, a hypothesis to be tested in further controlled trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) presents as a persistent, often perplexing pain condition characterised primarily by a sensation of burning, yet frequently lacks observable clinical evidence. The underlying mechanisms of BMS remain elusive. Typically, the tongue bears the brunt of the discomfort, followed by the inner lower lip and hard palate. Psychologically, BMS often intersects with anxiety and depression, forming common comorbidities. There's emerging research suggesting a potential link between Human Herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) and mental health disorders. This association raises the possibility of HHV-6B as a contributor to BMS. HHV-6B's hypothesised involvement in BMS could be from various avenues: direct damage to taste cells and nerves, eliciting an inflammatory response, or even disrupting olfactory functions. This narrative review aims to critically evaluate the current literature on the potential association between HHV-6B and BMS. It explores the role of HHV-6B in pain mechanisms, inflammatory responses, and its impact on sensory functions such as taste and olfaction, providing a comprehensive overview of its implications in BMS pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral lichen planus is a frequent, chronic autoimmune disease that affects the oral mucosa and is characterized as an oral potentially malignant disorder. The aim of our study is to examine the presence of CSCs bearing CD147 (a marker related to local inflammation and associated with various cancers) through immunohistochemistry in oral lichen planus (OLP) compared to oral leukoplakia (OL) and healthy tissues. These findings could contribute to clinical practice by providing a marker for the prognostic assessment of OLP lesions with regards to their potentially malignant nature. The study sample consisted of paraffin-embedded oral mucosa specimens from the archives of the Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece during the period 2009–2019. The study sample contained 24 cases of OLP (14 erosive and 10 reticular) and 30 cases of oral leukoplakia, which were compared to 5 normal oral epithelium samples derived from healthy epithelium adjacent to fibromas from other cases. Cell membrane staining of CD147 was observed mostly in the basal and parabasal cell layer. The statistically significantly higher expression of CD147 in the erosive lichen planus subgroup than in the moderately and severely dysplastic leukoplakia subgroup (p = 0.01) constituted the most important finding of this study. The characteristic expression of CD147 in erosive OLP suggests the presence of epithelial cells with CSC characteristics, but its lower expression in oral leukoplakias suggests a more intense relation of the CD147 marker with inflammation rather than with oral dysplastic progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The underlying mechanisms of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) remain unclear leading to challenges and unsatisfactory management. Current treatments focus primarily on symptom relief, with few consistently achieving a 50% reduction in pain. This review aims to explore animal models of BMS to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and to discuss potential and existing knowledge gaps. Methods: A comprehensive review of PubMed®, Google Scholar, and Scopus was performed to assess advances and significant gaps of existing rodent models that mimic BMS‐related symptoms. Results: Rodent models of BMS involve reproduction of dry‐tongue, chorda tympani transection, or overexpression of artemin protein. Existing preclinical models tend to highlight one specific etiopathogenesis and often overlook sex‐ and hormone‐specific factors. Conclusion: Combining aspects from various BMS models could prove beneficial in developing comprehensive experimental designs and outcomes encompassing the multifaceted nature of BMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to provide a scoping review and attempts to uncover the possible association between burning mouth disorder and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Ovid, Scopus, and a search platform (EBSCOhost) were searched from their inception to August 22, 2023. Results: After screening 2795 records, 18 articles were included in the final review, comprising cross‐sectional studies (n = 9), case–control studies (n = 5), case reports (n = 2), case series (n = 1), and experimental study (n = 1). The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and its extraesophageal manifestations of laryngopharyngeal reflux in burning mouth patients was reported 3.39%–23.4% and 50%–93.8%, respectively, while oral burning was reported in 9%–45% of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. In case–control studies, gastroesophageal reflux disease was more prevalent in patients with burning mouth disorder compared with controls. Burning mouth would be resolved after antireflux therapy in laryngopharyngeal reflux patients in case series. PH value and saliva alternation might be the possible mechanisms. Conclusion: The possibility of the correlation between burning mouth disorder and gastroesophageal reflux disease still needs to be clearly demonstrated through better‐conducted studies. The link between them is worth to be explored in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic condition characterized by an intractable burning sensation in the oral cavity without visible mucosal lesions. Current treatment options are diverse but often limited by variable efficacy and patient tolerance. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of turmeric combined with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine HCl) in treating BMS. Methods: In this retrospective, single-arm study, 28 non-smoking female patients with BMS were treated with a daily regimen of turmeric and vitamin B6 for 60 days. The pain intensity was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) before treatment initiation (baseline VAS, BVAS) and after the treatment period (final VAS, FVAS). