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Thismia limkokthayi, a distinct mitriform species of the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia, is described and illustrated. It was found at a locality in the upland areas of Genting Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia. This new species is morphologically similar to members of Thismia sect. Geomitra, but differs in several characteristics, including the colour of the floral tube, the inner surface of the floral tube with longitudinal ribs and absent transverse bars, a stamen apex with a central lobe (prolongation of the rib) and two lateral lobes (the tips of each are recurved) and a black-purplish stigma. Thismia limkokthayi is provisionally classified as Critically Endangered according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.

Key to the species of Thismia subgen. Ophiomeris Thismia iguassensis (Miers 1847: 329) Warming (1901: 182) is excluded due to lack of the necessary morphological information. This species was described by Miers (1847) based only on a single fruiting specimen, and has never been recollected since then. In the absence of data of floral structure, it is impossible to include it in the key (see Maas et al. 1986). 1. Underground part vermiform; stem terete with leaves distributed lenghtwise; stamen connective usually entire (only basally lobed in T. ribeiroi); stigma with basal lobes (absent in T. caudata)........................................................................... 2 (sect. Pyramidalis) - Underground part tubercular; stem sulcate; stamen connective basally and/or apically lobed; stigma without basal lobes.............8 2. Tepals homomorphic, inserted almost at the same level; stamen connective basally lobulated; basal lobe of stigma divaricate.......................................................................................................................................................................................... Thismia ribeiroi - Tepals heteromorphic, inserted at different levels; stamen connective basally without lobes; basal lobe of stigma incurved toward style or absent.....................................................................................................................................................................................3 3. Inner tepals free..................................................................................................................................................................................4 - Inner tepals connate............................................................................................................................................................................5 4. Inner tepals non-appendaged; stigma apex truncate................................................................................................... Thismia singeri - Inner tepals each with bowl-shaped appendage; stigma apex trilobed............................................................... Thismia fungiformis 5. Inner tepals each with linear-triangular appendage with, subclavate apex; style apex covered by glandular spots; stigma apex acute, basal lobe absent....................................................................................................................................................... Thismia caudata - Inner tepals non-appendaged; style apex glabrous; stigma apex acute or trilobed, base with basal lobe incurved towards style...................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 6. Outer surface of hypanthium smooth; inner surface of hypanthium transversely with a lobed and striated laminar projections; outer tepals lanceolate, twisted; inner tepals forming a slightly triangular mitre without foveae.............................. Thismia petasiformis - Outer surface of hypanthium ornamented; inner surface of hypanthium transversely with striated laminar projections; outer tepals orbicular or ovate, straight; inner tepals forming a hexagonal or subglobose mitre with foveae......................................................7 7. Outer tepals ovate, margin flat; mitre hexagonal, outer surface ornamented with six triangles foveate on top; outer surface of ovary keeled, verrucose.............................................................................................................................................. Thismia melanomitra - Outer tepals orbicular, margin revolute; mitre subglobose, outer surface ornamented with irregularly foveate on top; outer surface of ovary flat, smooth............................................................................................................................. Thismia pseudomelanomitra 8. Flower pedicellate; stamen filament linear; stamen connective basally bilobed, apically entire; interstaminal lobes absent; peduncle accrescent..................................................................................................................................... Thismia hyalina (sect. Myostoma) - Flower sessile to subsessile; stamen filament laminar; stamen connective basally and apically bilobed (apically entire in T. mantiqueirensis); interstaminal lobes present or absent; peduncle non-acrescent..............................................9 (sect. Ophiomeris) 9. Inner tepals non-appendaged and apically not tapering into a cauda....................................................... Thismia espirito-santensis - Inner tepals appendaged or apically tapering into a long linear-filiform cauda...............................................................................10 10. Inner tepals appendaged......................................................................................................................................... Thismia saulensis - Inner tepals apically tapering into a long linear-filiform cauda.......................................................................................................11 11. Hypanthium campanulate.................................................................................................................................................................12 - Hypanthium strongly gibbous or tubular to slightly gibbous...........................................................................................................13 12. Hypanthium base without internal foveae; stamen connective with entire apex........................................ Thismia mantiqueirensis - Hypanthium base with internal foveae; stamen connective with bilobed apex....................................................... Thismia glaziovii 13. Hypanthium tubular to slightly gibbous...........................................................................................................................................14 - Hypanthium strongly gibbous..........................................................................................................................................................15 14. Outer surface of hypanthium ornamented longitudinally by six double lamellae; annulus orifice surrounded by a ring of six foveae; interstaminal lobes globose; stigma entirely covered by papillae........................................................................ Thismia prataensis - Outer surface of hypanthium unornamented, smooth; annulus orifice not surrounded by foveae; interstaminal lobes triangular; stigma proximally covered by papillae, distally covered by tufts of trichomes.................................................. Thismia janeirensis 15. Hypanthium with a longitudinal slit resembling a spur; interstaminal lobes absent; margin of outer tepals lacerate, slightly toothed to ciliate; stamen connective with slightly mammiform, inconspicuous basal lobes............................................. Thismia calcarata - Hypanthium without longitudinal slits; interstaminal lobes present; margin of outer tepals entire; stamen connective with filiform, linear or falcate, conspicuous basal lobes.........................................................................................................................................16 16. Thecae not fused, dehiscence line linear; distal portion of the connective covered by a tuft of trichomes.....................................17 - Thecae fused, dehiscence line hippocrepiform; connective glabrous..............................................................................................18 17. Outer tepals reflexed to spreading; each segment of annulus ornamented by three prominent crests: bilobed outer crest, and entire middle and inner crests; stamens homomorphic; thecae inserted into the middle of the stamen connective; stigma cylindrical; pollen size greater than 25µm............................................................................................................................ Thismia panamensis - Upper outer tepal incurved, lateral outer tepals declinate and slightly twisted laterally outside; each segment of annulus ornamented by three entire prominent crests; stamens dimorphic; thecae inserted into the upper part of the stamen connective; stigma conical; pollen size less than 25µm.................................................................................................................................. Thismia paradisiaca 18. Stigma obovoid, covered by trichomes of uniform shape and size......................................................................... Thismia andicola - Stigma conical or ovoid, covered proximally by short trichomes or papillae (0.1–0.3 mm long) and distally or towards the margins by long trichomes (0.3–1 mm long).................................................................................................................................................19 19. Outer tepals cordate at base; annulus composed of a disc ornamented by six prominent contiguous triangular lobes forming a star, densely pilose............................................................................................................................................................ Thismia cordata - Outer tepals truncate at base; annulus composed of three connate segments, each segment ornamented with three prominent crests, arranged parallel to the orifice, glabrous..........................................................................................................................................20 20. Inner tepals with swollen apex of cauda........................................................................................................... Thismia luetzelburgii - Inner tepals with apex of cauda not swollen....................................................................................................................................21 21. Inner tepals 10–15 mm long; each segment of annulus ornamented by three prominent entire crests.............. Thismia macahensis - Inner tepales 17.2–55.5 mm long; each segment of annulus ornamented by three prominent crests: bilobed outer crest, and entire middle and inner crests........................................................................................................................................... Thismia variabilis, Published as part of Guzmán-Guzmán, Santiago & Plata-Torres, Angelo, 2023, A flower in paradise: citizen science helps to discover Thismia paradisiaca (Thismiaceae), a new species from the Chocó Biogeographic region in Colombia, pp. 27-42 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on pages 38-39, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8153612, {"references":["Miers, J. (1847) On a new genus of plants of the family Burmanniaceae. Proceedings of Linnean Society of London 1: 328 - 329.","Warming, E. (1901) Sur quelques Burmanniacees recueillies au Bresil par le Dr. A. Glaziou. Oversigt Over Det Kgl. Danse Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger 1901: 173 - 188.","Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., van Benthem, J., Snelders, H. C. M. & Rubsamen, T. (1986) Burmanniaceae. Flora Neotropica Monograph 42: 1 - 189."]}

Guzmán-Guzmán, Santiago, Plata-Torres, Angelo (2023): A flower in paradise: citizen science helps to discover Thismia paradisiaca (Thismiaceae), a new species from the Chocó Biogeographic region in Colombia. Phytotaxa 603 (1): 27-42, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.2

