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In this paper we investigate whether subject doubling in French is affected by the Uniform Information Density (UID) principle, which states that speakers prefer language encoding that minimizes fluctuations in information density. We show that, other factors being controlled, speakers are more likely to double the NP subject when it has a high surprisal, thus providing further empirical evidence to the UID principle which predicts a surprisal-redundancy trade-off as a property of natural languages. We argue for the importance of employing GPT-2 to investigate complex linguistic phenomena such as subject doubling, as it enables the estimation of subject surprisal by considering a rather large conversational context, a task made possible by powerful language models that incorporate linguistic knowledge through pre-training on extensive datasets.

L’approche de la microvariation a permis d’étudier des phénomènes linguistiques divers, allant de la phonologie jusqu’à la syntaxe, mais son potentiel n’a pas souvent été exploité dans l’étude du sens social. Ici, nous appliquons cette approche méthodologique à l’étude du sens social de la liaison variable en France et au Québec afin de sonder la signification de la réalisation de la liaison variable proposée dans les études sur la question. Grâce à un test expérimental basé sur la tâche du matched guise, nous reproduisons un effet décrit dans une étude récente avec un nouvel échantillon de locuteurs du français métropolitain. En revanche, nous ne trouvons pas les mêmes préférences chez des locuteurs du français laurentien. Nous discutons des différences que nous avons trouvées et proposons des questions qui restent à traiter dans de futurs travaux.

Cet article présente une nouvelle contribution à l’abondante littérature sur l’analyse de l’utilisation et de la particule négative ne en français contemporain (Je ne l’aime pas vs Je l’aime pas). Il présente une étude du corpus CaFé (Cartographie linguistique des féminismes), composé de 102 entretiens sociolinguistiques semi-dirigés réalisés à Montréal, Paris et Marseille en 2021 et 2022 avec des militant.es féministes et queer (2 millions de mots). Il met en lien la variabilité dans la réalisation du ne avec un facteur linguistique (type de sujet) et plusieurs facteurs discursifs (forme d’adresse, thèmes abordés, personnes connues/non connues de la chercheuse) et sociodémographiques (âge, éducation, engagement, ville). L’analyse de 25 560 négations montre que le type de sujet, l’âge, les thèmes abordés et la relation entre la chercheuse et les personnes enregistrées ont un effet significatif sur la réalisation du ne, comme l’ont montré de nombreuses études. L’originalité de notre étude tient au fait que le corpus CaFé permet une comparaison directe entre les trois villes. Cela révèle qu’il y a une variation dialectale très limitée et que les taux d’emploi du ne sont très semblables dans les trois souscorpus: 11.22 % à Paris, 10.75 % à Marseille et 8.87 % à Montréal. La variation dialectale est limitée à un contexte morphosyntaxique précis: les sujets lexicaux non redoublés par un pronom. Notre étude souligne l’importance de construire des corpus comparables pour étudier la variation sociale et dialectale.