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was utilized to analyze changes in the VAS scores. Results: The mean BVAS score was 5.61 (SD = 1.87), indicating moderate pain at baseline. Post-treatment, the mean FVAS score significantly decreased to 2.14 (SD = 1.35). The median delta in the VAS scores demonstrated a substantial reduction in pain intensity (median delta = 4.0; mean delta = 3.46; SD = 2.05). Statistical analyses revealed a significant reduction in the VAS scores (W = 0.0, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The combination of turmeric and vitamin B6 was found to significantly reduce pain scores in patients with BMS, indicating this therapeutic approach may be a promising alternative for BMS management. Larger-scale clinical trials are warranted to further validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Allergic stomatitis is an oral inflammatory disorder characterized by a painful, burning sensation, or itchiness in the oral cavity which clinically appears as erythematous plaques, vesiculation, ulceration, and/or hyperkeratosis. The causative agents include drugs, dental materials, and food ingredients. Allergic stomatitis might develop after a person eats, touches, or inhales food allergen which then triggers the hypersensitivity reaction. The most common types of food hypersensitivity generally involve type 1 and type 4 reactions or a combination of both. Purpose: This case report aims to discuss a case of allergic stomatitis caused by one of the staple food ingredients in Indonesia: cassava. Case: A 26-year-old woman came with complaints of burning pain from multiple ulcers on her right inner cheek. The ulcers appeared shortly after the patient ate boiled cassava, extending to the soft palate and causing pain when swallowing food. The patient has a history of asthma. Case Management: The patient was referred for a total IgE examination with a result of 271.41 KIU/L (normal < 150 KIU/L). She was prescribed an antiseptic mouthwash and topical corticosteroids for palliative therapy. Additionally, multivitamins were also prescribed to speed up the healing process. Conclusion: Allergic stomatitis can be caused by food ingredients, even those considered healthy or non-allergenic. A complete anamnesis, including the patient's food history, along with supporting examinations, must be carried out to confirm the diagnosis and select appropriate therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a debilitating chronic burning sensation in the oral cavity with no identifiable cause. The present research was conducted to evaluate the prevalence profile of BMS in a sample of the Egyptian population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed by screening 952 subjects, all individuals with burning mouth complaints were interviewed and examined to identify the site, timing, frequency, and intensity of their burning sensations. The presence of associated xerostomia, taste disturbances, and impact on quality of life was also recorded. The extent of perceived stress was assessed using the short version of the Perceived Stress Scale. Results: Among the total 952 cases, 75 cases suffered from BMS symptoms representing a prevalence rate of 7.9%, occurring more frequently in females and those aged 50 years and older. Additionally, 86.7% of cases suffered from systemic diseases, most commonly, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and were on long-term medications. The intensity of BMS symptoms was relatively high (7.81 ± 1.72). It was significantly correlated with age, smoking, duration of BMS, presence of medical conditions, long-term medications, quality of life, and Perceived Stress Scale scores. The most involved locations were the tongue and buccal mucosa. Xerostomia was reported in 78.7% of cases, while disturbance of taste sensation was reported in 49.3%. Conclusions: This is the first reported prevalence data for BMS in the Egyptian population in an attempt to improve the limited amount of relevant literature, revealing a BMS prevalence of 7.9% with a significant impact on the quality of life.

Background: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic condition characterized by an intractable burning sensation in the oral cavity without visible mucosal lesions. Current treatment options are diverse but often limited by variable efficacy and patient tolerance. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of turmeric combined with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine HCl) in treating BMS. Methods: In this retrospective, single-arm study, 28 non-smoking female patients with BMS were treated with a daily regimen of turmeric and vitamin B6 for 60 days. The pain intensity was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) before treatment initiation (baseline VAS, BVAS) and after the treatment period (final VAS, FVAS). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was utilized to analyze changes in the VAS scores. Results: The mean BVAS score was 5.61 (SD = 1.87), indicating moderate pain at baseline. Post-treatment, the mean FVAS score significantly decreased to 2.14 (SD = 1.35). The median delta in the VAS scores demonstrated a substantial reduction in pain intensity (median delta = 4.0; mean delta = 3.46; SD = 2.05). Statistical analyses revealed a significant reduction in the VAS scores (W = 0.0, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The combination of turmeric and vitamin B6 was found to significantly reduce pain scores in patients with BMS, indicating this therapeutic approach may be a promising alternative for BMS management. Larger-scale clinical trials are warranted to further validate these findings.