Thismia paradisiaca S.Guzm. -Guzm., sp. nov. (Fig. 2–5). Diagnosis — Thismia paradisiaca is similar to T. panamensis mainly because it has the distal portion of the stamen connective bearing a tuft of trichomes, free ellipsoid thecae and the stigma proximally puberulous and distally hispid. The new species differs from the latter by hypanthium color (dark purple vs whitish tinged with greenish–brown to colorless or pinkish) (Fig. 5A, B), shape of outer tepals (upper outer tepal incurved, lateral outer tepals declinate and slightly twisted laterally outside vs outer tepals reflexed) (Fig. 5C, D), dimorphic (vs homomorphic) stamens (Fig. 5E, F) and conical (vs cylindrical) stigma. Type: — COLOMBIA. Valle del Cauca: Dagua municipality, La Cascada village, El Paraíso Natural Reserve, El Danubio River, tributary of Anchicayá River, located approximately 50 meters from the river, on the right side of the path towards the reserve, 716 m, 3°37’40.66”N, 76°50’1.47”W, 10 February 2023 (fl., fr.), B. C. Corrales Restrepo, S. Guzmán-Guzmán & E. Restrepo 001 (Holotype: FAUC!, in alcohol+glycerine). Terrestrial achlorophyllous herb, 3.7–5.0 cm tall, generally glabrous (where not stated otherwise) (Fig. 2A 1; 3A). Tuber obovoid, 7.0–11.0 × 4.0–8.0 mm, cream (rapidly turning tawny after being collected) (Fig. 2A2); roots filiform, up to 60.0 mm long, cream (Fig. 2A2). Stem 1 or 2, erect to flexuous, longitudinally bisulcate, 16.0–20.0 × 1.2–1.5 mm, cream at the base turning chestnut towards the apex, basally ensheathed by an inconspicuous triangular volva 1.0 × 1.0 mm (Fig. 2A 1–A 2; 3A). Involucral bracts 4, crowded at apex of stem, surrounding the base of ovary, sessile, decussate, appressed, navicular, ovate–lanceolate, 2.5–3.0 × 4.5–5.0 mm, chestnut-coloured, margin entire, base truncate, apex acute, venation hyphodromous (Fig. 2A 1; 3A). Flower terminal, zygomorphic, solitary, sessile (Fig. 2A–C; 3A–B). Hypanthium gibbous, 10.0–16.0 × 7.0–10.0 mm (largest diam.); outer surface vesicular, indigo to black with 12 flattened vertical veins slightly darker than surrounding tissue (surrounding tissue turns light green in backlight) (Fig. 2A 3; 3C 2); inner surface papillose with papillae to 0.5 mm long, indigo to dark purple, dorsally with five prominent cream to mauve vertical veins densely covered by tiny gland-like protrusions, ventrally with seven prominent indigo to dark purple vertical veins at base suddenly flattening distally and densely papillose with papillae to 0.5 mm long (Fig. 2D 1; 3C 1–C 4); bases of all veins forming a prominent cream-coloured crenate ring (Fig. 2E; 3G). Tepals 6, inserted more or less at the same level in the distal portion of the hypanthium, heteromorphic. Outer tepals alternate with the segments of the annulus; upper outer tepal incurved, elliptic, 7.0–7.5 × 4.0– 4.5 mm, indigo to dark purple, vesicular, margin entire, base subcordate, apex rounded, venation hyphodromous (Fig. 3D 1); lateral outer tepals declinate and slightly twisted laterally outside, elliptic, 6.0–6.5 × 4.0– 4.5 mm, indigo to dark purple, vesicular, margin entire, base slightly revolute, apex rounded, venation hyphodromous (Fig. 3D 2). Inner tepals opposite to segments of the annulus, assurgent, narrowly triangular, 5.0–7.0 × 1.5–3.0 mm, dark violet, vesicular, apex tapering abruptly into a cauda; cauda 30.0–57.0 × 0.5 mm, tawny turning cream, apex slightly acute (Fig. 2A 1; 3A). Annulus consisting into three connate segments opposite to inner tepals, reclinate, each segment 4.0–5.0 × 2.0– 2.5 mm, lavender to brilliant white, ornamented with three finely raised crests on the upper side, arranged parallel to the orifice, outer crest 0.6–1.0 mm high, middle crest 0.3–0.4 mm high and inner crest 0.3 mm high, separated by gaps 0.5–0.6 mm wide (Fig. 2B–D; 3C 1). Orifice of annulus circular, ca. 2.5 mm diam. (Fig. 2C; 3B). Stamens 6, dimorphic, arranged in the radii of tepals, inserted along the inner edge of annulus segments, pendulous and hanging into the hypanthium; bases of stamen filament expanded laterally and fused into a ring ca. 0.4 mm in diam. (Fig. 2D; 3C 1). Dorsal stamens 3 (Fig. 2D2; 3E; 5E); each with filament laminar, 0.7 × 1.0 mm, coral to white (Fig. 3E 1); connective dilated, bilobed basally and apically (apical lobes branching off immediately below the point of insertion of thecae), 1.0 × 1.0 mm (including apical lobes), rufous, distal portion bearing a tuft of trichomes at the point of insertion with the thecae; trichomes unicellular, erect, 0.4–0.9 mm long (Fig. 3E 2); basal lobes of connective appressed to the filament, linear, 1.0 × 0.4 mm, rufous (Fig. 3E 1); apical lobes of connective narrowly ovate, 0.3–0.4 × 0.5–0.6 mm, dark purple, apex rounded to truncate, papillose; papillae 0.09–0.12 mm long, dark purple (Fig. 3E3); interstaminal lobes inserted ca. 0.5 mm below the filaments, mammiliform to shortly triangulate, 0.3–0.5 × 0.3–0.5 mm, dark purple (Fig. E1). Ventral stamens 3; 2 lateral stamens each with filament laminar, 1.0 × 1.0 mm, coral to white (Fig. 3F 1); connective dilated, at the margin adjacent to dorsal stamen lobed basally and apically, at the margin adjacent to central stamen lobed laterally lobed by fusion of basal and apical lobe (apical and lateral lobes branching off immediately below the point of insertion of the thecae), 1.0 × 0.8 mm, rufous, distal portion bearing a tuft of trichomes at the point of insertion with thecae; trichomes unicellular, erect, 0.4–0.9 mm long (Fig. 3F 2); basal lobe, appresed to the filament, linear, 1.0 × 0.4 mm, rufous (Fig. 3F 1); apical lobe narrowly ovate, 0.3–0.4 × 0.5–0.6 mm, dark purple, apex rounded to truncate, papillose; papillae 0.09–0.12 mm long, dark purple; lateral lobe divaricate, falcate, 1.0 × 0.7 mm, rufous, outer margin proximally papillose; papillae 0.09–0.12 mm long (Fig. 3F 1); single central stamen with filament laminar, 1.0 × 1.0 mm, coral to white (Fig. 3F 2); connective dilated, laterally lobulated by fusion of basal and apical lobe, 1.0 × 0.8 mm, rufous, distal portion bearing a tuft of trichomes at the point of insertion with thecae; trichomes unicellular, erect, 0.4– 0.9 mm long (Fig. 3F 2); lateral lobes 2, divaricate, falcate, 1.0 × 0.7 mm, rufous, outer margin proximally papillose; papillae 0.09–0.12 mm long (Fig. 3F 2–F 3); interstaminal lobes inserted ca. 0.5 mm below the filament, linear, 1.0 × 0.3 mm, dark purple (Fig. 3F 1). Thecae 2, inserted at the distal part of the connective, free, ellipsoid, 1.0–1.2 × 0.5– 0.7 mm, longitudinally dehiscent, white (Fig. 3E 2; 3F 2). Pollen in monades, bilaterally symmetrical, isopolar, amb circular to slightly elliptic, spheroidal shape, (22.0–)23.2(–24.0) µm in diam., monoporate with simple circular pore; exine intectate, 1.0 µm thick; sculpture psilate (Fig. 4, Table 1). Ovary inferior, broadly obconical, 2.0–2.5 × 3.7–4.0 mm, unilocular; placentation parietal; placentas 3, inserted in the basal part of the locule, bearing numerous ovules; style erect, cylindrical to shortly conical, 0.6–0.7 × 0.6–1.0 mm, dark purple (Fig. 2E; 3G); stigma divaricate, trilobed, each conical lobe, 1.0–1.3 × 0.9 mm, dark purple and covered abaxially by multicellular uniseriate simple trichomes; proximally densely puberulous with 0.1–0.3 mm long trichomes, dark purple and distally hispid with 0.3–0.5 mm long trichomes, light green (Fig. 2E; 3G). Immature fruit cupuliform, 3.6 × 5.3 mm, dark purple, surrounded by persistent involucral bracts (Fig. 2A–2F). Additional specimen examined (paratype): — COLOMBIA. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura municipality, El Paraíso Natural Reserve, Danubio Stream, tributary of El Danubio River, located approximately seven meters from the river, among leaf litter, 737 m, 3°37’55.09”N, 76°49’59.37”W, 10 February 2023, B. C . Corrales Restrepo, S. Guzmán-Guzmán & E. Restrepo 002 (FAUC). Photographic records examined: — COLOMBIA. Valle del Cauca: Cali municipality, 3°26’48.8”N, 76°39’23.9”W (approximate coordinates), 9 February 2018, Sasha Robinson, Recorded in iNaturalist (https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/10252116); Valle del Cauca: Dagua municipality, 384 m, 3°36’0.3”N, 76°51’0.2”W, 8 January 2021, Mauricio Morales, Recorded in iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/81910064). Etymology: —The specific epithet of Thismia paradisiaca refers to the Latin word “ paradisiacus ” which means “belonging to paradise”. In turn, this word derives from the Latin term “ paradisus ” which is related to “garden of sublime exuberance and beauty”. This name is a tribute to the El Paraíso Natural Reserve. Distribution and habitat: — Thismia paradisiaca is found in the Pacific Domain, specifically in Chocó –Darién Moist Forests Ecoregion on the Pacific slope of the Western Cordillera of the Andes (Fig. 1A; 6) (Olson et al. 2001, Rangel 2004, Morrone 2022), located in the immeasurable and ineffable diversity of the Biogeographic Chocó, where the reserve owners are currently working hard to conserve this area through endangered species conservation plans, such as Lehmann’s poison frog (Oophaga lehmannii, Dendrobatidae), the long-wattled umbrellabird (Cephalopterus penduliger, Cotingidae) and now the thismia of paradise (Thismia paradisiaca). This species inhabits elevations of 710–750 m in riparian forests near the Danubio River and Danubio Stream (Fig. 1B), with the two known localities placed in approximately 470 m from each other. The first (holotype) locality is in about 50 m from the Danubio River, next to a little-traveled path that leads to the cabin of the El Paraíso Nature Reserve (Fig. 1D). A total of five individuals were recorded in this locality, two of which had flower buds, one had an anthetic flower and immature fruit, one had an in immature fruit, and the last one had no flowering stem (only the tuber was observed). Additionally, two abscised hypanthia were recorded on the ground, right next to the immature fruits. These individuals were located in a layer of leaf litter 3 to 5 cm deep dominated by leaves of Ficus tonduzii Standley (Moraceae) and Inga sp. Miller (Fabaceae) in a small (2 m 2) landslide. This landslide was possibly formed after heavy rains that occurred days before the collection; it was composed mainly of small rocks, soil, and small shrubs. In an area of 5 m 2 in the first locality, the herbaceous layer between 0.5 to 1 m in height comprised Diplazium macrodictyon (Baker)Diels (Athyriaceae), Mickelia nicotianifolia (Sw.)R.C.Moran,Labial&Sundue(Dryopteridaceae), Campyloneurum sphenodes Fée (Polypodiaceae), Dicranopygium sp. (Cyclanthaceae), Costus sp. (Costaceae), Pilea pteropodon Wedd. and P. umbriana Killip. (Urticaceae). The lower tree layer is dominated by Inga psittacorum L.Uribe (Fabaceae) and Saurauia sp. (Actinidiaceae) with heights between 5 to 7 m, and by an upper tree layer between 20 to 25 m in height consisting of F. tonduzii and Inga sp. The second (paratype) locality is located in approximately 7 meters from the Danubio Stream. It had a layer of leaf litter between 5 to 7 cm deep, mainly composed of leaves of F. tonduzii and two lianas, Coussapoa contorta Cuatrec. (Urticaceae) and Clusia hirsuta Hammel (Clusiaceae). In this locality, the leaf litter was accumulated in cavities formed by thick superficial roots above ground of Turpinia occidentalis (Sw.) G.Don (Staphyleaceae) and Guatteria alta R.E.Fr. (Annonaceae) (Fig. 1C), right next to a runoff drain that flows from the top of the mountain. Only two individuals were found for this locality: one in anthesis and the other one with immature fruit and its corresponding abscised hypanthium on the ground. In an area of 5 m 2 in the second locality, the herbaceous layer between 0.5to 1 m in height comprised Campyloneurum sphenodes (Polypodiaceae), Anthurium spp. and Xanthosoma daguense Engl. (Araceae), Dicranopygium sp. (Cyclanthaceae), Costus sp. (Costaceae) and Pilea umbriana (Urticaceae). The lower tree layer comprised Eugenia victoriana Cuatrec. (Myrtaceae) and G. alta with heights between 7 to 9 m and a upper tree layer dominated by F. tonduzii and T. occidentalis. Of the mentioned species, E. victoriana and G. alta are endemic to Colombia (Bernal et al. 2019), and along with C. contorta and C. hirsuta, they have a restricted distribution to the Chocó –Darién Moist Forests Ecoregion (Bert et al. 1990, Luján et al. 2018). Phenology: —Both populations were collected in flower and fruit on February 10, however, according to the reports in iNaturalist and the monitoring and photographic recording by the reserve’s tour guides, the flowering season take place from January to March in both locations. Ecological interactions: —The knowledge about the floral biology of Thismia was for a long time limited to various hypotheses based on its floral morphology and particularly on the arrangement of androecial and gynoecial organs inside the floral chamber, the presence of nectaries at the base of the perianth or on the anthers, the presence of osmophores and filiform appendages in the tepals, and narrowly spaced filaments of the stamens. These features correspond to a myiophilous pollination syndrome. Various lineages of flies, and mainly fungus gnats and scuttle flies, were identified as possible pollinators (Poulsen 1890, Groom 1895, Faegri & Van Der Pijil 1979, Stone 1980, Maas et al. 1986). Only recently the first direct observations on floral visitors and/or pollinators were conducted, thereby confirming some of these hypotheses. All the hitherto published observations were made in Asian species of the genus. Li & Bi (2013) recorded a dipteran species visiting a flower of T.gongshanensis Li & Bi (2013: 25) during collection of the type specimen. Subsequently, Mar & Saunders (2015) reported the presence of a fungus gnat (Mycetophilidae or Sciaridae, Diptera) and a scuttle fly wing (Phoridae, Diptera) inside the floral chamber of T. hongkongensis Mar & R.M.K.Saunders (2015: 23). Both records, while being significant, did not provide insight into the role of these visitors and their role in pollination. Guo et al. (2019) conducted a remarkable study on the reproductive biology of T. tentaculata Larsen & Averyanov (2007: 16), where they recorded insects from various families and other invertebrates as floral visitors. They identified a species of fungus gnats from the genus Corynoptera (Sciaridae: Diptera) as the pollinator of this species, observing that the gnats are retained inside the floral chamber for a significant time, interact with the stigmatic region, and carry pollen grains on their bodies. Likewise, Yudina et al. (2021) recorded 35 floral visitors from various insect and other invertebrate families in T. puberula Nuraliev (2015: 135) (16 visitors), T. mucronata Nuraliev (2014: 246) (18 visitors) and T. annamensis Larsen & Averyanov (2007: 13) (one visitor). Among them, they highlighted the scuttle flies and parasitic wasps from the families Braconidae, Diapriidae and Scelionidae (Hymenoptera) as potential pollinators since these insects were demonstrated to carry pollen grains of Thismia. These studies support the earlier hypotheses based on floral morphology and demonstrate sapromyophilous pollination especially by fungus gnats and scuttle flies. To date, no floral visitors have ever been recorded for the Neotropical species of Thismia, i.e. subgenus Ophiomeris. During dissection of an alcohol-stored flower of T. paradisiaca, a small dipteran was found inside the floral chamber (Fig. 1E), firmly retained between the inner surface of the hypanthium and the dorsal stamens. It is impossible to determine whether it was actually interacting with the stamens, as not a single fly approaching the flowers or interacting with them was recorded during observation and specimen collection. Nevertheless, the record of this dipteran within the flower suggests an evident floral visitation, especially considering the reported close relationship between Diptera and the Asian species mentioned above, as well as a combination of floral characters of T. paradisiaca consistent with the typical pattern of sapromyophilous pollination syndrome. This is the first record of floral visitors for subgen. Ophiomeris, and further studies focused on the floral biology of T. paradisiaca may provide additional insights into its pollination mechanisms and the role of floral visitors. The relationship between the dimorphic stamens and pollination of T. paradisiaca is noteworthy. The stamen dimorphism has not been reported for any other species of family Thismiaceae. The dorsal stamens, lose to which the dipteran was found, forms a barrier due to the proximity of the stamens (including the basal lobes of the connectives) to the interstaminal lobes (Fig. 3E). The ventral stamens, in contrast, are more distantly spaced, and the lateral lobes of the connectives form openings (Fig. 3F). As a result, the dorsal stamens possibly act as a barrier that directs floral visitors to pass through the openings between the ventral stamens, hindering their exit and ensuring interaction with pollen grains before leaving the floral chamber. Taxonomic relationships: —We assign Thismia paradisiaca to the subgen. Ophiomeris sect. Ophiomeris, because of its underground part represented by a tuber, sulcate stem, sessile flower, laminar staminal filament and parietal placentas inserted in the basal part of the ovary. With T. paradisiaca, sect. Ophiomeris comprises 15 species (Kumar et al. 2017). Thismia paradisiaca differs from all the other species of the section by having dimorphic (vs homomorphic) stamens, incurved (vs reflexed to patent) upper outer tepal and lateral outer tepals slightly revolute (vs truncate or cordate) at base. Thismia paradisiaca occurs in the Chocó –Darién Moist Forests Ecoregion (Olson et al. 2001) along with T. luetzelburgii K.I.Goebel & Suess. (1924: 56) and T. panamensis. The new species differs from T. luetzelburgii by having not swoll, Published as part of Guzmán-Guzmán, Santiago & Plata-Torres, Angelo, 2023, A flower in paradise: citizen science helps to discover Thismia paradisiaca (Thismiaceae), a new species from the Chocó Biogeographic region in Colombia, pp. 27-42 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on pages 29-38, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8153612, {"references":["Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P. & Kassem, K. R. (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the World: A new map of life on Earth: A new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity. BioScience 51: 933 - 938. https: // doi. org / 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 (2001) 051 [0933: TEOTWA] 2.0. CO; 2","Morrone, J. J., Escalante, T., Rodriguez-Rapia, G., Carmona, A., Arana, M. & Mercado-Gomez, J. D. (2022) Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: New map and shapefile. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 94 (1): e 20211167. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 0001 - 3765202220211167","Bernal, R., Gradstein, S. R. & Celis, M. (eds.) (2019) Catalogo de plantas y liquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, D. C. Available from: http: // catalogoplantasdecolombia. unal. edu. co","Lujan, M., Idarraga, A. & Hammel, B. (2018) Clusia hirsuta, a new species from Clusia sect. Retinostemon and the first description of trichomes in the genus. Novon 26 (2): 154 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.3417 / 2018064","Poulsen, M. V. A. (1890) Thismia glaziovii nov. sp. Bidrag til de brasilianske Saprofyters Naturhistorie. Oversigt over det kongelige danske videnskabernes selskabs forhandlinger og dets medlemmers arbeider 1890: 18 - 38.","Groom, P. (1895) On Thismia aseroe (Beccari) and its mycorhiza. Annals of Botany 9: 327 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. aob. a 090742","Stone, B. C. (1980) Rediscovery of Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F. v. M. (Burmanniaceae). Blumea 26: 419 - 425.","Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., van Benthem, J., Snelders, H. C. M. & Rubsamen, T. (1986) Burmanniaceae. Flora Neotropica Monograph 42: 1 - 189.","Li, H. Q. & Bi, Y. K. (2013) A new species of Thismia (Thismiaceae) from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 105 (1): 25 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 105.1.4","Mar, S. S. & Saunders, R. M. K. (2015) Thismia hongkongensis (Thismiaceae): a new mycoheterotrophic species from Hong Kong, China, with observations on floral visitors and seed dispersal. PhytoKeys 46: 21 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / phytokeys. 46.8963","Guo, X., Zhao, Z., Mar, S. S., Zhang, D. & Saunders, R. M. K. (2019) A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae). Annals of Botany 124 (2): 331 - 342. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aob / mcz 087","Larsen, K. & Averyanov, L. V. (2007) Thismia annamensis and Thismia tentaculata, two new species of Thismiaceae from central Vietnam. Rheedea 17 (1 & 2): 13 - 19.","Yudina, S. V., Vislobokov, N. A. & Nuraliev, M. S. (2021) Evidences of a mixed pollination strategy in Vietnamese species of Thismia (Thismiaceae: Dioscoreales). Wulfenia 28: 109 - 128.","Nuraliev, M. S., Beer, A. S., Kuznetsov, A. N. & Kuznetsova, S. P. (2015) Thismia puberula (Thismiaceae), a new species from Southern Vietnam. Phytotaxa 234 (2): 133 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 234.2.3","Nuraliev, M. S., Beer, A. S., Kuznetsov, A. N. & Kuznetsova, S. P. (2014) Thismia mucronata (Thismiaceae), a new species from Southern Vietnam. Phytotaxa 167 (3): 245 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 167.3.3","Kumar, P., Gale, S. W., Li, J. H., Bouamanivong, S. & Fischer, G. A. (2017) Thismia nigricoronata, a new species of Burmanniaceae (Thismieae, Dioscoreales) from Vang Vieng, Vientiane Province, Laos, and a key to subgeneric classification. Phytotaxa 319 (3): 225 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 319.3.2","Maas, P. J. M. & Maas-van de Kamer, H. (1988) Burmanniaceae. Flora de Colombia 7: 33 - 125.","Poulsen, M. V. A. (1889) Une nouvelle phanerogame sans chlorophylle (Thismia glaziovii). Note preliminaire. Revue Generale de Botanique 1: 549 - 550."]}

