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The demand for organic food shows a growing trend due to the increased awareness of the importance of regular consumption of healthy food on human health. Organic food products have certificates because they are produced according to organic standards. The use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and genetic modification is not allowed in organic production. Many studies point to differences in favor of organic foods, including indications of beneficial health effects. The aim of this study was to present the impact of organic food consumption on human health. Organic food of biological origin is characterized by the absence or presence of traces of pesticides, a low content of nitrates and an increased content of polyphenols, iron, magnesium and vitamin C. Organic products of animal origin contain healthy unsaturated fatty acids. Organic dairy products have a higher content of protein and saturated fatty acids than conventional products. Regular consumption of organic fruits and vegetables and dairy products reduces the risk of preeclampsia in pregnancy, reduction in obesity and body mass index (BMI), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in women and (NHL) and colorectal cancers. The positive effect on health is the result of a reduced amount of pesticide residues and an increased intake of secondary plant metabolites that characterize organic food. Further research is needed to confirm the trends observed in existing data and clarify the exact relationships between agricultural management, diet quality and impact on health.

Lavender belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Most commonly used species of lavender include Lavandula angustifolia, Lavandula latifolia, Lavandula stoechas, and Lavandula intermedia are used for the commercial extraction of essential oil. Essential oils to have many medicinal properties and are used as a part of alternative medicine, in medicine, cosmetics, and aromatherapy. Essential oils offer a safe alternative to relatively risky pharmacological agents. Lavender essential oil is known to be rich in medicinal properties like anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. Herbal products like lavender essential oils may offer a solution to the problem of antibiotic resistance, side effects and drug addiction. These properties make lavender a very useful medicinal herb due to the advent of drug resistance. Utilization lavender essential oils will benefit the patients in many ways. Many studies indicate that lavender essential oil has a positive effect on sleep quality, anxiety relief, reduction of depression condition, influences gradual pain relief, in dentistry, preoperative treatments, obstetrics, burns, and cancer patients as an alternative or adjuvant therapy. It can also be used for treat local infections, as an alternative to antibiotics, in reducing dental anxiety, or to prevent the formation of biofilm on teeth. Due to the vast applicability of the lavender species due to its medicinal properties, there is a need for focused attention to its use in the field of medicine and to contribute to clinical practice.

Crni ovas je nepravedno zapostavljena i manje gajena vrsta u svetu i kod nas zbog nižih prinosa koje postiže, u poređenju sa ostalim žitima. Međutim, u novije vreme dobija sve veći privredni značaj zbog visokog nutritivnog kvaliteta. Cilj ove studije je bio da se testira crni ovas - Avena strigosa Schreb. i ispitaju njegove morfološko produktivne osobine na černozemu. Eksperiment je postavljen u tri ponavljanja na parcelama Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Bačkom Petrovcu, tokom 2022. u dve varijante: kontroli i folijarnoj prihrani. Tokom izvođenja ogleda primenjena je standardna tehnologija gajenja. Žetva je obavljena u tehnološkoj zrelosti useva. Pre žetve iz svakog ponavljanja uzete su biljke za analizu sledećih parametara: visine biljaka, mase biljaka, dužine korena, dužine lista i prinosa zrna po biljci. Ostvarene su zadovoljavajuće vrednosti ispitivanih parametara produktivnosti u nepovoljnoj godini za proizvodnju. Prihrana je imala značajan uticaj na prinos zrna po biljci i komponente prinosa. Crni ovas može uspešno da se gaji kao pokrovni usev i kao krmna kultura. Poželjan je za gajenje u održivim sistemima poljoprivredne proizvodnje, a zbog velikog nutritivnog kvaliteta zrna veoma je pogodan za proizvodnju funkcionalno bezbedne hrane, što može imati veliki značaj za zdravlje stanovništva., Oats are of great economic importance. This species is unfairly neglected and less cultivated in the world and our country, because other small grains give a higher yield. This study aimed to test black oats - Avena strigosa Schreb. and examine its morphologically productive properties on chernozem. The experiment was set up in 3 repetitions on the plots of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crop in Bački Petrovac, in 2022, in two variants: control and foliar nutrition. Standard cultivation technology was applied during the experiment. The harvest was done at the technological maturity of the crop. Before harvest, plants were taken from each repetition for the analysis of the following parameters: plant height, plant mass, root length, leaf length and grain yield per plant. Satisfactory values of the tested productivity parameters were achieved in an unfavourable year for production. Nutrition had a significant impact on grain yield per plant and yield components. Black oats can be successfully grown as a cover crop and as a forage crop. It is preferred for growing in sustainable systems of agricultural production for food, due to its great nutritional value and may provide great health benefits.