Abstract Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by burning sensations in the oral region without corresponding abnormalities and is often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations. Herein, we present cases of BMS in which the remaining uncomfortable sensations improved with perospirone augmentation with clonazepam. Case 1: A 61‐year‐old man complained of a burning pain in his tongue, a sensation of dryness and discomfort as if his tongue was sticking to a palatal plate. With the diagnosis of BMS, psychopharmacotherapy was initiated with amitriptyline. At the dose of amitriptyline 50 mg, the pain lessened but uncomfortable sensations persisted. Further attempts to alleviate symptoms by combining aripiprazole with amitriptyline, aripiprazole with mirtazapine, or aripiprazole with clonazepam were limited; however, nearly all symptoms were relieved by a combination of perospirone 8.0 mg with clonazepam 1.5 mg. Case 2: A 51‐year‐old woman complained of a burning sensation along with oral dryness and crumb‐like feeling on her tongue. She was diagnosed with BMS and began treatment with amitriptyline. Her burning sensation improved at the dose of 25 mg, but uncomfortable sensations persisted. Augmentation of amitriptyline with aripiprazole, aripiprazole either with valproate, mirtazapine, or clonazepam failed to produce a significant improvement. However, a regimen of perospirone 6.0 mg and clonazepam 1.5 mg relieved the crumb‐like sensation and pain and culminated in a stabilized condition. The reported cases suggested that multiple approaches targeting the dopaminergic circuit in basal ganglia involving the serotoninergic and GABA systems, through the administration of perospirone with clonazepam is an effective adjunctive treatment for the remaining uncomfortable sensations in patients with BMS.

Objectives: This study utilizes bibliometric analysis to map the current research landscape and forecast emerging trends within the domain of Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS). Materials and methods: A comprehensive review of literature related to BMS was conducted, drawing from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) from 2008 to 2023. The analysis included both publication types "Article" and "Review Article." Advanced quantitative techniques and visual analytics tools, including CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Tableau, and the Map Equation online platform were utilized to analyze the academic publications within this domain. Results: Our analysis incorporated 497 articles on BMS. The data exhibit a progressive increase in the annual volume of publications from 2008 to 2023. In terms of geographic and institutional contributions, the United States of America (with 80 publications) and Nihon University (with 26 publications) emerged as leading entities in BMS research, while the Netherlands and England were identified as central to international collaboration efforts. Prominent researchers in this field include Adamo Daniela (18 publications) and Sun Andy (16 publications). Furthermore, the most cited works were authored by Jääskeläinen SK. An examination of the journals in which these articles were published showed a dominance of dental journals, highlighting significant interest and research efforts in BMS within the dental research community. Conclusion: The steady growth in BMS research signifies the formation of a robust core of researchers and demonstrates the maturation of the field. Despite this progress, the findings highlight a notable deficiency in cross-institutional and cross-regional collaborative efforts. Keyword cluster analysis has revealed "management" as a persistently relevant theme, with "pain modulation" emerging as the current focal interest. Additionally, "blood profile," "pernicious anemia," and "folate" have been identified as prospective areas of growing interest, suggesting important directions for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, mild, possibly malignant condition (OPMD) that primarily affects South Asian people, affecting the oral cavity and oropharynx. Clinically, trismus, restricted tongue protrusion, burning mouth, marble-like oral mucosa appearance, xerostomia, recurrent ulceration, atrophy of the tongue papillae, and palpable fibrous bands are among the symptoms and indicators of OSMF. The present study was undertaken to determine the salivary levels of oxidative stress biomarkers malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and 8-isoprostane levels and antioxidants glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in patients with different grades of OSMF. Methodology: The observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Biochemistry NIMS&R, Jaipur in association with Oral Diagnosis and Radiology at College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Manipur, Ahmedabad (Gujarat) after obtaining institutional ethical committee clearance. The Study population consisted of Clinically diagnosed oral submucous fibrosis patients of age 18-45 years. Unstimulated Saliva was allowed to accumulate in the floor Of mouth and collected by drooling method in a test tube. Saliva samples will be stored at -20 °C until use. Malondialdehyde was estimated by thiobarbituric acid reaction using spectrophotometer, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine was analysed by sandwich ELISA, Glutathione peroxidase and Superoxide dismutase were analysed by spectrophotometer and 8-Isoprostane was estimated by ELISA. Results: The present study included a total of 92 patients clinically diagnosed with oral submucosal fibrosis. It is seen that