Thismia pseudomelanomitra D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga, sp. nov. (Figures 1–3) Type:— BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: Cotriguaçu, Fazenda S „o Nicolau, Fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila, 09°49’48”S 58°19’14”W, 3 December 2021, fl., D. F. Silva et al. 307 (holotype: RB [dried + spirit]). Diagnosis:— Thismia pseudomelanomitra is morphologically similar to T. melanomitra by the inner surface of the floral tube with striated laminar projections, black, and inner tepals connate over the tube opening, forming a black and foveate mitre. However, it differs by the outer tepals ca. 5 × 4–5 mm, orbicular, margin entire, revolute; inner tepals 10–14 mm long., base acute 3–4 mm wide at the point of attachment to the floral tube and connate over the tube opening forming a mitre, black; mitre 8–10 mm in diam., outer surface bearing prominent irregularly dentate ribs and with irregular foveae on top. Description:—Herbs 11–21 cm tall, terrestrial, mycoheterotrophic, achlorophyllous.Roots 3–4 × ca. 0.2 cm, vermiform, creeping, brownish. Stem 9.5–19 × 0.2–0.3 cm, erect, terete, unbranched, glabrous, white. Leaves 3–11, 1.5–3 × 1.3– 1.5 mm, alternate, scattered along the stem, scale-like, concave, lanceolate, margin entire, apex acute, glabrous, white. Involucral bracts 3–4; bracts 4–5 × ca. 2 mm, lanceolate, concave, margin entire, apex acute, glabrous, white. Flowers 18–22 × 8–11 mm, solitary, actinomorphic, black and white; floral tube 8–10 × 7–8 mm, urceolate, outer surface densely covered with longitudinally arranged irregularly sized verrucae and concentrated from the base to the middle portion of the tube, white, inner surface with striated laminar projections, black; annulus 2–3 mm in diam., hexagonal, colliculate on both surfaces, white. Tepals inserted in two whorls (3+3); outer tepals ca. 5 × 4–5 mm, reflexed, orbicular, giving the false impression of ovate, 1-veined, base acute, margin entire, revolute, apex rounded to obtuse, white; inner tepals 10–14 mm long., spathulate, base acute 3–4 mm wide at the point of attachment to the floral tube, 1-veined, adnate broadening above and connate over the tube opening forming a mitre, black, with three lateral apertures, aperture 3–4 mm in diam., apex of the floral tube not visible through the aperture; mitre 8–10 mm in diam., subglobose; outer surface bearing prominent irregularly dentate ribs and with irregular foveae on top; inner surface colliculate. Stamens 6, ca. 2.3 × 0.8 mm, pendulous, spathulate, glabrous, inserted ca. 3 mm in a rectangular-shaped structure below the annulus, white; interstaminal lobes absent; filaments ca. 0.7 mm long, free; connectives inconspicuous; anthers ca. 1.3 × 0.7 mm, elliptic, apex obtuse. Ovary 4–5 × 4–5 mm, unilocular, top-shaped, plane surface, smooth, glabrous, white, multi-ovulate placentation parietal; style ca. 0.5 mm long, inconspicuous, white; stigma ca. 2 × 2 mm, trilobed and with a central orifice, lobes descendants, auriculate, glabrous, white. Fruits unknown. Etymology:— The specific epithet is an allusion to the appearance that is falsely similar to T. melanomitra. Phenology:— Flowering was observed in December. Distribution and habitat:— Thismia pseudomelanomitra occurs in the Amazon Forest and is known only from the type locality, in the municipality of Cotriguaçu, northwest of the Mato Grosso state, Brazil (Figure 4). The species was found growing on the leaf litter of a Ombrophilous Forest remnant, close to small creeks.According to the K̂ppen classification, the predominant climate is Am, with annual rainfall between 2.800 –3.100 mm and average annual temperature 26ºC (Alvares et al. 2013). Conservation status: — Thismia pseudomelanomitra is found in a fragment of Ombrophilous Forest in the northwest of Mato Grosso state. Although the small population is inside a fragment of preserved forest, logging, extensive monoculture, and cattle raising activities were observed in the surrounding area. Due to the low number of individuals and being known from a single locality, it was not possible to estimate the territorial range of the species. Therefore, we suggest that the species is preliminarily maintained as Data Deficient (DD), according to the IUCN criteria (2022). Morphological affinities: —Following to the classification of Mass et al. (1986), T. pseudomelanomitra belongs to T. subg. Ophiomeris (Miers 1847: 328) Maas & H.Maas (in Maas et al. 1986: 145) sect. Pyramidalis Maas & H.Maas (in Maas et al. 1986: 161), due to the horizontal cylindrical roots, terete stem with scattered leaves along the stem, pyramidal stigma, stamens with inconspicuous connective, interstaminal lobes absent, and parietal placentation extending from the base to the top of the ovary. Thismia pseudomelanomitra is morphologically similar to T. melanomitra (see Table 1, Figure 5 E­­­ –H). However, it differs by the outer tepals orbicular, giving the false impression of ovate, margin revolute (vs. outer tepals ovate, margin plane), inner tepals 10–14 mm long., base 3–4 mm wide at the point of attachment to the floral tube, apex of the floral tube not visible through the aperture, mitre 8–10 mm in diam., subglobose, outer surface bearing prominent irregularly dentate ribs and with irregular foveae on top (vs. inner tepals 7–8 mm long., base ca. 2 mm wide at the point of attachment to the floral tube, apex of the floral tube visible through the aperture, mitre 5–6 mm in diam., hexagonal, outer surface with 6 triangles foveate in top), and by ovary top-shaped, outer surface plane, smooth (vs. oblong, outer surface keeled, verrucose). For a detailed comparison of morphological characters between the species (see Table 1.), Published as part of Silva, Die- -- Go Fe- -- Rre- -- Ira Da, Ribe- -- Iro, Ricardo Da Silva & Braga, João Marce- -- Lo Alvare- -- Nga, 2023, Thismia pseudomelanomitra (Thismiaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic species from Brazilian Amazon Forest, pp. 175-183 in Phytotaxa 597 (2) on pages 176-181, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7929409, {"references":["Alvares, C. A., Stape, J. L., Sentelhas, P. C., Goncalves, J. D. M. & Sparovek, G. (2013) K ˆ ppen's climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22: 711 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2013 / 0507","Miers, J. (1847) On a new genus of plants of the family Burmanniaceae. Proceedings of Linnean Society of London 1: 328 - 329.","Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., van Benthem, J., Snelders, H. C. M. & R ¸ bsamen, T. (1986) Burmanniaceae. Flora Neotropica Monograph 42: 1 - 189."]}

Thismia calcarata D.F.Silva, Honório & J.M.A.Braga, sp. nov. (Figures 1–3) Type:— BRAZIL. Acre: Manoel Urbano, Parque Estadual Chandless, Bacia do Rio Purus, Rio Chandless, Floresta Ombrófila Aberta com bambu e palmeiras, 09°23’25”S 69°55’11”W, 14 April 2021, fl. and fr., M. H. Oliveira et al. 233 (holotype: UFACPZ [dried + in spirit]). Diagnosis:— Thismia calcarata is similar to Thismia panamensis, but it can be easily recognized by the presence gibbous part of the floral tube with one longitudinal slit; slit’s opening resembling to a spur; annulus ca. 2 mm in diam., magenta, ornamented by two rings; outer tepals ca. 4 × 3 mm, obovate, concave, reflexed, glabrous, margin lacerate, slightly dentate to ciliate, apex rounded to obtuse; interstaminal lobes absent; stamens ca. 2 × 1.5 mm; connective dilated 4-lobed, translucent white, 2-lobed at the upper ca. 0.8 × 0.4 mm, triangular to deltoid, 2-lobed at the lower ca. 0.1 × 0.1 mm, inconspicuous lobes, auriculate and stigma trilobed, lobes ascendants with apex slightly curved to the center, densely pilose. Description:—Herbs 8.3–8.6 cm tall, terrestrial, mycoheterotrophic, achlorophyllous. Roots 7–12 × 5–6 mm, tuberous with fibrous roots, 1–10 × ca. 1 mm, white to orange. Stem 5.2–7.5 × ca. 0.2 cm, longitudinally bisulcate, erect, unbranched, glabrous, white. Involucral bracts 4; bracts 3–5 × 1–2 mm, lanceolate, concave appearance, 1- veined, margin entire or sparsely serrate, apex obtuse, glabrous, white. Flowers 31–35 × ca. 8 mm, solitary, slightly zygomorphic; floral tube 7–9 × ca. 8 mm, gibbous part of the floral tube with one longitudinal slit, slit’s opening resembling to a spur, outer surface smooth, glabrous, white, with 12-veined darkened, inner surface densely pilose with trichomes ca. 0.4 mm long, concentrated from the base to the middle portion of the tube, white; annulus ca. 2 mm in diam. magenta, outermost ring 3-lobed, each lobe alternating with the tepals, erect apical margin, 3–3.2 × 1.7–2 mm, colliculate on both surfaces, innermost ring 6-lobed, ca. 1.5 × 0.1 mm, hexagonal, magenta. Tepals inserted all at same height in the distal portion of the floral tube (3+3[4]); outer tepals ca. 4 × 3 mm, reflexed, obovate, concave, base truncate, 1-veined, margin lacerate, slightly dentate to ciliate, apex rounded to obtuse, whitish; inner tepals erect with base very narrow, base ca. 2 × 1.2 mm, terminated by a flagelliform appendage 22–26 mm long, 1-veined, margin entire, apex plane, glabrous, coppery at the 2/3, the rest to the apex white. Interstaminal lobes absent. Stamens 6, ca. 2 × 1.5 mm, pendulous; filaments ca. 1 mm long, inserted just below the annulus, translucent white; connective ca. 1 × 1.5 mm, dilated, 4-lobed, translucent white, 2-lobed at the upper ca. 0.8 × 0.4 mm, triangular to deltoid, 2-lobed at the lower ca. 0.1 × 0.1 mm, inconspicuous lobes, auriculate; anthers ca. 0.5 × 1 mm, inserted in the medial portion of the dilated connective, widely ovate, yellow with hippocrepiform line. Ovary ca. 2 × 3 mm, unilocular, top-shaped, smooth, white, glabrous, multi-ovulate, placentation parietal; style ca. 1 mm long, glabrous, white; stigma ca. 1.6 × 1 mm, trilobed, inconspicuous lobes, ascendants with apex slightly curved to the center, densely pilose, trichomes ca. 0.3 mm. Fruits 4–8 × 5–8 mm, cup-shaped, inner surface glabrous, margin irregular, ciliate, with 6 symmetrical lobes 2–3 × ca. 0.1 mm, rounded, emarginate, glabrous, white. Seeds 0.3–0.4 × ca. 0.2 mm, ovoid to elipsoid, reticulate, tancolored, seminiferous nucleus brown, funiculus filiform, persistent, translucent white. Etymology:— The specific epithet refers the gibbous part of the flower resembling to a spur. Phenology:— Flowering and fruiting observed in March to April. Additional specimens examined (Paratypes): — BRAZIL. Acre: Manoel Urbano, Parque Estadual Chandless, Bacia do Rio Purus, Rio Chandless, Floresta Ombrófila Aberta com bambu e palmeiras, 09°22’24.5”S, 69°55’22.3”W, 28 March 2021, fr., M. H. Oliveira et al. 232 (UFACPZ [dried + in spirit]); Ibidem, 09°23’51.2”S, 69°54’58.8”W, 16 March 2021, fr. M. H. Oliveira et al. 236 (UFACPZ [dried + in spirit]). Distribution and habitat:— Thismia calcarata is known only from three localities, collected in permanent plots the Program for Biodiversity Research (PPBio), implemented in the Parque Estadual Chandless (PE Chandless) (see Figure 7 A-B). The individuals were found growing amongst leaf litter, under shade in Open Ombrophilous Forest with a predominance of bamboo and palm trees. Created by Decree 10.670 of 02/09/2004, the PE Chandless is the second largest protected area of the State of Acre with 695.3 thousand ha., bordered in Brazil by the Alto Purus and Mamoadate Indigenous Lands and by the Cazumbá-Iracema Extractive Reserve (SEMAPI 2022). On the international border with Peru, the PE Chandless is bordered by the State Reserve for Isolated Indigenous Peoples of Madre de Dios and the Murunahua Territorial Reserve in the Ucayali Region (SEMAPI 2022).According to the K̂ppen classification, the predominant climate is Af, with an average annual temperature between 22º to 24 ºC and annual rainfall between 1900– 2.200 mm (Alvares et al. 2013). Conservation status: — Thismia calcarata is known only from three localities collected in the PE Chandless. The PE Chandless consist an important conservation unit for the southwestern portion of the Amazon, and together with the other units it has been acting as a barrier against the advance of deforestation and fires, which permeate the loss of native forest cover and its transformation into agricultural activities (Fearnside 2005; Silva et al. 2021). According to Silva et al. (2021), among the threats to the conservation units in Acre are the weakening of public policies, directly impacting the environmental protection agencies and making it impossible to effectively monitor practices such as deforestation, biopiracy, and hunting, among others. Although the PE Chandless does not present imminent activities that could compromise the populations of T. calcarata, only 6 individuals are known and with restricted distribution less than 5 localities. From these set of records, it was possible to estimated the EOO at 1, 13 km 2 and AOO estimated at 12 Km 2. Therefore is assigned a preliminary conservations status for Vulnerable (VU) by meeting the criteria D1+2, according to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN 2012, 2022). Morphological affinities: —According to the classification of Mass et al. (1986), Thismia calcarata belongs to T. subg. Ophiomeris sect. Ophiomeris. This group comprises species with great morphological variation in the symmetry and indumentum of the floral tube, shape of the tepals and ornamentation of the annulus. Thismia calcarata is morphologically similar to T. panamensis (Standley 1927: 163) Jonker (1938: 234) when compared to the external morphology, but differs by to floral tube with the gibbous part resembling a spur (vs. spur absent), outer tepals reflexed to patent, obovate, concave, margin lacerate, slightly dentate to ciliate (vs. outer tepals reflexed, ovate to broadly ovate, plane to little concave, margin entire), inner tepals erect with base narrowly triangular (vs. inner tepals reflexed with base ovate), annulus hexagonal, surrounded by two rings, colliculate on both surfaces (vs. annulus hexagonal to circular, surrounded by three rings, inner surface pilose), connective dilated, 2-lobed at the upper ca. 0.8 long, triangular to deltoid and 2-lobed at the lower ca. 0.1 mm long, inconspicuous lobes, auriculate (vs. conective dilated, 2-lobed at the upper ca. 0.7 mm long, triangular and 2-lobed at the lower ca. 0.5 mm long, conspicuous lobes, filiform), interstaminal lobes absent (vs. interstaminal lobes present) and stigma with lobes inconspicuos (vs. stigma with lobes conspicuos). For a detailed comparison of morphological characters among T. calcarata and related species (see Table 1.), Published as part of Silva, Diego Ferreira Da, Honório, Mayk, Silva, Chirley Gonçalves, Teixeira-Silva, Márcia A., Silveira, Marcos & Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga, 2023, Two new species of Thismia (Thismiaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon Forest, pp. 269-282 in Phytotaxa 587 (3) on pages 270-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7744386, {"references":["SEMAPI (2022) Plano de Manejo do Parque Estadual Chandless: Encarte 3 - Analise da UC, vol. 3. Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente e das Politicas Indigenas, Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente, Rio Branco, 240 pp.","Alvares, C. A., Stape, J. L., Sentelhas, P. C., Goncalves, J. D. M. & Sparovek, G. (2013) K ˆ ppen's climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22: 711 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2013 / 0507","Fearnside, P. M. (2005) Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: history, rates, and consequences. Conservation Biology 19: 680 - 688. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2005.00697. x","Silva, S. S. de, Bordignon, L., Melo, A. W. F. de & Oliveira, I. (2021) Unidades de Conservac \" o no Acre: tendencia de desmatamento e queimadas. In: Franco, A. de O. & Bento, V. R. da S. (Eds.) Areas Naturais Protegidas Brasileiras: Gestao, Desafios, Conceitos e Reflexles, vol. 1. Ed. Inovar, Campo Grande, pp. 33 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.36926 / editorainovar- 978 - 65 - 80476 - 57 - 2","IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd ed .. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 pp.","IUCN (2022) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / (accessed 18 January 2023).","Standley, P. C. (1927) New plants from Central America VII. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 17: 159 - 171.","Jonker, F. P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht 51: 1 - 279."]}