Aim: To determine the frequency, type, clinical, and sociodemographic associations of unmet social needs in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Method: We conducted a cross‐sectional study of parents and carers of children with CP attending a specialist hospital clinic between July and September 2022. Unmet social needs were self‐identified using a survey, guided by the WE CARE survey instrument and adapted to the local context. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from medical records. We performed descriptive analysis of participants' unmet social needs, sociodemographic factors, and clinical factors, and examined for associations using a χ2 test and logistic regression. Results: A total of 105 parents and carers completed the survey. Of these, 68 (64.8%) reported one or more unmet social need, with 24 (22.9%) reporting three or more unmet needs. A higher number (three or more) of unmet needs was associated with Gross Motor Function Classification System levels IV and V (odds ratio [OR] = 3.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44–9.86) and intellectual disability (OR = 4.63, 95% CI = 1.61–13.31), but were not significant when corrected for neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage. The greatest socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with housing concerns (p = 0.002), food (p = 0.026), and financial insecurity (p = 0.02). Interpretation: Unmet social needs are experienced by most families of children with CP. This study highlights the importance of systematic pathways to identify and address unmet social needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To co‐design a social prescribing intervention (the EPIC‐CP programme: Equitable Pathways and Integrated Care in Cerebral Palsy) with children with cerebral palsy (CP), their families, and clinicians to address unmet social needs. Method: The study was conducted (August 2021 to March 2023) at the paediatric rehabilitation departments of the three tertiary paediatric hospitals in New South Wales, Australia. Eligible participants attended or worked at one of the departments, including children with CP, parents/caregivers, and clinicians. Mixed‐methods co‐design was used in intervention co‐production and prototyping. The project was overseen by research advisors with lived experience of CP. Results: More than 200 participants contributed to the co‐design research. Families experienced a substantial burden of unmet social needs. Co‐designed interventions involved systematic identification of unmet social needs with (1) targeted community resources and (2) engagement with a 'community linker' who supported children/young people and their families to access health, education, and social services that matched their identified needs and preferences. Research participants co‐developed the programme logic model and prototype. This was piloted in research action cycles and iteratively refined until consensus was achieved. Interpretation: We co‐designed a social prescribing programme responsive to the needs of its end‐users and purposefully developed to be embedded in the Australian health setting. A pilot randomized controlled trial will further evaluate this intervention. This original article is commented by Husk and Berry on pages 145–146 of this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers in variationist sociolinguistics have long sought to develop social measures that are more sophisticated than demographic categories such as age, gender, and social class, while still being useful for quantitative analysis. This paper presents one such new measure: discursive worlds. For each speaker in a corpus, their discursive world is operationalized through compiling a list of specific referents cited in their interview. These lists are then used to construct similarity spaces locating the speakers along dimensions that are discursively relevant in the corpus. Using common clustering algorithms, the corpus speakers are then partitioned into categories, and this partition can be used in statistical analysis. We show how this method can be used to analyze a series of lexical variables in the Cartographie linguistique des féminismes corpus, a corpus of francophone interviews with feminist and queer activists, for which, we argue, quantitative analysis using classic demographic categories is inappropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To estimate the comparative efficacy of ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel) versus idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) treated with 2–4 prior lines of therapy. Methods: Matching adjusted indirect comparison (MAICs) were performed using individual patient-level data (IPD) for cilta-cel from CARTITUDE-1 and CARTITUDE-4 and published aggregated data for ide-cel from KarMMa-3. Cilta-cel patients who met inclusion criteria from KarMMa-3 were selected, and outcomes were compared against data for ide-cel using simulated IPD derived from aggregate-level data from KarMMa-3. Patient characteristics were adjusted by reweighting cilta-cel IPD to match the distribution of prognostic factors in KarMMa-3. Comparative efficacy was estimated for response outcomes using a weighted logistic regression analysis and for progression-free survival using a weighted Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Patients treated with cilta-cel were 1.2 times more likely to achieve overall response (relative response ratio [RR]: 1.18 [95% confidence interval: 1.03–1.34]; p = 0.04), 1.3 times more likely to achieve very good partial response or better (RR: 1.34 [1.15–1.57]; p = 0.003), and 1.9 times more likely to achieve complete response or better (RR: 1.91 [1.54–2.37]; p < 0.0001) versus ide-cel patients from KarMMa-3. Cilta-cel was associated with a significant 49% reduction in risk of disease progression or death versus ide-cel (hazard ratio: 0.51 [95% confidence interval: 0.31, 0.84]; p = 0.0078). Conclusion: For patients with triple-class exposed RRMM treated with 2–4 prior lines of treatment, cilta-cel was found to provide superior clinical benefit over ide-cel in terms of response and progression-free survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe the relationships between outpatient encounters, continuity of care, and unplanned hospital care in children/young people with cerebral palsy (CP). Method: In this population‐based data‐linkage cohort study we included children/young people with CP identified in the New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory CP Register (birth years 1994–2018). We measured the frequency of outpatient encounters and unplanned hospital care, defined as presentations to emergency departments and/or urgent hospital admissions (2015–2020). Continuity of outpatient care was measured using the Usual Provider of Care Index (UPCI). Results: Of 3267 children/young people with CP, most (n = 2738, 83.8%, 57.6% male) had one or more outpatient encounters (123 463 total encounters, median six outpatient encounters per year during childhood). High UPCI was more common in children/young people with mild CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I–III, with no epilepsy or no intellectual disability), residing in metropolitan and areas of least socioeconomic disadvantage. Low UPCI was associated with four or more emergency department presentations (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.71–3.19) and one or more urgent hospital admissions (aOR 2.02; 95% CI 1.57–2.61). Interpretation: Children/young people with CP require frequent outpatient services. Improving continuity of care, particularly for those residing in regional/remote areas, may decrease need for unplanned hospital care. What this paper adds: Many children with cerebral palsy use multiple and frequent outpatient services.Better continuity of care is associated with living in metropolitan and less socioeconomically disadvantaged areas.Outpatient service utilization reduces at the time of transition to adult services.High outpatient utilization is associated with unplanned hospital care.Decreased continuity of care is associated with unplanned hospital care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social determinants of health (SDH) influence health and social outcomes in positive and negative ways. Understanding the impact of SDH on children with cerebral palsy (CP) is essential to improve health equity, optimize health outcomes, and support children with CP and their families to thrive in society. In this narrative review, we summarize the landscape of SDH impacting children with CP and their families worldwide. In high‐income countries, children from poorer neighbourhoods are more likely to have severe comorbidities, present with spastic bilateral CP, and report lower frequency of participation in community activities. In low‐ and middle‐income countries, socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with increased risk of malnutrition, living in poorer housing conditions, not having access to proper sanitation, and living below the poverty line. Low maternal education is associated with increased likelihood of the child with CP experiencing increased severity of gross motor and bimanual functioning challenges, and poorer academic performance. Lower parental education is also associated with reduced child autonomy. On the other hand, higher parental income is a protective factor, associated with greater diversity of participation in day‐to‐day activities. A better physical environment and better social support are associated with higher participation in daily activities. Clinicians, researchers, and the community should be aware of these key challenges and opportunities. Then adopt a range of approaches that target adverse SDH/social needs and foster positive SDH in the clinical setting. What this paper adds: Understanding how social determinants of health influence health and social outcomes is a critical step towards improving health equity and outcomes.Approaches are required that target the impact of adverse SDH on access to health care for children with cerebral palsy and that work towards ensuring equity of access for all. What this paper adds: Understanding how social determinants of health influence health and social outcomes is a critical step towards improving health equity and outcomes.Approaches are required that target the impact of adverse SDH on access to health care for children with cerebral palsy and that work towards ensuring equity of access for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two perception experiments we explore the social indexicality of numerical expressions, comparing the evaluation of three variants: precise (e.g. 'forty-nine minutes') vs. explicitly approximate (e.g. 'about fifty minutes') vs. underspecified (e.g. 'fifty minutes'). We ask two questions: (i) What constellations of social meanings are associated with each of these variants? (ii) How are such indexical associations modulated by the conversational setting? We find that the choice of approximate vs. precise forms differentially impact speaker evaluation along the social dimensions of Status, Solidarity, and anti-Solidarity, with underspecified numbers showing a flexible behavior. Furthermore, these associations are to some extent affected by the conversational setting, in particular the demands on descriptive precision placed by the context and the interlocutors' goals. These findings reveal an intimate connection between pragmatic reasoning and social perception, highlighting the importance of integrating pragmatic theory in the study of social indexicality. (Social meaning, pragmatic variation, social perception, numerals, (im)precision) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]