out of 92 patients, 53 were males and 39 were females accounting for 57.6% and 42.39% respectively. The mean age in years in males and females were 28.97±5.80 and 32.39±3.77 years respectively. The mean levels of oxidative stress markers were significantly increased and antioxidant levels were significantly decreased as OSMF advances. Pairwise comparison of mean values of salivary oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers were performed using post hoc analysis by Tukey test. Table 4 displays an almost highly significant (P<0.001) difference between the mean values of all the salivary biomarkers when compared pairwise. However, a significant difference (P=0.001) was found between Grade 2 vs Grade 3 for 8-Isoprostane. The mean difference between pair Grade 3 vs Grade 4 was found to be not significant for salivary Glutathione Peroxidise and salivary 8- isoprostane having P values of 0.52 and 0.41, respectively. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that the concentration of MDA, isoprostane, 8- Hydroxydeoxy-guanosine levels were increased significantly as the clinical stage and histopathological grade of OSMF advances suggesting these biomarkers can be used as a reliable biochemical marker and also a prognostic marker to assess the extent of oxidative damage in OSMF. The concentration of antioxidant enzymes showed progressive decline as OSMF advances, indicating the potential role of supplementation of antioxidants in these patients to decrease the progression of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This scoping review aimed to map the adverse reactions in the oral mucosa and face caused by the use of natural products. Methodology: This review was performed according to the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, with a protocol registered in the Open Science Framework (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/R57D8). The search was carried out systematically using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, LILACS, and LIVIVO databases, as well as gray literature through Google Scholar and OpenGrey. Reports of clinical cases on the adverse effects of natural products on the oral mucosa or perioral region of the face resulted from inappropriate use or self-medication were included. Data from the included studies were described in a narrative form. Results: Seven hundred and six studies were identified, and after removing duplicates and applying the eligibility criteria, 28 studies were included. The year of publication ranged from 1976 to 2022. The studies were conducted in 19 countries. Fifty patients were mentioned in the included studies and 34 were female (68%). The natural products most related to adverse reactions were propolis (n = 17), with manifestations such as perioral eczema, edema, erosions, erythema, allergic contact dermatitis, and garlic (n = 9), with manifestations such as chemical burn, burning sensation, vesicles and blisters, crusts, and ulcerations. Conclusion: Propolis and garlic were the natural products with the most reported adverse effects on the oral mucosa and perioral region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Methods Results Conclusions This study aims to assess and contrast cognitive and psychological aspects of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS‐MCI) and geriatric patients (G‐MCI) with mild cognitive impairment, focusing on potential predictors like pain, mood disorders, blood biomarkers, and age‐related white matter changes (ARWMCs).The study enrolled 40 BMS‐MCI and 40 geriatric G‐MCI, matching them by age, gender, and educational background. Participants underwent psychological, sleepiness, and cognitive assessment including the Mini‐Mental State Exam (MMSE), Trail Making Test (TMT), Corsi Block‐Tapping Task, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Copying Geometric Drawings Test, Frontal Assessment Battery, and Digit Cancellation Test.G‐MCI patients exhibited higher ARWMCs scores in right (p = 0.005**) and left (p < 0.001**) temporal regions, which may relate to specific neurodegenerative processes. Conversely, BMS‐MCI patients showed higher levels of depression and anxiety and lower MMSE scores(p < 0.001**), also struggling more with tasks requiring processing speed and executive function, as evidenced by their higher TMT‐A scores (p < 0.001**).The study highlights particular deficits in global cognition and processing speed for BMS‐MCI. The influence of educational background, pain levels, cholesterol, sleep disturbances, and anxiety on these cognitive assessments underscores the need for personalized therapeutic strategies addressing both cognitive and emotional aspects of MCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin, leading to reduced insulin production in the pancreas. It has genetic‐ and family‐related risk factors that cannot be changed, along with modifiable lifestyle factors. The precise genetic causes of type 2 diabetes are still unknown. However, individuals can potentially slow or stop the progression of the condition by making dietary adjustments and increasing physical activity levels. Material and Methods. Forty‐five type II diabetic patients in the study included participants between 40 and 60 years old, with a minimum duration of one year, as well as 45 healthy control subjects who were matched in terms of age and sex, and had no underlying systemic diseases. Oral examination is done for the symptoms including burning sensation, candidiasis, and a reduction in the production of saliva. The rate of saliva flow (in milliliters per minute) was measured in samples of saliva that were not stimulated. The