Silva, Diego Ferreira Da, Honório, Mayk, Silva, Chirley Gonçalves, Teixeira-Silva, Márcia A., Silveira, Marcos, Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga (2023): Two new species of Thismia (Thismiaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon Forest. Phytotaxa 587 (3): 269-282, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.3.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.587.3.5

Thismia variabilis D.F.Silva, Honório & J.M.A.Braga, sp. nov. (Figures 4–6) Type:— BRAZIL. Acre: Porto Acre, Reserva Florestal Humaitá, estrada AC 40, Km 27, Floresta Ombrófila Aberta com bambu e palmeiras, 09º45’04.5”S, 67º40’15.9”W, 177 m a.s.l., 24 February 2022, fl. and fr., D. F. Silva et al. 405 (holotype: RB [dried + in spirit]) Diagnosis:— Thismia variabilis shares many morphological characters with to Thismia janeirensis and Thismia luetzelburgii, but it can be recognized by the presence of a strongly zygomorphic floral tube; annulus 1.5–2.1 mm in diam.; inner tepals with a base 1.2–2.5 × 1–3 mm, triangular, terminated by a flagelliform appendage 16–53 mm long, apex plane; stamens with dilated connectives 4-lobed, 2-lobed at the upper 1–2 × 0.3–0.5 mm, triangular, apex acutefalcate and 2-lobed at the lower 0.3–1.3 × 0.1–0.2 mm, deflexed, filiform, apex acute. Description:—Herbs 3.2–9 cm tall, terrestrial, mycoheterotrophic, achlorophyllous. Roots 5–7 × 3–4.5 mm, tuberous with fibrous roots, 30–70 × 0.2–0.3 mm, white to orange. Stem 1.5–6 × 0.15–0.2 cm, longitudinally bisulcate, erect, unbranched, glabrous, white. Involucral bracts 4, bracts 2.5–4 × 1.1–3 mm, lanceolate, concave appearance, 1-veined, margin entire, apex obtuse, glabrous, ivory. Flowers 21–65.5 × 7–11 mm, solitary, strongly zygomorphic; floral tube 6–10 × 7–11 mm, gibbous, outer surface smooth, glabrous, ivory, 12-veined darkened, inner surface densely pilose with trichomes ca. 0.3 mm long, concentrated from the base to the middle portion of the tube, white; annulus 1.5–2.1 mm in diam., saffron, surrounded by three rings, outermost ring 6-lobed, each lobe alternating with the tepals, with reflexed apical margin, 0.3–0.5 × 1.5–2 mm, saffron, middle 3-lobed, each lobe placed opposite two lobes of the outermost row, 0.3–0.5 × ca. 3 mm, imbricate, saffron, innermost ring 3-lobed, placed like the lobes of the middle ring and exactly similar, ca. 0.1 × 2 mm, imbricate, saffron. Tepals inserted all at same height in the distal portion of the floral tube (3+3); outer tepals 3–7 × 3–5 mm long, reflexed, ovate, glabrous, base truncate, 1-veined, margin entire to slightly dentate, apex obtuse, saffron; inner tepals, base 1.2–2.5 × 1–3 mm, triangular, terminated by a flagelliform appendage 16–53 mm long, glabrous, 1-veined, margin entire, apex plane, saffron at the base, the rest to the apex white. Interstaminal lobes 0.7–1 × 0.1–0.2 mm, inserted ca. 0.1 mm behind the filaments, linear-triangular, apex obtuse-falcate, Stamens 6, ca. 2.5–3 × 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, pendulous; filaments 1–1.2 mm long, inserted ca. 1 mm below the annulus, translucent white; connective 1.8–2.7 × 1.5–2 mm, dilated 4-lobed, translucent white, 2-lobed at the upper 1–2 × 0.3–0.5 mm, triangular, apex acute-falcate, 2-lobed at the lower 0.3–1.3 × 0.1–0.2, deflexed, filiform, apex acute; anthers 0.5–0.8 × 0.5–0.8 mm, inserted in the medial portion of the dilated connective, ovate, white with hippocrepiform lines. Ovary 2–3 × ca. 3 mm, unilocular, top-shaped, smooth, white, glabrous, multiovulate placentation parietal; style 1–1.3 mm long, glabrous, white; stigma 1–2 × 1–2 mm, puberulous, trilobed, lobes ascendants to patent, margin ciliate, cream. Fruits 4–5 × 4–5 mm, cup-shaped, margin irregular, ciliate, with 6 symmetrical lobes 2–3 × ca. 0.1 mm, rounded, emarginate, fawn, young fruit presents the inner surface with 12-foveas, darkned, forming a prominent ornamentation with 12 star-shaped lobes. Seeds ca. 0.5 × 0.2 mm, ellipsoid, reticulate, cream, seminiferous nucleus, cream, funiculus filiform, persistent, translucent white. Etymology:— The specific epithet refers the great variation in the tepals size, dilated connective lobes and interstaminal lobes. Phenology:— Flowering and fruiting observed in February to April. A notable phenological characteristic of this species is that the fruit continues to develop even after the seeds are exposed, and may present a significant difference in the size of the lobes and the loss of the foveae present when young (see Figure 6 J and K) Additional specimens examined (Paratypes): — BRAZIL. Acre: Porto Acre, Reserva Florestal Humaitá, estrada AC 40, Km 27, Floresta Ombrófila Aberta com bambu e palmeiras, 09º45’19”S, 67º40’18”W, 185 m a.s.l., 28 March 2021, fl., M. H. Oliveira et al. 231 (UFACPZ [in spirit]); Ibidem, 09º45’19”S, 67º40’18”W, 185 m a.s.l., 16 April 2021, fr., M. H. Oliveira et al. 237 (UFACPZ [in spirit]); 09º45’24”S, 67º39’33”W, 185 m a.s.l., 25 February 2022, fl., D. F. Silva et al. 406 (RB [dried + in spirit]). Distribution and habitat:— Thismia variabilis is known from three localities, found growing amongst leaf litter, under shade in an isolated fragment of the Brazilian Amazon Forest, located in Reserva Florestal Humaitá (RFH), municipality of Porto Acre, Acre State (see Figure 7 A and C). The RFH consists of an important forest fragment with about 2000 ha, managed by the Federal University of Acre (UFAC). The local vegetation follows the topographic gradient towards the slope of the Acre River, with a predominance of open rainforest with bamboo (Guadua weberbaueri Pilg. (1905: 152)) (Silveira 2001; ACRE 2010). According to the K̂ppen classification, the predominant climate is Am, with an average annual temperature between 22º to 24ºC and annual rainfall between 2.200 –2.500 mm (Alvares et al. 2013). Conservation status: — Thismia variabilis is known only from three localities,collected in the southern portion of Acre Amazon Forest. From these set of records, it was possible to estimated the EOO at 0,312 km 2 and AOO estimated at 8 Km 2. Although T. variabilis records were collected in the same gradient of the Open Ombrophylous Forest, were observed recent activities of logging and expansion of pasture areas. Such activities, combined with the low number of individuals and their restricted area of occurrence, can put these populations at risk, given the loss of habitat. Therefore, the preliminary assessment proposed for the new species according to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN 2012, 2022), is for Critically Endangered (CR) by meeting the criteria B2ab(ii,iii). Morphological affinities: —According to the classification of Mass et al. (1986), T. variabilis belongs to T. subg. Ophiomeris sect. Ophiomeris. Thismia variabilis is similar to T. luetzelburgii Goebel & Şssenguth (1924: 56), when compared to shape, color, indumentum of the inner floral tube and ornamentation of the annulus, but can be distinguished by having a strongly zygomorphic tube (vs. slightly zygomorphic), annulus 1.5–2.1 mm in diam. (vs. ca. 0.5 mm in diam.), inner tepals terminated by a flagelliform appendage 16–53 mm long, apex plane (vs. inner tepals terminated by a flagelliform appendage 5–7 mm long, apex tumescent), connective dilated, 2-lobed at the upper 1–2 mm long and 2-lobed at the lower 0.3–1.3 mm long (vs. connective dilated, 2-lobed at the upper ca. 0.3–0.8 mm long and 2-lobed at the lower 0.8–1 mm long). In addition, the new species is similar to Thismia janeirensis Warming (1901: 182), but can be distinguished by strongly zygomorphic tube with inner surface densely pilose (vs. slightly zygomorphic to actinomorphic with inner surface glabrous in T. janeirensis), inner tepals with base 1.2–2.5 mm wide, terminated by a flagelliform appendage 16–53 mm long (vs. inner tepals with base 0.3–1 mm wide, terminated by flagelliform appendage 6–12 mm long) and stigma with lobes ascendants to patent, puberulous with margin ciliate (vs. stigma with lobes ascendants, slightly curved to the center, densely pilose). For a detailed comparison of morphological characters among T. variabilis and related species (see Table 1.), Published as part of Silva, Diego Ferreira Da, Honório, Mayk, Silva, Chirley Gonçalves, Teixeira-Silva, Márcia A., Silveira, Marcos & Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga, 2023, Two new species of Thismia (Thismiaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon Forest, pp. 269-282 in Phytotaxa 587 (3) on pages 274-280, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7744386, {"references":["Silveira, M. (2001) A floresta aberta com bambu no sudoeste da Amazonia: padrles eprocessos em multiplas escalas. Ph. D. Thesis, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, 109 pp.","Alvares, C. A., Stape, J. L., Sentelhas, P. C., Goncalves, J. D. M. & Sparovek, G. (2013) K ˆ ppen's climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22: 711 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2013 / 0507","IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd ed .. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 pp.","IUCN (2022) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / (accessed 18 January 2023).","Warming, J. E. B (1901) Sur quelques Burmanniacees recueillies au Bresil par le Dr. A. Glaziou. Oversigt ver det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider 1901: 173 - 182."]}

A new mycoheterotrophic species, Thismia kenyirensis Siti-Munirah & Dome from Peninsular Malaysia, is described and illustrated. Thismia kenyirensis differs from other previously described species in the following characteristics: the flower tube is completely orange, with alternating darker and paler-coloured longitudinal lines on the outer and inner surfaces, the outer tepals are ovate (petaloid), the inner tepals are narrowly lanceolate, each ending with a long appendage. According to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria, T. kenyirensis is provisionally classified as Least Concern.

Key to the species of Thismia sect. Ophiomeris (adapted from Maas et al. 1986) 1. Tepals equal in shape and size, all triangular to ovate, without appendages....................................................... T. espirito-santensis - Tepals unequal, one outer whorl of shorter triangular to lanceolate tepals and one inner whorl of longer tepals with the proximal portion triangular to lanceolate, gradually tapering into a filiform distal portion or appendage......................................................2. 2. Annulus continuous...........................................................................................................................................................................3. - Annulus segmented, with segments alternating with outer tepals.....................................................................................................5. 3. Floral tube zygomorphic; annulus without papillose zone, ornamented with three rings of ridges.............................. T. macahensis - Floral tube actinomorphic; annulus with papillose zone, ornamented with a ring of 6 V-shaped ribs or pitted by 6 depressions...4. 4. Floral tube campanulate; outer surface of floral tube with 12 swellings at base; stigma capitate...................................... T.glaziovii - Floral tube urceolate; outer surface of floral tube smooth with 6 double longitudinal lamellae; stigma trilobed.......... T. prataensis 5. Inner tepals appendaged, appendage inserted just below the apex of the laminar portion.............................................. T. saulensis - Inner tepals without appendage, with the laminar portion tapering into the filiform portion...........................................................6. 6. Inner tepals with thickened apex of filiform portion.................................................................................................... T. luetzelburgii - Inner tepals with slender apex of filiform portion.............................................................................................................................7. 7. Floral tube slightly zygomorphic, tubular to slightly urceolate at apex; connective not projecting beyond thecae (supraconnective absent)............................................................................................................................................................................. T. janeirensis - Floral tube strongly zygomorphic, urceolate; supraconnective present............................................................................................8. 8. Connective and supraconnective glabrous; sagittate lobes at base of connective ca. 1.3 mm long; stigma obovoid, fully and evenly covered by simple, multicellular uniseriate trichomes..................................................................................................... T. andicola - Connective and supraconnective pubescent o glabrous; sagittate lobes at base of connective ca. 0.5 mm long; stigma cylindric, proximally papillose and distally with tufts of simple, multicellular uniseriate trichomes........................................... T. panamensis, Published as part of Aguilar-Cano, José, Guzmán-Guzmán, Santiago & Lopera-Toro, Alejandro, 2023, Thismia andicola sp. nov. (Thismiaceae): a new species from the northern Andes in Colombia, pp. 107-116 in Phytotaxa 579 (2) on pages 112-113, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7543134, {"references":["Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., van Benthem, J., Snelders, H. C. M. & Rubsamen, T. (1986) Burmanniaceae. Flora Neotropica Monograph 42: 1 - 189."]}

Thismia andicola Aguilar-Cano, S. Guzman-Guzman & Lopera-Toro, sp. nov. (Figures 1, 3) Diagnosis:— Thismia andicola sp. nov. is unique in sect. Ophiomeris in its combination of the following features: outer surface of the floral tube light blue and densely punctate with sky-blue metallic dots, inner tepals 4.6–5 mm long and stigma obovoid, covered adaxially by regularly distributed simple uniseriate multicellular trichomes. Type:— COLOMBIA. Norte de Santander: municipio de Toledo, vereda San Alberto, Cuenca del Río Talco, Zona Amortiguadora del Parque Nacional Natural Tamá, 7°13’40.98”N, 72°18’42.22”O, 2030 m, 17 April 2019 (fl.), Alejandro Lopera-Toro, s.n. (holotype: COL-615794!, in alcohol). Terrestrial achlorophyllous herbs, 8–15 cm high. Tuber ovoid, 11.6 × 4.9 mm, whitish to yellowish; roots filiform, up to 50 mm long, sometimes with a small tuber at the top. Stem erect, 3.7–10.6 × 1.9–2.0 cm, longitudinally bisulcate, whitish. Leaves bract-like, 4, crowded at apex of stem with internode ca. 1 mm long, decussate, surrounding the base of ovary in the form of an involucre, navicular, ovate-lanceolate, 4–4.5 × 1.7–1.8 mm, whitish, apex obtuse. Flower terminal, solitary. Floral tube zygomorphic with respect to perianth, urceolate, 7 × 9.1–10.2 mm; outer surface light blue, densely punctate with sky-blue metallic dots and sulcate with 12 dark blue longitudinal depressions; inner surface papillose, with ribs and sparse simple unicellular trichomes 0.7 mm long. Tepals 6, heteromorphic, inserted more or less at the same level in the distal portion of the floral tube, inflexed in flower bud and erect in pre-anthesis; outer tepals, 4.6–5 × 3 mm, ovate, yellow-greenish, apex obtuse, margin entire, venation finely hyphodromous; inner tepals with laminar portion lanceolate, 5 × 2.2 mm, yellow-greenish, gradually tapering into a filiform portion; filiform portion 25.3–30.6 mm long, cloudy, whitish light blue, twisted in pre-anthesis, apex slightly rounded. Annulus extending horizontally from the bases of tepals to form a circular orifice ca. 2.5 mm in diam., consisting of 3 green segments arranged in the radii of longer tepals; each segment 4.4 × 2.9 mm, ornamented with three finely raised ridges on the upper side, running parallel to the orifice, outermost ridge 0.5 mm wide, middle and inner ridges 0.5 mm wide, separated by 0.3 mm between them. Stamens 6, arranged in the radii of tepals, free, stamen filament bases expand laterally and fuse into a ring, ca. 0.9 mm wide beneath the point of tepal insertion with stamens hanging from it; filament 1.0–2.0 × 0.6–0.9 mm, glabrous; connective 1.8 × 1.5 mm (including apical lobes); lateral lobes 2, linearlanceolate, 1.3 × 0.2 mm, divaricating; apical lobes 2, ovate, 0.7 × 0.3 mm, apex rounded; united thecae, arranged subterminally on the connective (just below the apical lobes), ovoid, 0.8 × 0.8 mm, glabrous; interstaminal lobes inserted at the margin of ring formed by the expanded bases of the stamen filaments, 6, alternating with the tepals, free, triangular-elliptic, 0.9–1.6 × 0.9 mm. Ovary inferior, broadly obconical, 2.4 × 2.6 mm, unilocular, with parietal placentation; placentas inserted in the basal part of the locule, 3, in the form of longitudinal lines, bearing numerous ovules; style erect, cylindrical, 1.8 × 0.5 mm; stigma divaricate, trilobed, obovoid, 1.7 × 1.1 mm, covered adaxially by regularly distributed simple uniseriate multicellular trichomes 0.03–0.11 mm long. Fruit not seen. Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to the distribution of the species in the South American Andes cordillera. Phenology: —The only known population of the new species was recorded at the beginning of flowering period in late April, coinciding with the rainy season in the region (Guzman & Ruiz 2012). Distribution and ecology: —A single population of Thismia andicola is known in the northern Cordillera Oriental of the Andean Region of Colombia (Fig. 2), at an elevation of 2030 m a.s.l., where two individuals were observed. The vegetation in the type locality is classified as sub-Andean Forest (Cuatrecasas 1958). The two individuals were found in bare soil on a recently cleared trail, where the thick layer of leaf litter (approximately 15 cm deep) had been removed after four days of using the trail. Conservation status: —The new species is known from the buffer conservation zone proposed by the Tamá National Natural Park (PNN 2018), where two individuals were found in a single locality. Although the species is found in a protected area, albeit near the edge, its range could still be affected by human pressures, mainly by agriculture, livestock grazing and logging, as well as climate change. Population density could not be assessed due to the small number of individuals encountered. It is suspected that the population is in decline as a result of high levels of environmental threat. Research is urgently needed to identify other possible localities of Thismia andicola and establish the current size of population(s) and its dynamics. Present knowledge of the population status is insufficient to establish a conservation status, therefore, according to the IUCN (2019) we categorize T. andicola as Data Deficient (DD).

Knowledge on the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae) in the neotropics is scarce, where the majority of species are known from Brazil, with 13 currently accepted species, of which seven are endemics. All the 15 known species of the genus in the Americas, except T. americana, inhabit forests below 1300 m a.s.l. Two species of Thismia are known from Colombia, T. panamensis from the Chocó biogeographical region and T. glaziovii from the Amazonian region. Here we describe a third Colombian species, T. andicola sp. nov. distinguished by having outer surface of the floral tube light blue and densely punctate with sky-blue metallic dots, inner tepals 4.6–5 mm long and stigma obovoid, covered adaxially by regularly distributed simple uniseriate multicellular trichomes. It is collected in the buffer zone of the Tamá National Park, Norte de Santander and is the first species of Thismia recorded from the Andes, and the first American species found above 2000 m a.s.l. We provide a description, drawings, photographs, distribution map, and the provisional conservation status of the new species. A key to species of Thismia sect. Ophiomeris species is also included.

A new species of Thismia (Thismiaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is described and illustrated. Thismia cordata belongs to T. subg. Ophiomeris sect. Ophiomeris, and is mainly characterized by its flowers zygomorphic with gibbous perianth tube which is densely pilose on the inner surface, annulus surrounded by a prominent star-shaped ornamentation of 6-lobes with apex acute, densely pilose, outer perianth lobes ovate with base cordate, stamens with connective falcate, ovary glabrous, and stigma sharply trilobed, densely pilose. Detailed description, illustrations, notes on distribution, and preliminary conservation assessment are provided below.

Thismia cordata D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga, sp. nov. (Figures 1–3) Type:— BRAZIL. Paraná: Torre Amarela, Serra do Marumbi. APA do Piraquara, 25º30’44”S, 48º59’20”W, 10 January 2022, fl., R. C. Ríos 13 (holotype UPCB [barcode UPCB0048999, dried + in spirit!]; isotype RB [in spirit!]). Diagnosis:— Similar to T. glaziovii, but differs by zygomorphic flowers, perianth tube gibbous and internally densely pilose, annulus surrounded by a prominent star-shaped 6-lobed ornamentation with acute apices, densely pilose, margin ciliate; outer perianth lobes cordate and glabrous ovary with stigma sharply trilobed and densely pilose. Description:—Herbs 4.5–10 cm tall, terrestrial, mycoheterotrophic, achlorophyllous. Roots 5–7 × 2–3 mm, tuberous with fibrous roots, 1–10 × ca. 0.5 mm, white to orange. Stem 3.5–5.5 × ca. 0.2 cm, longitudinally bisulcate, erect, unbranched, glabrous, white to orange. Involucral bracts 4; bracts 3–4 × ca. 2 mm, lanceolate, apex acute, folded up giving the false rounded, concave appearance, 1-veined, margin entire, glabrous, translucent white to orange. Flowers 23–31 × 6–9 mm, solitary, zygomorphic; perianth tube 7–8 × 8.5–9 mm, gibbous, outer surface smooth, glabrous, orange, 6-veined darkened, inner surface densely pilose with trichomes ca. 1 mm long, white, continuing ca. 1 mm above the tube closure; annulus ca. 1 mm in diameter, protruding ca. 0.4 mm above the surface, surrounded by 6 brownish spots and a prominent star-shaped 6-lobbed ornamentation with acute apices, protruding ca. 0.2 mm above the surface and with ca. 5 mm in diameter, aquamarine, surrounded by a whitish-orange narrow strip with ca. 3 mm width, densely pilose with inconspicuous trichomes, margin ciliate; perianth lobes inserted all at same height in the distal portion of the perianth (3+3); outer perianth lobes 2–4 × 2–3 mm, ovate, base cordate, with lobes detached from the insertion with the tube, apex acute, curved with a rounded appearance, 1-veined, margin entire, orange, glabrous; inner perianth lobes 1-veined, margin entire, glabrous, base ca. 1 × 2 mm, orange, terminated by a filiform appendage 15–21 mm long, orange at the base, the rest to the apex slate blue to periwinkle. Interstaminal lobes ca. 1.5 × 0.2 mm, inserted at the same level as the filaments narrowly triangular, falcate, apex rounded. Stamens 6, 2.5–3 × ca. 2 mm, glabrous, pendulous; filaments ca. 1 mm long, inserted ca. 1.2 mm below the annulus, lavender; connective ca. 2.5 × 2 mm, dilated with 4 lobes, falcate, lavender, 2-lobed at the upper ca. 1 × 0.2 mm, 2-lobed at the lower ca. 1 × 0.3 mm; anthers ca. 0.7 × 0.8 mm long, widely ovate with hippocrepiform line. Ovary ca. 2.5 × 2 mm, unilocular, top-shaped, smooth, white to orange with truncate apex slate blue, glabrous, multi-ovulate placentation parietal; style ca. 0.8 mm long, glabrous, white; stigma ca. 2 × 1.5 mm, lavender, densely pilose with trichomes white, sharply trilobed, each lobe with upper surface sepia, densely papillose, margin ciliate. Fruits unknown. Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the heart-shaped outer perianth lobes. Phenology:— Flowering was observed in January. Distribution and habitat:— So far it is known only from the Serra do Marumbi, inside the APA do Piraquara, located in the municipality of Piraquara, State of Paraná, south Brazil (Figure 4). This environmental protected area was created through State Decree nº 1754 of 05/06/96 and consists of an important Atlantic Forest remnant located in the catchment area of the Piraquara River basin, tributary of the Iguaçu River, in eastern end the Serra do Mar, with an approximate area of 8,881.00 ha. The predominant climate is Cfb, with an average annual temperature of 17 ºC (20.5 ºC in January and 13 ºC in July) and annual rainfall of 1,550 mm, more concentrated in the summer months, with July and August as the driest months (Alvares et al. 2013). We carried a search close to coordinates available in the specimen deposited in UPCB herbarium, but no individuals were found posteriorly. However, it can be observed that the specimens were collected in a conserved montane forest gradient, around 1000 m a.s.l. Conservation status: — Thismia cordata is known only from a small population in the type location within an Environmental Preservation Area, surrounded by extensive commercial eucalyptus plantations, and pastures and with ecotourism activities. Therefore, a preliminary assessment is proposed according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, (IUCN 2012, 2019), for critically endangered base on B2 (ab(iii)) criterion. Morphological affinities: — Thismia cordata belongs to T. subg. Ophiomeris sect. Ophiomeris, which is characterized by tuberous underground parts, longitudinally bisulcate stem, involucral bracts present, perianth lobes inserted all at same height in the distal portion of stem, outer perianth lobes often smaller and reflexed, inner perianth lobes ascending, larger and of different shape and size, often triangular with filiform appendage, stamens with ribbonshaped filaments, connective dilated, interstaminal lobes present, stigma trilobed or one capitate, and ovary with parietal placentation, inserted near the base to half way up the ovary (Maas et al. 1986). According to Shepeleva et al. (2020), T. subg. Ophiomeris has strong phylogenetic affinity to the Neotropical monotypic genus Tiputinia P.E.Berry & C.L.Woodw. (in Woodward et al. 2007: 158), but in this study only T. panamensis (Standley 1927: 163) Jonker (1938: 234) was sampled, being the only species from the New World. Thus, it reinforces the need for new phylogenetic studies that include higher number of Neotropical species. Thismia cordata is similar to T. glaziovii Poulsen (1889: 549) as it have the perianth narrowing at the apex, forming a flat surface, with a central annulus surrounded by ornamentations, and stamens with connective dilated with 4 lobes, divided into 2-upper and 2-lower. However, it differs by the perianth zygomorphic, slight gibbous (vs. actinomorphic), perianth tube with glabrous outer surface, and densely pilose inner surface (vs. both surfaces glabrous), outer perianth lobes 2–4 × 2–3 mm, ovate, base cordate with lobes detached from the insertion with the tube, apex acute, but curved with a rounded appearance (vs. outer perianth lobes 0.5–2 × 2–5 mm, deltate, base fully connected to the tube, apex acute), inner perianth lobes with base very narrow, ca. 1 mm long, terminated by a filiform appendage 15–21 mm long (vs. inner perianth lobes with base deltoid, 2.5–3.5 mm long, terminated by a filiform appendage 7.5– 11 mm long), annulus ca. 1 mm in diameter, surrounded by 6 brownish spots and 6-lobed star-shaped ornamentation, protruding ca. 0.2 mm above the surface, densely pilose, ciliate (vs. annulus ca. 3 mm in diameter, surrounded by an 6-lobed ornamentation, each V-shaped lobe surrounded by an projection arch-shaped in the distal portion, protruding ca. 0.2 mm above the surface, papillose). The complete comparison of the morphological characters of these species is shown in Table 1., Published as part of Silva, Diego Ferreira Da, Ríos, Román Carlos, Cruz, Vinicyus Jorge Mordaski Visini Da, Souza, Inti De & Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga, 2022, Thismia cordata (Thismiaceae), a new fairy lantern species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, pp. 76-84 in Phytotaxa 571 (1) on pages 77-81, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7270526, {"references":["Alvares, C. A., Stape, J. L., Sentelhas, P. C., Goncalves, J. D. M. & Sparovek, G. (2013) Koppen's climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22: 711 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2013 / 0507","IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd ed. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 pp.","IUCN (2019) IUCN Red List of threatened species: Version 2019 - 2. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / (accessed 23 September 2022).","Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., van Benthem, J., Snelders, H. C. M. & Rubsamen, T. (1986) Burmanniaceae. Flora Neotropica Monograph 42: 1 - 189.","Shepeleva, E. A., Schelkunov, M. I., Hrones, M., Sochor, M., Dancak, M., Merckx, V. S. F. T, Kikuchi, I. A., Chantanaorrapint, S., Suetsugu, K., Tsukaya, H., Mar, S. S., Luu, H. T., Li, H. - Q., Logacheva, M. D. & Nuraliev, M. S. (2020) Phylogenetics of the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae: Dioscoreales) with a focus on the Old World taxa: delineation of novel natural groups and insights into the evolution of morphological traits. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 287 - 315. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / botlinnean / boaa 017","Woodward, C. L., Berry, P. E., Maas-van de Kamer, H. & Swing, K. (2007) Tiputinia foetida, a new mycoheterotrophic genus of Thismiaceae from Amazonian Ecuador, and a likely case of deceit pollination. Taxon 56: 157 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25065746","Standley, P. C. (1927) New plants from Central America VII. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 17: 159 - 171.","Jonker, F. P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht 51: 1 - 279.","Poulsen, M. V. A. (1889) Une nouvelle phanerogame sans chlorophylle (Thismia glaziovii) Note preliminaire. Revue Generale de Botanique 1: 549 - 550."]}