salivary trace elements and levels of adipocytokines were evaluated using colorimetric and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (ELISA) testing. The quantification of Candida colony numbers, an enrichment and culture approach, was used to achieve a concentration of 100,000 colony‐forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml). The ShowNovo WG1 halimeter was used to measure volatile sulfur compounds in breath. The salivary glucose oxidase assay was conducted using a colorimetric technique, while the determination of trace elements was also performed using a colorimetric assay method. Result. The diabetic group exhibited a significant increase in the number of Candida spp colonies due to elevated levels of glucose in the saliva (p > 0.05). However, the variables being examined, such as body mass index (BMI), burning mouth syndrome (BMS), salivary flow rate (SFR), salivary leptin, salivary copper, and salivary magnesium, did not exhibit any significant variations in quantities between the diabetic and healthy groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion. The data collected in this research aid in the creation of a preventative program for oral fungal infections in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The program utilizes saliva and its constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) patients experience a reduction in health-related quality of life and an increased intake of medication. Photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy has been demonstrated to be an efficacious treatment for BMS. However, its long-term benefits remain relatively unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of prolonged Photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy on BMS patients by examining the efficacy of an outpatient protocol in a real-world setting. Methods: A prospective study was designed to address the research question. Photobiomodulation was performed, irradiating the affected areas once every two weeks for 12 months. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire at the initial consultation and after 6 months and 12 months of treatment. Additionally, the patients' pharmacological profile was also monitored. Nonparametric statistical analysis was performed (p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant). Results: The study was completed by 15 individuals, comprising 14 females and 1 male. The results indicated a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.001) in four of the five dimensions of the health-related quality of life questionnaire, namely self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, along with the patients' perceived health level. A total of 13 participants reported suspending or reducing their intake of medications for Burning Mouth Syndrome. Conclusions: Therefore, Photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy has a positive effect on improving patients' quality of life and reducing BMS symptoms, contributing to a subsequent reduction or suspension of previous medications. These findings support the efficacy of the applied protocol. Given the innovative methodology and promising results, further research is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Red Ear Syndrome is a burning sensation and erythema of the ear, associated with a various number of disorders including migraine, trigeminal neuralgia, autoimmune disorders etc. Theories for RES pathophysiology have developed from current understandings of comorbid conditions. Characterizing the underlying mechanism of RES is crucial for defining effective treatments. Case presentation: Three caucasian patients, ages 15, 47, and 67 years, with migraine, one with erythromelalgia are reported in this manuscript. RES pathophysiology is not fully understood due to its variable clinical presentation and numerous comorbid conditions, making it difficult to identify effective treatments. Conclusion: RES seems to be largely treatment-resistant, and most options involve treating the associated disorders and minimizing pain. Further investigation of future cases should lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the fundamental cause of RES and, hopefully, successful treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Psychiatric patients suffer from oral diseases and side effects of antipsychotic medication. In particular, the typical antipsychotic drugs may cause severe hyposalivation with subsequent oral symptoms. We therefore aimed to compare oral health behavior and oral side effects of in-hospital patients taking typical vs. atypical antipsychotic drugs with the hypothesis that the former drugs cause more oral pain than the newer drugs. Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire and interview study investigated subjective oral symptoms and their health behavior in 170 hospitalized psychiatric patients, comparing those taking typical vs. atypical antipsychotic drugs. Cross-tabulations and chi-square tests were used for analyses. Results: Persistent oral pain lasting throughout the day was reported by 46% in the typical, and 5% in the atypical antipsychotic group patients, respectively. In both groups, the pain was mainly in the tongue and buccal mucosa and was described as a burning sensation. A significantly higher prevalence of xerostomia was reported in the typical antipsychotic medication group (66%) compared with the atypical antipsychotic medication group (53%, p<0.01). Self-assessed dental health was assessed as poor by two-thirds of the patients of whom 69% reported toothbrushing once daily. Approximately half of them reported having had a visit