Thismia mantiqueirensis Engels & E.C.Smidt sp nov. (Figures 1–2) Type: — BRAZIL. São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Subdistrito de São Francisco Xavier, Serra da Mantiqueira, fl. and fr., 13 February 2020, E. Muscat & M.T. Moroti s/n (Holotype MBM 436.311!, Isotype UPCB! [spirit]). Similar to Thismia glaziovii Pouslen, but it differs by floral tube without fovea at the base, the tepals with pilose lamellae irregularly distributed at the adaxial surface; obovate shortest tepals, comparatively larger; and by the anthers with an entire and rounded apex. Description:— Herb 4.3–12 cm tall. Roots 1–3.5 cm long, filiform, white. Tuber 6–8 × 4 mm, cylindric, brown. Stem 3.7–11.6 × 0,1–0,15 cm, sub-cylindric, longitudinally bisulcate, white to white-brownish. Leaves 3–4, 2.5–4 × 1.5–2.5 mm, scale-like, verticillated right below the flowers, cucullate, oblanceolate to obovate, acute base, entire margins, apse obtuse to rounded, white. Flower 14–25 × 9–11 mm, actinomorphy, campanulate, sessile; ovary 2–3 × 3 mm, conical, white with blue base and brown-orange stripes; placentation parietal, inserted near the base to half way up the ovary; flower tube 7–8 × 10–11 mm, conical, smoothly pilose, orange with blue base; upper disc of the floral tube adorned with six V-shaped calluses, blue with orange calluses; tepals in two distinct morphologies (3+3), inserted all at the same height in the distal portion of the flower tube, smoothly pilose in both surfaces; adaxial surface with irregularly distributed lamellae; lamellae 0.5–0.7 mm, laminate, pilose; shortest tepals ca. 4 × 3.5 mm, laminar, obovate, base acute, entire margin, apex rounded-obtuse, orange; longest tepals 7–8 × 2.5 mm, large-ovate, base truncate, entire margin, apex long apiculate, orange; apiculate of inner tepals 10–18 mm comp., filiform, acute, paleorange; and annulus ca. 1 mm diam. in the centre of the upper disc of the floral tube, rounded, margins thickened, orange. Anther ca. 2,5 × 1 mm, apex rounded, flattened, pair of auricles at the base of thecae; auricles ca. 1.5 mm long, oblong-filiform, incurved in natural position; filament ca. 1 mm length, oblong. Stigma 2,5–3 × 2–2,5 mm, capitate, ovate to rounded, trilobed, pale orange. Fruit ca. 4 × 5 mm, cup-shaped, margins thickened, stripes smoothly carinate, white with margins and stripes pale brown-orange; not etiolated. Distribution and ecology: —Known only in the type locality, Toca do Muriqui, in the São Francisco Xavier sub-district, São José dos Campos municipality, São Paulo state. São Francisco Xavier is located in the Mantiqueira mountains, characterised by typical Atlantic Forest formations (750 to 2,000 m a.s.l.), with patches of rocky outcrops and many rocky streams. The region has seasonal climate variations, with the dry season occurring from April to August (average temperature in July is 15.5˚C) and the wet season between September and March (average temperature in January is 21.6˚C) (climate-data.org 2022). It is possible the species only occurs in cloud and altitude montane forests, at about 1,200 m above sea level. During the rainy season, it was possible to see some flowering individuals in the leaf litter near tree roots. Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to the Mantiqueira mountains, where the species was discovered. Conservation status: —According to the IUCN criteria (2017), Thismia mantiqueirensis could be assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Known only from one collection, it needs more sampling focus, which may result in the finding of more populations in different localities, increasing knowledge of the actual conservation status of this new species. The trail where the plant was found is frequently used for ecotourism, which can lead to problems for the conservation of the species. Taxonomic discussion: — Thismia mantiqueirensis belongs to Thismia Griffith (1845: 221) subgen. Ophiomeris (Miers 1847: 328) Maas et al. (1986: 145) sect. Ophiomeris due to the presence of a tuberous stem with several filiform roots; a longitudinally bisulcate stem with leaves condensed in the distal portion and juxtaposed to the flower; shortest and longest tepals distinct from each other but arranged at only one whorl at the top of the floral tube; trilobed capitate stigma; anther with filiform filaments; and by parietal placentation. Despite the classification in the section Ophiomeris, the new species has the stamens with an entire and rounded apex (not 2-lobed), and the absence of interstaminal lobes, as described in this section. Thismia mantiqueirensis is similar to T. glaziovii Pouslen (1889: 549) due to its campanulate flowers and an infundibuliform tube with an ornamented disc. It can be distinguished by the absence of internal fovea at the base of the floral tube (vs. with fovea); internal and external tepals with hairy lamellae irregularly oriented on the adaxial surface (vs. six continuous thickened lamella forming a disc or a long segmented disc); shorter obovoid tepals, developed, ca. 4 mm long (vs. deltoid, poorly developed, ca. 0.5–2 mm long); inter-staminal lobes absent (vs. absent or present) and by the anthers with entire and rounded apex (vs. bilobed apex with acute lobes). Thismia itatiaiensis Brade (1943: 47) was described from fruiting material collected in Itatiaia, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Later, Brade (1946: 41) amended this name with a flowering specimen from the same place, comparing and differentiating it from T. glaziovii for presenting the upper disc of the floral tube as almost smooth and not crested (i.e. smooth-ribbed), by the scaled appendages of the perianth, presence of inter-staminal lobes and by the capitate stigma. These distinctive features were considered and included as variations of T. glaziovii by Maas et al. (1986). Thismia mantiquirense differs from the Itatiaia’s material by floral tube without fovea at the base (vs. with fovea); the tepals with pilose lamellae irregularly distributed at the adaxial surface (vs. six continuous thickened lamella forming a disc or along segmented disc); an upper disc of the floral tube adorned with six V-shaped calluses (vs. with smooth-ribbed); obovate shortest tepals, comparatively larger (vs. deltoid, poorly developed, ca. 1 mm long); interstaminal lobes absent (vs. present) and by the anthers with an entire and rounded apex (vs. bilobed apex with acute lobes). Thismia hyalina (Miers 1866: 474) Bentham & Hooker ex Mueller (1891: 234) was the only species known for the state of São Paulo (Maas-van de Kamer & Maas 2016, Flora e Funga do Brasil 2022). Thismia mantiqueirensis can be distinguished from T. hyalina by the expressive presence of filiform roots in the tuberous stem (vs. tubers with few roots); campanulate flowers (vs. erect flowers); tepals inserted at the same height of the floral tube, both laminar (vs. inserted in two distinct series, the external tepals cylindrical and filiform); stigma capitate (vs. elliptical with acute and ascending lobes); and by non-etiolated fruit (vs. etiolated).

In the present study, we describe and illustrate Thismia mantiqueirensis, a new mycoheterotrophic species belonging to the subgenus Ophiomeris, section Ophiomeris, from the Altomontane Dense Ombrophilous Forest in Mantiqueira mountains, southeast Brazil. We provide the description, taxonomic, ecological, and conservation comments, as well as images and illustrations of the new species.

Thismia petasiformis D.F.Silva & J.M.A.Braga, sp. nov. (Figures 1–3) Type:— BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: Nova Bandeirantes, Fazenda Marúpa, próximo à rodovia MT-208, 09º59’40”S, 57º49’18”W, 6 March 2021, fl. and fr., D. F. Silva et al. 198 (holotype RB 830081 [barcode RB01461462]!; isotype RB2735 [barcode RBspirit01461469]!). Diagnosis:— Similar to Thismia fungiformis and T. melanomitra, but differs from both in having perianth tube apparently trigonous with slightly curved sides, narrowing of the medial portion up to an apical circular opening, annulus inconspicuous; inner perianth lobes triangular, connate over the tube opening and forming a hat-shaped mitre, brownish, umbilicate with base of the lobes free and forming a tripod. Description:—Herbs 2.5–9 cm tall, terrestrial, mycoheterotrophic, achlorophyllous. Roots 5–21 × 0.1–0.2 cm, vermiform, sometimes branched, creeping, tan-colored to yellowish-orange. Stem 2–4 cm × ca. 0.2 cm, elongating up to ca. 8.3 cm long when in fruit, erect, terete, unbranched, glabrous, white. Leaves 1–5, 1–5 × 1–2 mm, alternate, scattered along the stem, scale-like, conduplicate, concave, reticulate, lanceolate, apex acute, margin entire or sparsely serrate, glabrous, translucent white. Bracts 3, 2–7 × 1–2 mm, surrounding the ovary base, spirally-alternate, scale-like, conduplicate, concave, reticulate, lanceolate, apex acute, margin entire or sparsely serrate, glabrous, translucent white. Flowers 13–14 × 7–8 mm, solitary, actinomorphic; pedicel 1–4 × 1–2 mm, elongating up to 4–38 × 2–3 mm when in fruit, white; perianth tube 7–8 × 4–5 mm, apparently trigonous with slightly curved sides, narrowing at middle into an apical, circular, darkened opening, ca. 2 mm in diameter, annulus inconspicuous, white, outer surface smooth, with 2 vertical darkened lines, inner surface with lobed and striated laminar projections, with 6 prominent vertical lines; perianth lobes in two whorls (3+3); outer perianth lobes 9–12 × ca. 2 mm, near the base of the tube, pointing up, lanceolate, twisted, curved surface, apex truncate, tumescent, glabrous, tan-colored, sometimes with irregular darkened macules at base; inner perianth lobes ca. 5 × 8 mm, triangular, connate over the tube opening and forming a hat-shaped mitre, tan-colored, umbilicate, lobes base free forming a tripod supporting the mitre, slightly curved sides, margin slightly involute, almost imperceptibly white-ciliolate, externally smooth, internally with horizontal striations and very tiny papillose trichomes on the entire surface of the mitre. Stamens 6, ca. 3 × 0.5 mm, spathulate, glabrous, white, pendulous, attached to the inner wall of perianth tube, inserted ca. 0.5 mm below the annulus, interstaminal lobes absent; filaments ca. 1.3 mm long, free; connectives inconspicuous; anthers ca. 1.7 × 0.5 mm long, elliptic, apex obtuse, surrounded by a thin and clear membranous projection. Ovary ca. 3 × 4 mm, unilocular, obconical, smooth, white, glabrous, multi-ovulate placentation parietal; style ca. 0.5 mm long, inconspicuous, white; stigma 1.9–2 × ca. 2 mm, trilobed, pyramidal, central orifice surrounded by auriculate lobes, densely covered with very tiny papillose trichomes, white. Fruits 3–7 × 5–8 mm, cup-shaped, inner surface with circular striations, margin irregular, with 6 symmetrical lobes 1.7–3 × 0.1–0.3 mm, rounded, glabrous, white. Seeds 0.5–0.6 × ca. 0.2 mm, obovoid to ellipsoid, reticulate, tan-colored, seminiferous nucleus brown; funiculus filiform, persistent, white. Additional specimens examined (Paratype): — BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: Nova Bandeirantes, Fazenda Marúpa, próximo à rodovia MT-208, 09º59’42”S, 57º49’23”W, 7 March 2021, fl. and fr., D. F . Silva et al. 199 (RB 830083 [barcode RB01461464]!). Etymology:— The specific epithet (Latin: pĕtăsus: i, m) refers to its hat-shaped mitre. Phenology:— Flowering and fruiting was observed in March. A notable phenological characteristic of this species is that its stem elongates when fruiting, increasing up to almost ten times in length than when flowering. Distribution:— This species is known only from the type locality, in the municipality of Nova Bandeirantes, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil (Figure 4). Habitat and Ecology:— Thismia petasiformis is known from a few sparse individuals found in a Dense Ombrophilous Forest remnant in the southern region of the Brazilian Amazon Forest, around 300 m a.s.l. The individuals were observed growing on the forest litter in humid and shady places in areas of preserved forests. Conservation status: — Thismia petasiformis is only known by about 20 individuals found growing amongst leaf litter, under shade in an isolated fragment of the Brazilian Amazon Forest with approximately 800 ha, located on private property in the extreme north region of the State of Mato Grosso. In the same fragment were also found individuals of T. melanomitra and T. ribeiroi Engels, D.F.Silva & Soares-Lopes (in Silva et al. 2020: 268).Although the native vegetation is still preserved, the site is not an environmental protection area, with recent activities of logging and expansion of pasture areas being observed, in addition to traces of fires. This fragment is located in the deforestation arc of Brazil’s Legal Amazon, a region globally known for large-scale deforestation for logging, extensive monoculture and ranching expansion, and fires (Fearnside 2005; Carvalho et al. 2019; Silva Junior et al. 2022). Despite studies indicating that the preserved native forests of the Brazilian Amazon can be profitable and economically sustainable (Nobre et al. 2021), deforestation has been accelerating and drastically destroying the ecosystems and natural landscapes (Garrett et al. 2021). To make this chaotic scenario worse, in recent years, deforestation has increased dramatically at rates never before documented (Silva Junior et al. 2021). These factors place T. petasiformis in high danger of extinction. Due to the low number of known mature individuals, the extent of occurrence (EOO) cannot be measured. The occupancy area (AOO) is estimated at less than 4 km 2. Therefore, we suggested the preliminary status of Critically Endangered (CR) by meeting the criteria B2ab(ii, iii), according to the IUCN (2012, 2019). Notes: — Thismia petasiformis belongs to T. subg. Ophiomeris sect. Pyramidalis due to its horizontal cylindrical roots, terete stem with scattered leaves along the stem, pyramidal stigma, stamens with inconspicuous connective, interstaminal lobes absent, and parietal placentation extending from the base to the top of the ovary. Recently, Shepeleva et al. (2020) showed that Thismia is polyphyletic, with T. subg. Ophiomeris being distantly related to the T. subg. Thismia, but related to the Neotropical monotypic genus Tiputinia P.E.Berry & C.L.Woodw. (in Woodward et al. 2007: 158). This preliminary resulted already proves the need for further molecular and genomic research about the Neotropical species of Thismia, so that doubts about the phylogenetic position of these subgenera may be put to rest. Thismia petasiformis is similar to T. fungiformis, which is a species endemic to the Atlantic Forest of the State of Rio de Janeiro. However, it differs by its perianth tube 7–8 × 4–5 mm, apparently trigonous with slightly curved sides, external surface smooth (vs. 6–9 × 6–9 mm, urceolate, external surface somewhat wrinkled in T. fungiformis), outer perianth lobes pointing up, lanceolate, twisted, with apex truncate (vs. outer perianth lobes reflexed, plane, apex acute), and inner perianth lobes united over the tube opening and forming a hat-shaped mitre (vs. inner perianth lobes inserted below the annulus, each lobe forming a bowl-shaped structure at apex, mitre absent). It also shares the presence of a mitre with T. melanomitra, another species from the Amazon Forest, from which it differs mainly by the perianth tube 7–8 mm long, apparently trigonous with slightly curved sides (vs. ca. 14 mm long, oblanceoloid-hexagonal in T. melanomitra), outer perianth lobes 9–12 × ca. 2 mm, lanceolate, twisted, apex truncate (vs. 5–6 × 4–5 mm, ovate, plane, apex rounded to obtuse), and annulus inconspicuous (vs. prominent). The complete comparison of the morphological characters of these three species is shown in Table 1., Published as part of Silva, Diego Ferreira Da & Braga, João Marcelo Alvarenga, 2022, Thismia petasiformis (Thismiaceae), a new fairy lantern species from the Brazilian Amazon Forest, pp. 221-229 in Phytotaxa 564 (2) on pages 222-227, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.564.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7087262, {"references":["Silva, D. F. da, Engels, M. E. & Soares-Lopes, C. R. A. (2020) Novelties in Thismia (Thismiaceae) from South Brazilian Amazon with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 429: 261 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 429.4.2","Fearnside, P. M. (2005) Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: history, rates, and consequences. Conservation Biology 19: 680 - 688. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2005.00697. x","Carvalho, W. D., Mustin, K., Hilario, R. R., Vasconcelos, I. M., Eilers, V. & Fearnside, P. M. (2019) Deforestation control in the Brazilian Amazon: A conservation struggle being lost as agreements and regulations are subverted and bypassed. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 17: 122 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pecon. 2019.06.002","Silva Junior, C. A. da, Lima, M., Teodoro, P. E., Oliveira-Junior, J. F. de, Rossi, F. S., Funatsu, B. M., Butturi, W., Lourenconi, T., Kraeski, A., Pelissari, T. D., Moratelli, F. A., Arvor, D., Luz, I. M. S., Teodoro, L. P. R., Debruil, V. & Teixeira, V. M. (2022) Fires drive long-term environmental degradation in the Amazon Basin. Remote Sensing 14: 338. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / rs 14020338","Nobre, C., Arieira, J. & Nascimento, N. (2021) Amazonian Forest: the products of agroecological systems: considerations about the natural forest and economic exploitation for its conservation and how to develop sustainable agroforestry systems that induce the reduction of deforestation. Technical Note IDB-TN- 02242: 1 - 49. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.18235 / 0003693","Garrett, R. D., Cammelli, F., Ferreira, J., Levy, S. A., Valentim, J. & Vieira, I. (2021) Forests and sustainable development in the Brazilian Amazon: history, trends, and future prospects. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 46: 625 - 652. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev-environ- 012220 - 010228","Silva Junior, C. H. L., Pessoa, A. C. M., Carvalho, N. S., Reis, J. B. C., Anderson, L. O. & Aragao, L. E. O. C. (2021) The Brazilian Amazon deforestation rate in 2020 is the greatest of the decade. Nature Ecology & Evolution 5: 144 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41559 - 020 - 01368 - x","IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 pp.","IUCN (2019) IUCN Red List of threatened species: Version 2019 - 2. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / (accessed 1 May 2022)","Shepeleva, E. A., Schelkunov, M. I., Hrones, M., Sochor, M., Dancak, M., Merckx, V. S. F. T, Kikuchi, I. A., Chantanaorrapint, S., Suetsugu, K., Tsukaya, H., Mar, S. S., Luu, H. T., Li, H. - Q., Logacheva, M. D. & Nuraliev, M. S. (2020) Phylogenetics of the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae: Dioscoreales) with a focus on the Old World taxa: delineation of novel natural groups and insights into the evolution of morphological traits. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 193: 287 - 315. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / botlinnean / boaa 017","Woodward, C. L., Berry, P. E., Maas-van de Kamer, H. & Swing, K. (2007) Tiputinia foetida, a new mycoheterotrophic genus of Thismiaceae from Amazonian Ecuador, and a likely case of deceit pollination. Taxon 56: 157 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25065746"]}

Thismia petasiformis is described and illustrated as a new achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophic species discovered in the Brazilian Amazon Forest. The species belongs to Thismia subg. Ophiomeris sect. Pyramidalis by the presence of horizontal cylindrical roots, terete stem with scattered leaves, pyramidal stigma, and stamens flattened with connective not dilated, interstaminal lobes absent and ovary with parietal placentation from the base to the top of the ovary. Thismia petasiformis differs from T. fungiformis by the perianth tube apparently trigonous with slightly curved sides, annulus inconspicuous, and inner perianth lobes forming a single hat-shaped mitre. We present a taxonomic treatment for T. petasiformis, with a detailed description, illustrations and a preliminary assessment of its conservation status following IUCN categories and criteria.

A new species of Burmannia (Burmanniaceae), endemic to the southern Western Ghats of Kerala, India is described as Burmannia munnarensis and illustrations are provided. The new species is morphologically most similar to B. indica but can be easily distinguished by its narrow flower wings, involute margin of the perianth lobes, shorter perianth tube and shape of inflorescence. Burmannia indica, known only from the type locality Peermade in Idukki district, Kerala, is rediscovered after a lapse of 110 years on another locality, Meenuliyanpara in the same district. Key to the Indian species of Burmannia is included and status of both taxa is provisionally assessed as per IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.

This report describes Thismia belumensis Siti-Munirah & Suhaimi-Miloko, a novel species of achlorophyllous herb discovered in the Royal Belum State Park, Peninsular Malaysia. This new species is unlike any previously described species of Thismia. In particular, T. belumensis possesses a unique annulus, which has been expanded and modified into a cucullate (hood-like) structure. This structure covers the apical floral tube and has an opening on one side facing a thickened part of the annulus, and the off-centre floral aperture confers a zygomorphic symmetry to the flower, indicating T. belumensis is more similar to Thismia labiata J.J.Sm. This morphological detail makes this new species distinct from all other described species of Thismia. In this report, we provide descriptions, illustrations, colour plates, and the provisional conservation status of Thismia belumensis.

Mycoheterotrophic plants (MHPs) growing on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) usually maintain specialized mycorrhizal associations. The level of specificity varies between MHPs, although it remains largely unknown whether interactions with mycorrhizal fungi differ by plant lineage, species, and/or by population. Here, we investigate the mycorrhizal interactions among Burmannia species (Burmanniaceae) with different trophic modes using high-throughput DNA sequencing. We characterized the inter- and intraspecific dynamics of the fungal communities by assessing the composition and diversity of fungi among sites. We found that fully mycoheterotrophic species are more specialized in their fungal associations than chlorophyllous species, and that this specialization possibly results from the gradual loss of some fungal groups. In particular, although many fungal species were shared by different Burmannia species, fully MHP species typically host species-specific fungal assemblages, suggesting that they have a preference for the selected fungi. Although no apparent cophylogenetic relationship was detected between fungi and plants, we observe that evolutionarily closely related plants tend to have a greater proportion of shared or closely related fungal partners. Our findings suggest a host preference and specialization toward fungal assemblages in Burmannia, improving understanding of interactions between MHPs and fungi.

3. Burmannia cochinchinensis Gagnepain (1907: 463) PMT Vietnam (type location), Published as part of Nuraliev, Maxim S., Yudina, Sophia V., Truong, Ba Vuong, Dang, Van Son, Kopylov-Guskov, Yury O., Lyskov, Dmitry F., Kuznetsov, Andrey N., Kuznetsova, Svetlana P. & Zhang, Dianxiang, 2022, A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 544 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.544.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6501413, {"references":["Gagnepain, F. (1907) Quelques Burmannia asiatiques nouveaux de l'Herbier du Museum. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 54 (5): 459 - 465. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1907.10831293"]}

13. Burmannia subcoelestis Gagnepain (1907: 464) PMT Cambodia (Gagnepain 1908, Cho et al. 2016) Laos (type location) Vietnam (Pham-Hoang 2000, Nguyen et al. 2003) Presence of B. subcoelestis in Cambodia is questionable: Gagnepain (1908) and Cho et al. (2016) listed the species for Cambodia without indicating any specimens or locations, whereas Zhang (1999) cited specimens of B. subcoelestis only from Laos and Vietnam., Published as part of Nuraliev, Maxim S., Yudina, Sophia V., Truong, Ba Vuong, Dang, Van Son, Kopylov-Guskov, Yury O., Lyskov, Dmitry F., Kuznetsov, Andrey N., Kuznetsova, Svetlana P. & Zhang, Dianxiang, 2022, A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 544 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.544.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6501413, {"references":["Gagnepain, F. (1907) Quelques Burmannia asiatiques nouveaux de l'Herbier du Museum. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 54 (5): 459 - 465. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1907.10831293","Gagnepain, F. (1908) Burmanniacees. In: Lecomte, H. & Gagnepain, F. (Eds.) Flore generale de l'Indo-Chine, vol. 6. Masson & Cie, Paris, pp. 18 - 25.","Cho, S. H., Chhang, P. & Kim, Y. D. (2016) A checklist for the seed plants of Cambodia. National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, 272 pp.","Pham-Hoang, H. (2000) An illustrated flora of Vietnam. Vol. 3. Youth Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City, 1020 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. D. (2003) 239. Burmanniaceae Blume, 1827. In: Nguyen, T. B. (Ed.) Checklist of plant species of Vietnam. Vol. 2. Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, pp. 26 - 27. [in Vietnamese]","Zhang, D. (1999) Systematics of Burmannia L. (Burmanniaceae) in the Old World. Unpublished PhD thesis, The University of Hong Kong, 331 pp."]}

6. Burmannia disticha Linnaeus (1753: 287) AT Cambodia (Gagnepain 1908, Cho et al. 2016) Laos (Gagnepain 1908, Newman et al. 2007a) Vietnam (Gagnepain 1908, Jonker 1938, Pham-Hoang 2000, Nguyen et al. 2003), Published as part of Nuraliev, Maxim S., Yudina, Sophia V., Truong, Ba Vuong, Dang, Van Son, Kopylov-Guskov, Yury O., Lyskov, Dmitry F., Kuznetsov, Andrey N., Kuznetsova, Svetlana P. & Zhang, Dianxiang, 2022, A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 544 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.544.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6501413, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum 1. Imprensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm. 560 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 669","Gagnepain, F. (1908) Burmanniacees. In: Lecomte, H. & Gagnepain, F. (Eds.) Flore generale de l'Indo-Chine, vol. 6. Masson & Cie, Paris, pp. 18 - 25.","Cho, S. H., Chhang, P. & Kim, Y. D. (2016) A checklist for the seed plants of Cambodia. National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, 272 pp.","Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007 a) A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 394 pp.","Jonker, F. P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht (Utrecht) 51: 1 - 279.","Pham-Hoang, H. (2000) An illustrated flora of Vietnam. Vol. 3. Youth Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City, 1020 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. D. (2003) 239. Burmanniaceae Blume, 1827. In: Nguyen, T. B. (Ed.) Checklist of plant species of Vietnam. Vol. 2. Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, pp. 26 - 27. [in Vietnamese]"]}

9. Burmannia lutescens Beccari (1878: 246) MT Vietnam (Nuraliev et al. 2018), Published as part of Nuraliev, Maxim S., Yudina, Sophia V., Truong, Ba Vuong, Dang, Van Son, Kopylov-Guskov, Yury O., Lyskov, Dmitry F., Kuznetsov, Andrey N., Kuznetsova, Svetlana P. & Zhang, Dianxiang, 2022, A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 544 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.544.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6501413, {"references":["Beccari, O. (1878) Malesia: raccolta di osservazioni botaniche intorno alle piante dell'arcipelago Indo-Malese e Papuano pubblicata da Odoardo Beccari, destinata principalmente a descrivere ed illustrare le piante da esso raccolte in quelle regioni durante i viaggi eseguiti dall'anno 1865 all'anno 1878, volume 1. Genova, Tip. del R. Instituto Sordo-muti, 379 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 79357","Nuraliev, M. S., Zhang, D., Kuznetsov, A. N. & Kuznetsova, S. P. (2018) Two new records of non-photosynthetic Burmannia species (Burmanniaceae) from Laos and Vietnam. Wulfenia 25: 52 - 56."]}

12. Burmannia pusilla (Miers) Thwaites (1864: 325) PMT ≡ Gonianthes pusilla Miers (1841: 537) ≡ Burmannia coelestis var. pusilla (Miers) Trimen (1898: 131) Cambodia (Cho et al. 2016) Vietnam (Gagnepain 1908, Jonker 1938, Pham-Hoang 2000, Nguyen et al. 2003) Presence of B. pusilla in Cambodia and Vietnam is questionable: Zhang (1999) failed to find any specimens of this species from Eastern Indochina and pointed out that the species has often been confused with B. coelestis., Published as part of Nuraliev, Maxim S., Yudina, Sophia V., Truong, Ba Vuong, Dang, Van Son, Kopylov-Guskov, Yury O., Lyskov, Dmitry F., Kuznetsov, Andrey N., Kuznetsova, Svetlana P. & Zhang, Dianxiang, 2022, A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 544 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.544.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6501413, {"references":["Thwaites, G. H. K. (1864) Burmanniaceae. In: Thwaites, G. H. K. & Hooker, J. D. (Eds.) Enumeratio plantarum Zeylaniae. Dulao, London, 325 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 574","Miers, J. (1841) On some new Brazilian plants allied to the natural order Burmanniaceae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 18 (4): 535 - 556. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1838. tb 00203. x","Trimen, H. (1898) A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon 4. Dulau & Co., London, 384 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10864","Cho, S. H., Chhang, P. & Kim, Y. D. (2016) A checklist for the seed plants of Cambodia. National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, 272 pp.","Gagnepain, F. (1908) Burmanniacees. In: Lecomte, H. & Gagnepain, F. (Eds.) Flore generale de l'Indo-Chine, vol. 6. Masson & Cie, Paris, pp. 18 - 25.","Jonker, F. P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht (Utrecht) 51: 1 - 279.","Pham-Hoang, H. (2000) An illustrated flora of Vietnam. Vol. 3. Youth Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City, 1020 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. D. (2003) 239. Burmanniaceae Blume, 1827. In: Nguyen, T. B. (Ed.) Checklist of plant species of Vietnam. Vol. 2. Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, pp. 26 - 27. [in Vietnamese]","Zhang, D. (1999) Systematics of Burmannia L. (Burmanniaceae) in the Old World. Unpublished PhD thesis, The University of Hong Kong, 331 pp."]}