to a dentist within the previous year. Of the women 28%, and of the men 17%, respectively, had received professional consultations for oral symptoms. Conclusion: The current results on psychiatrically hospitalized patients emphasize the need for awareness of oral discomfort and its subsequent effects on the quality of life in this challenging patient group. Focus should also be placed on a wide range of support encouraging the patients to maintain good daily oral hygiene and seek professional dental help when needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occlusal Tactile Acuity (OTA) is the ability to detect small thicknesses between occluding teeth. Individuals diagnosed with Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) often refer an uncomfortable sensation associated with their occlusion. The aim of the current study was to measure the OTA in BMS patients, and to compare it with that of age and gender matched pain free controls. 25 BMS patients and 25 controls were enrolled. The OTA was tested with 10 different thicknesses: 9 aluminium foils (8 –72 µm with a constant increment of 8 µm) and 1 sham test (without foil), each thickness being tested 10 times in random order (100 tests in total). Significantly increased OTA was observed in the BMS group, compared to the controls group, for the foil thicknesses between 8 µm and 48 µm. Furthermore, BMS patients showed substantial impairment in the detection of the sham test, even if this finding did not reach statistically significance (P = 0.743). BMS patients presented increased ability to detect small thicknesses between antagonist teeth during intercuspation. These findings might explain the high somatosensory distortion referred by those patients, in absence of objective clinical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) often presents a significant challenge for patients and clinicians. Patients experience persistent oral pain without objective clinical signs, complicating the diagnosis of this condition. To address this challenge, practitioners must develop a comprehensive understanding of BMS to recognize, manage, and treat patients with this complex condition. Results: A thorough patient evaluation should integrate findings from general clinical examination, psychiatric/psychological assessments, neurological evaluations, and local dental examination to provide a holistic view of the patient’s condition. Conclusion: This article provides an updated overview of therapeutic strategies for managing BMS. Successful treatment requires familiarity with the latest therapeutic options and a multidisciplinary approach to BMS cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This study highlights the first documented cases of angiokeratoma of Fordyce following laser hair removal (LHR) emphasizing the importance of patient selection and careful laser use. It underscores the importance of understanding LHR‐associated risks, particularly for patients with darker skin. The efficacy of topical rapamycin as an alternative treatment for angiokeratomas is also discussed. Laser hair removal (LHR) has emerged as a widely accepted method for achieving long‐term hair reduction. While generally considered safe, it is important to study the possible adverse events to optimize patient care. Here, we present a unique case report of angiokeratoma of Fordyce, a rare vascular lesion, following LHR. Two patients experienced the development of these lesions subsequent to LHR treatment sessions, characterized by a severe burning sensation during the procedure. Interestingly, both individuals exhibited varicose veins on their legs, suggesting a potential risk factor for this complication. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the mechanisms underlying LHR‐induced adverse events and the need for further research to elucidate associated risk factors and management strategies. This case report serves to enhance awareness among clinicians and emphasizes the significance of patient counseling regarding the potential side effects of LHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by burning sensations in the oral region without corresponding abnormalities and is often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations. Herein, we present cases of BMS in which the remaining uncomfortable sensations improved with perospirone augmentation with clonazepam. Case 1: A 61‐year‐old man complained of a burning pain in his tongue, a sensation of dryness and discomfort as if his tongue was sticking to a palatal plate. With the diagnosis of BMS, psychopharmacotherapy was initiated with amitriptyline. At the dose of amitriptyline 50 mg, the pain lessened but uncomfortable sensations persisted. Further attempts to alleviate symptoms by combining aripiprazole with amitriptyline, aripiprazole with mirtazapine, or aripiprazole with clonazepam were limited; however, nearly all symptoms were relieved by a combination of perospirone 8.0 mg with clonazepam 1.5 mg. Case 2: A 51‐year‐old woman complained of a burning sensation along with oral dryness and crumb‐like feeling on her tongue. She was diagnosed with BMS and began treatment with amitriptyline. Her burning sensation improved at the dose of 25 mg, but uncomfortable sensations persisted. Augmentation of amitriptyline with aripiprazole, aripiprazole either with valproate, mirtazapine, or clonazepam failed to produce a significant improvement. However, a regimen of perospirone 6.0 mg and clonazepam 1.5 mg relieved the crumb‐like sensation and pain and culminated in a stabilized condition. The reported cases suggested that multiple approaches targeting the dopaminergic circuit in