15. Burmannia wallichii (Miers) Hooker f. (1888: 666) MT ≡ Gonianthes wallichii Miers (1841: 537) Cambodia (Cho et al. 2016) Laos (Newman et al. 2007a, 2007b) Vietnam (Gagnepain 1908, Jonker 1938, Pham-Hoang 2000, Nguyen et al. 2003), Published as part of Nuraliev, Maxim S., Yudina, Sophia V., Truong, Ba Vuong, Dang, Van Son, Kopylov-Guskov, Yury O., Lyskov, Dmitry F., Kuznetsov, Andrey N., Kuznetsova, Svetlana P. & Zhang, Dianxiang, 2022, A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 544 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.544.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6501413, {"references":["Miers, J. (1841) On some new Brazilian plants allied to the natural order Burmanniaceae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 18 (4): 535 - 556. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1838. tb 00203. x","Cho, S. H., Chhang, P. & Kim, Y. D. (2016) A checklist for the seed plants of Cambodia. National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, 272 pp.","Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007 a) A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 394 pp.","Newman, M., Thomas, P., Lanorsavanh, S., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B. & Lamxay, V. (2007 b) New records of angiosperms and pteridophytes in the flora of Laos. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 64 (2): 225 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0960428607000923","Gagnepain, F. (1908) Burmanniacees. In: Lecomte, H. & Gagnepain, F. (Eds.) Flore generale de l'Indo-Chine, vol. 6. Masson & Cie, Paris, pp. 18 - 25.","Jonker, F. P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht (Utrecht) 51: 1 - 279.","Pham-Hoang, H. (2000) An illustrated flora of Vietnam. Vol. 3. Youth Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City, 1020 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. D. (2003) 239. Burmanniaceae Blume, 1827. In: Nguyen, T. B. (Ed.) Checklist of plant species of Vietnam. Vol. 2. Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, pp. 26 - 27. [in Vietnamese]"]}

10. Burmannia nepalensis (Miers) Hooker f. (1888: 666) MT ≡ Gonianthes nepalensis Miers (1841: 537) Cambodia (Cho et al. 2016) Laos (Nuraliev et al. 2018) Vietnam (Gagnepain 1908, Jonker 1938, Pham-Hoang 2000, Nguyen et al. 2003), Published as part of Nuraliev, Maxim S., Yudina, Sophia V., Truong, Ba Vuong, Dang, Van Son, Kopylov-Guskov, Yury O., Lyskov, Dmitry F., Kuznetsov, Andrey N., Kuznetsova, Svetlana P. & Zhang, Dianxiang, 2022, A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 544 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.544.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6501413, {"references":["Miers, J. (1841) On some new Brazilian plants allied to the natural order Burmanniaceae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 18 (4): 535 - 556. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1838. tb 00203. x","Cho, S. H., Chhang, P. & Kim, Y. D. (2016) A checklist for the seed plants of Cambodia. National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, 272 pp.","Nuraliev, M. S., Zhang, D., Kuznetsov, A. N. & Kuznetsova, S. P. (2018) Two new records of non-photosynthetic Burmannia species (Burmanniaceae) from Laos and Vietnam. Wulfenia 25: 52 - 56.","Gagnepain, F. (1908) Burmanniacees. In: Lecomte, H. & Gagnepain, F. (Eds.) Flore generale de l'Indo-Chine, vol. 6. Masson & Cie, Paris, pp. 18 - 25.","Jonker, F. P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht (Utrecht) 51: 1 - 279.","Pham-Hoang, H. (2000) An illustrated flora of Vietnam. Vol. 3. Youth Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City, 1020 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. D. (2003) 239. Burmanniaceae Blume, 1827. In: Nguyen, T. B. (Ed.) Checklist of plant species of Vietnam. Vol. 2. Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, pp. 26 - 27. [in Vietnamese]"]}

1. Burmannia championii Thwaites (1864: 325) MT Vietnam (Dang et al. 2015), Published as part of Nuraliev, Maxim S., Yudina, Sophia V., Truong, Ba Vuong, Dang, Van Son, Kopylov-Guskov, Yury O., Lyskov, Dmitry F., Kuznetsov, Andrey N., Kuznetsova, Svetlana P. & Zhang, Dianxiang, 2022, A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 544 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.544.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6501413, {"references":["Thwaites, G. H. K. (1864) Burmanniaceae. In: Thwaites, G. H. K. & Hooker, J. D. (Eds.) Enumeratio plantarum Zeylaniae. Dulao, London, 325 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 574","Dang, V. S., Tagane, S., Toyama, H., Yahara, T., Naiki, A., Nguyen, H. Q. & Tran, H. (2015) A new record of Burmannia championii Thwaites (Burmanniaceae) from Southern Vietnam. Journal of Biotechnology 13 (14 A): 1393 - 1396."]}

8. Burmannia luteoalba Gagnepain (1907: 463) PMT Cambodia (possibly) Vietnam (type location) We consider B. luteoalba as doubtfully known from Cambodia. This species is listed by Cho et al. (2016) most likely on the basis of Gagnepain’s (1907, 1908) citations of the type collection of this species as from “ Cambodia: Phu Quoc island”; meanwhile, Phu Quoc island is currently a Vietnamese territory. Apart from the specimens from Phu Quoc, Zhang (1999) indicated a specimen Godefroy 920 (P: P02086282) collected in Cambodia, which identification is uncertain., Published as part of Nuraliev, Maxim S., Yudina, Sophia V., Truong, Ba Vuong, Dang, Van Son, Kopylov-Guskov, Yury O., Lyskov, Dmitry F., Kuznetsov, Andrey N., Kuznetsova, Svetlana P. & Zhang, Dianxiang, 2022, A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 544 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.544.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6501413, {"references":["Gagnepain, F. (1907) Quelques Burmannia asiatiques nouveaux de l'Herbier du Museum. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 54 (5): 459 - 465. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1907.10831293","Cho, S. H., Chhang, P. & Kim, Y. D. (2016) A checklist for the seed plants of Cambodia. National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, 272 pp.","Gagnepain, F. (1908) Burmanniacees. In: Lecomte, H. & Gagnepain, F. (Eds.) Flore generale de l'Indo-Chine, vol. 6. Masson & Cie, Paris, pp. 18 - 25.","Zhang, D. (1999) Systematics of Burmannia L. (Burmanniaceae) in the Old World. Unpublished PhD thesis, The University of Hong Kong, 331 pp."]}

An updated checklist of the family Burmanniaceae in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam is provided. The checklist comprises a single genus, Burmannia, and 15 species, of which one is fully autotrophic, six species are partially mycoheterotrophic, and eight species are fully mycoheterotrophic (non-photosynthetic). Burmannia itoana earlier known only from Japan and China is reported from Vietnam for the first time, based on our collections of this species from northern and southern parts of the country. The newly recorded species, as well as a selection of several other Vietnamese species of Burmannia, are illustrated with analytical photographs of floral structure. A key for identification of Burmannia in the countries of Eastern Indochina is presented.

4. Burmannia coerulea Averyanov (2005: 49) MT Vietnam (type location), Published as part of Nuraliev, Maxim S., Yudina, Sophia V., Truong, Ba Vuong, Dang, Van Son, Kopylov-Guskov, Yury O., Lyskov, Dmitry F., Kuznetsov, Andrey N., Kuznetsova, Svetlana P. & Zhang, Dianxiang, 2022, A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 544 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.544.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6501413, {"references":["Averyanov, L. V. (2005) Two new species of Burmanniaceae - Burmannia coerulea and B. unguiculata from limestone mountains of the northern Viet Nam. VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technologies 21 (3): 49 - 53."]}

11. Burmannia oblonga Ridley (1904: 33) MT = Burmannia bifida Gagnepain (1907: 462) Cambodia (Gagnepain 1907, 1908, Cho et al. 2016) Vietnam (Gagnepain 1907, 1908, Jonker 1938, Pham-Hoang 2000, Nguyen et al. 2003), Published as part of Nuraliev, Maxim S., Yudina, Sophia V., Truong, Ba Vuong, Dang, Van Son, Kopylov-Guskov, Yury O., Lyskov, Dmitry F., Kuznetsov, Andrey N., Kuznetsova, Svetlana P. & Zhang, Dianxiang, 2022, A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 544 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.544.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6501413, {"references":["Ridley, H. (1904) New Malayan plants. Journal of the Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society 41: 31 - 51.","Gagnepain, F. (1907) Quelques Burmannia asiatiques nouveaux de l'Herbier du Museum. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 54 (5): 459 - 465. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1907.10831293","Gagnepain, F. (1908) Burmanniacees. In: Lecomte, H. & Gagnepain, F. (Eds.) Flore generale de l'Indo-Chine, vol. 6. Masson & Cie, Paris, pp. 18 - 25.","Cho, S. H., Chhang, P. & Kim, Y. D. (2016) A checklist for the seed plants of Cambodia. National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, 272 pp.","Jonker, F. P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht (Utrecht) 51: 1 - 279.","Pham-Hoang, H. (2000) An illustrated flora of Vietnam. Vol. 3. Youth Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City, 1020 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. D. (2003) 239. Burmanniaceae Blume, 1827. In: Nguyen, T. B. (Ed.) Checklist of plant species of Vietnam. Vol. 2. Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, pp. 26 - 27. [in Vietnamese]"]}

5. Burmannia coelestis D. Don (1825: 44) PMT Cambodia (Gagnepain 1908, Zhang & Saunders 2000, Cho et al. 2016) Laos (Gagnepain 1908, Zhang & Saunders 2000, Newman et al. 2007a) Vietnam (Gagnepain 1908, Jonker 1938, Pham-Hoang 2000, Zhang & Saunders 2000, Nguyen et al. 2003), Published as part of Nuraliev, Maxim S., Yudina, Sophia V., Truong, Ba Vuong, Dang, Van Son, Kopylov-Guskov, Yury O., Lyskov, Dmitry F., Kuznetsov, Andrey N., Kuznetsova, Svetlana P. & Zhang, Dianxiang, 2022, A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 544 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.544.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6501413, {"references":["Don, D. (1825) Prodromus florae Nepalensis. J. Gale, London, 256 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 86","Gagnepain, F. (1908) Burmanniacees. In: Lecomte, H. & Gagnepain, F. (Eds.) Flore generale de l'Indo-Chine, vol. 6. Masson & Cie, Paris, pp. 18 - 25.","Zhang, D. & Saunders, R. M. K. (2000) Systematics of the Burmannia coelestis complex (Burmanniaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany 20 (4): 385 - 394. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.2000. tb 01578. x","Cho, S. H., Chhang, P. & Kim, Y. D. (2016) A checklist for the seed plants of Cambodia. National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, 272 pp.","Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007 a) A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 394 pp.","Jonker, F. P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht (Utrecht) 51: 1 - 279.","Pham-Hoang, H. (2000) An illustrated flora of Vietnam. Vol. 3. Youth Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City, 1020 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, T. D. (2003) 239. Burmanniaceae Blume, 1827. In: Nguyen, T. B. (Ed.) Checklist of plant species of Vietnam. Vol. 2. Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, pp. 26 - 27. [in Vietnamese]"]}

14. Burmannia unguiculata Averyanov (2005: 50) MT Vietnam (type location), Published as part of Nuraliev, Maxim S., Yudina, Sophia V., Truong, Ba Vuong, Dang, Van Son, Kopylov-Guskov, Yury O., Lyskov, Dmitry F., Kuznetsov, Andrey N., Kuznetsova, Svetlana P. & Zhang, Dianxiang, 2022, A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 544 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.544.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6501413, {"references":["Averyanov, L. V. (2005) Two new species of Burmanniaceae - Burmannia coerulea and B. unguiculata from limestone mountains of the northern Viet Nam. VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technologies 21 (3): 49 - 53."]}

7. Burmannia itoana Makino (1913: 1) MT Vietnam (this study), Published as part of Nuraliev, Maxim S., Yudina, Sophia V., Truong, Ba Vuong, Dang, Van Son, Kopylov-Guskov, Yury O., Lyskov, Dmitry F., Kuznetsov, Andrey N., Kuznetsova, Svetlana P. & Zhang, Dianxiang, 2022, A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana, pp. 61-70 in Phytotaxa 544 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.544.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6501413, {"references":["Makino, T. (1913) Observations on the flora of Japan. Botanical Magazine 27 (313): 1 - 5. [https: // doi. org / 10.15281 / jplantres 1887.27.313 _ 1 b, https: // doi. org / 10.15281 / jplantres 1887.27.324 _ 243]"]}

Thismia latiffiana Siti-Munirah & Dome, a new species from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia, is described and illustrated. The new species differs from all other species of Thismia, described so far, in having golden trichomes that are present on the outer surface of its floral tube and mitre, as well as pyramidal protuberances on the inner surface of the floral tube. Additionally, it is remarkable in its supraconnective apically bearing two long trichomes. Thismia latiffiana is assigned a preliminary conservation status as Critically Endangered (CR) according to IUCN Criteria.

Due to morphological reduction and absence of amplifiable plastid genes, the identification of photosynthetic relatives of heterotrophic plants is problematic. Although nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences may offer a welcome alternative source of phylogenetic markers, the presence of rate heterogeneity in these genes may introduce bias/systematic error in phylogenetic analyses. We examine the phylogenetic position of Thismiaceae based on nuclear 18S rDNA and mitochondrial atpA DNA sequence data, as well as using parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Significant differences in evolutionary rates of these genes between closely related taxa lead to conflicting results: while parsimony analyses of 18S rDNA and combined data strongly support the monophyly of Thismiaceae, Bayesian inference, with and without a relaxed molecular clock, as well as the Swofford-Olsen-Waddell-Hillis (SOWH) test confidently reject this hypothesis. We show that rate heterogeneity in our data leads to long-branch attraction artifacts in parsimony analysis. However, using model-based inference methods the question of whether Thismiaceae are monophyletic remains elusive. On the one hand maximum likelihood nonparametric bootstrapping and parametric hypothesis tests fail to support a paraphyletic Thismiaceae, on the other hand Bayesian inference methods (both without and with a relaxed clock) significantly reject a monophyletic Thismiaceae. These results show that an adequate sampling, the use of rate homogeneous data, and the application of different inference methods are important factors for developing phylogenetic hypotheses of myco-heterotrophic plants. (C) The Willi Hennig Society 2009. ispartof: Cladistics vol:25 issue:1 pages:64-77 ispartof: location:United States status: published