basal ganglia involving the serotoninergic and GABA systems, through the administration of perospirone with clonazepam is an effective adjunctive treatment for the remaining uncomfortable sensations in patients with BMS. This is the first report introduced cases of BMS where patients' remained discomfort was ameliorated by perospirone augmentation with clonazepam, which approaches multiply to dopaminergic circuit in basal ganglia involving serotoninergic and GABA system. It may be as effective adjunctive treatment for the remaining uncomfortable sensations in the patients with BMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review's objective is to examine the findings from various studies on oral signs and symptoms related to vitamin deficiency. In October 2023, two electronic databases (Scopus and PubMed) were searched for published scientific articles following PRISMA principles. Articles eligible for inclusion in this review had to be published in English between 2017 and 2023, be original studies, and involve human subjects. Fifteen studies were included in this review: three examining oral symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency; one assessing vitamin B complex and vitamin E for recurrent oral ulcers; one investigating serum vitamin D levels in recurrent aphthous stomatitis patients; three exploring hypovitaminosis effects on dental caries; two measuring blood serum vitamin D levels; one evaluating vitamin B12 hypovitaminosis; three investigating hypovitaminosis as indicative of gingival disease; one focusing on vitamin deficiencies and enamel developmental abnormalities; one assessing vitamin deficiencies in oral cancer patients; one examining vitamin K as an oral anticoagulant and its role in perioperative hemorrhage; and one evaluating vitamin effects on burning mouth syndrome. Despite some limitations, evidence suggests a correlation between vitamin deficiencies and oral symptoms. This systematic review was registered in the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (INPLASY) database (202430039). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses cases of allergic contact cheilitis/stomatitis caused by beverages and food, emphasizing the importance of considering this diagnosis in unexplained and persistent lip and oral mucosa inflammation. Two cases are presented, highlighting the role of sulphites in alcoholic beverages and cinnamon in triggering allergic reactions. The authors stress the need for thorough history-taking, patch testing, and avoidance of suspected allergens to diagnose and manage such conditions effectively. The study underscores the significance of recognizing uncommon sources of contact allergies in dermatological practice. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the use of low-dose amitriptyline as a treatment for burning mouth syndrome (BMS), emphasizing its potential effectiveness based on a retrospective study. Topics discussed include the pharmacological action of amitriptyline in relation to serotonin and pain modulation, the neurological mechanisms involved in chronic pain and nociplastic pain, and the significance of brain network connectivity in managing pain associated with BMS.

This document provides a series of educational articles on various aspects of contact dermatitis. The first article discusses the reliability of patch tests, emphasizing the importance of standardized procedures and the factors that can influence the interpretation of test results. The second article focuses on assessing the clinical relevance of contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis, highlighting the steps involved in the diagnostic process and the importance of considering both topical and systemic exposure. The third article discusses the stability of patch test preparations and the potential impact of incorrect storage and handling on test results. The fourth article provides guidance on patch testing individual substances, including patient-owned products, and emphasizes the need for careful concentration selection to avoid false-positive or false-negative reactions. The fifth article briefly mentions the epidemiology and occupational relevance of contact urticaria, while the sixth article provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnosis and management of contact urticaria. The seventh and eighth articles briefly mention protein contact dermatitis and the Contact Urticaria Syndrome, respectively, without providing specific details. Overall, these articles offer valuable information for understanding and addressing various aspects of contact dermatitis. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To propose an alternative treatment for burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Background: BMS is a serious condition that negatively affects the physical and emotional health of the elderly. Pharmacological interventions are not always appropriate in this population and may have significant side effects. Materials and Methods: We present the case of an 86‐year‐old woman who has been suffering from BMS for 30 years and has been experiencing impaired quality of life, particularly sleep disturbances. Because standard pharmaceutical medications failed to alleviate the patient's pain, we proposed EMDR as an alternative therapeutic approach. Baseline measures included depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, daytime and nighttime pain and sleep quality. To anticipate anxious thoughts associated with pain, seven 45‐min EMDR sessions were conducted. Results: Therapy resulted in reduced anxiety symptoms (−30%), improved pain control (−10% daytime, −60% nighttime) and improved sleep quality (+50%). This positive effect lasted for 4 months, and no serious negative effects were observed. Conclusion: EMDR therapy may help older adults with BMS improve their pain and psychological management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives This randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy and tolerability of danzhixiaoyao pills in the accurate treatment of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Method Collect a total of 78 patients (75 female patients and 3 male patients) from the oral mucosa department who were considered eligible fromOctober 2020 to October 2022.The patients were randomized and divided into trial group and control group.The trail group received danzhixiaoyao pills and mecobalamine tablets while the control group was given mecobalamine tablets.The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndrome integral and adverse reactions were performed at baseline and after 2, 4, and 6 weeks of treatment. Descriptive statistics, including the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the Chi-square test for median comparisons between different times, were used. Result 1.After treatment, the VAS, BDI,OHIP-14, and TCM syndrome integral in the trial group had a significant decrease than the control group(P< 0.05).However, there was no statistical difference in the BAI scores between the two groups (P> 0.05). 2.According to the efficacy determination criteria , the total effective rate of the test group was 73.68% , the control group was 52.94% and the recurrence rate was 0. There was a significant difference between the two groups (Z=-2.688, P < 0.05). The results showed that the curative effect of test group was better than that of control group.3. No adverse effects occurred in patients in either group. Conclusion Danzhixiaoyao pills has demonstrated to have a positive effect in relieving BMS symptoms and in improving a patient's overall quality of life with no AEs compared with the control group. The efficacy evaluation systems that can be verified and complementary in this study provide a perfect, effective and referential evaluation system for the use of Chinese patent medicine in the treatment of oral mucosal diseases. Trial Registration Registry name: Chinese Clinical trail Registry Registration number: ChiCTR2000038189 Date of Registration: 2020-09-13 Please visit ( https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=61462 ) to the protocol.

Background/purpose: The pathophysiology of burning mouth syndrome (BMS), although considered a multifactorial etiology including psychological factors, is still not well understood. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the potential usage of salivary and serum biomarkers, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in diagnosing BMS and their correlations with anxiety/depression. Materials and methods: 45 BMS patients and 14 healthy volunteers were enrolled. The patients were divided into BMS with anxiety/depression group and BMS without anxiety/depression group according to the scores of the Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Additionally, concentrations of BDNF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in saliva and those in serum among the patients and healthy volunteers were assessed by multiplex assay using Luminex 200TM system and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Results: Among all the serum biomarkers, only BDNF showed a statistically significant decrease in the patients than the healthy volunteers (P

Menopause is a non-pathological change which involve the permanent cessation of menstruation for at least 12 months and occurs in women with an average age of 51 years in the context of non-pathological estrogen deficiency. The effects of menopause are closely related to the lack of ovarian hormones, a fact that induces a physical and emotional instability of the woman with a direct impact on the health of the oral cavity. This paper reviews the changes in the oral mucosa in the peri- and post-menopause phases. The most frequently reported changes are: dryness of the oral cavity, sensation of decreased amount of saliva, burning sensation, dysgeusia, altered tolerance to pain and the possibility of neurological manifestations. The dentist and general practitioner must recognize the variety of signs and symptoms that occur in the context of this physiological stage and, at the same time, must focus on the symptomatic management of oral health changes.

Objectives: Burning mouth syndrome is an intraoral chronic pain condition characterized by a moderate to severe sensation of burning from the oral mucosa. No clinical signs are found and there is no efficient treatment. Method and materials: This pilot study included 10 women that were resistant to other previous treatments or noncompliant to systemic medications. Patients were asked to apply tretinoin gel 0.05% on their tongues twice daily for 14 days. Treatment effectiveness was assessed by completing a pre-study psychologic questionnaire and recording a daily wellbeing and pain log. Results: Significant pain-score decrease in 50% of the patients (delta numerical rating score -3.15 ± 3.02, P value = .005) was recorded. This finding was in concordance with the verbal statements including major quality-of-life improvement (P value = .05), without any treatment positive or negative predictive factors. Conclusions: Topical tretinoin exhibits potential efficacy in patients with treatment resistant burning mouth syndrome and may also be used as a primary treatment modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]