Organic production has a significant impact on human health, animal, food security and environmental sustainability. Pesticide exposures from conventional production may lead to important diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, brains damage, especially in children and certain types of cancer. Epidemiological studies highlight adverse effects of certain pesticides on children’s cognitive development. Use of pesticides in organic agriculture is restricted. Organic food are abundant with vitamins, antioxidants (vitamin C, polyphenols and flavonoids), minerals and dry matter content. Regular consumption of organic products (fruits and vegetables, dairy products and meat) significant reduces the risk of overweight, of preeclampsia in pregnancy and allergic disease. Organic meats and dairy products have a higher content of omega-3 fatty acids compared to conventional products and do not contain antibiotics. Due to the reduced amount of pesticide residues and an increased secondary plant metabolites, intake which are found in organic food, there is a reduction in health problems and a positive effect on health.

Papaver somniferum L. je biljka opijumskog maka koja se konzumira kao hrana. Veliki broj sorti maka se koristi za proizvodnju farmaceutskih alkaloida opijuma i za proizvodnju semena za ishranu. Seme je bogato linoleinskom i oleinskom kiselinom- mononezasićenom masnom kiselinom, koja pomaže u snižavanju nivoa LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein - lipoproteina male gustine) u krvi i povećanje nivoa HDL (High Density Lipoprotein - lipoproteina velike gustine), što je veoma značajno za zdravlje kar diovaskularnog sistema. Seme ne sadrži opijate, ali može biti kontaminirano njima tokom berbe, jer njegov lateks sadrži brojne alkaloide (morfijum, tebain, kodein, papaverin, noskapin)., Papaver somniferum L. is the opium poppy plant consumed as food. There are a large number of poppy varieties that are used to obtain opium alkaloids for pharmaceutical purposes and to produce seeds for use as food. Poppy seeds are rich in linoleic and oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid that helps lower LDL (low density lipoprotein) levels in the blood and increases HDL (high density lipoprotein) levels, which are very important for cardiovascular health. Poppy seeds do not contain opiates, but can be contaminated with them when harvested, as the poppy latex contains numerous alkaloids (morphine, thebaine, codeine, papaverine, and noscapine).

High protein content with lower carbohydrate content, highlights soy as a unique vegetable protein source and they are good milk substitutes. Soy contains isoflavones, which are polyphenols with estrogenic properties highly. Many studies show that individuals consuming foods high in vegetable proteins have lower risk of cardiovascular disease and other metabolic disorders. Soybean is also an important source of bioenergy. As a source of bioenergy, preference is given to harvest residues that contain more cellulose and oil, for example soybean straw. In order to obtain greater energy benefits from soybeans, breeding is aimed at the production of varieties with higher biomass and increased oil yield per hectare, as well as the creation of varieties that would be more suitable for industrial processing for the production of technical oils. In this study, productive parameters of soybeans were examined in 2021 and 2022 in Dolovo, Serbia, on chernozem type soil. The subject of research was the soybean genotype Favorit. Average soybean yields varied from 2.8 t ha-1 (2022), to 2.92 t ha-1 (2022). The total soybean biomass yield was 4.15 t ha-1, while the biogas yield was 372 m3 ha-1. The year 2021 was more favorable for soybean production, where higher grain yields, biomass and biogas yields were achieved.

Crni ovas Avena strigosa Schreb. se u svetu i kod nas gaji na malim površinama. Zahvaljujuću visokoj nutritivnoj vrednosti, visokovrednim proteinima, vitaminima B grupe, i nutrijentima (kalcijum, kalijum, magnezijum, natrijum, silicijum, gvožđe, mangan, cink i bakar) kao i flavonoidima i skrobu, koristi se za ishranu ljudi i stoke, za industrijsku preradu, a u farmaceutskoj industriji i medicini kao prirodan lek. Ovas povoljno deluje na kvalitet kostiju, jača imunitet, povoljno utiče na prostatu, nesanicu, anksioznost, depresiju, nervozu, promuklost, snižava nivo holesterola i telesnu masu, visok krvni pritisak i šećer u krvi. Čaj od ovsa se posebno preporučuje obolelima od multiple skleroze i kod lečenja dijabetesa. U ovoj studiji ispitivana je produktivnost crnog ovsa u dve varijante: V1-kontrola-bez prihrane i u V2-varijanti sa folijarnom prihranom, na proizvodnim parcelama Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Bačkom Petrovcu. Rezultati ispitivanja su pokazali da je crni ovas ispoljio visoke prinose zrna po biljci u nepovoljnoj godini za proizvodnju, a da je u varijanti sa prihranom ostvaren statistički značajno veći prinos u odnosu na kontrolu., Black oats Avena strigosa Schreb. is grown in the world and in our country in small areas. Thanks to its high nutritional value, high-value proteins, B group vitamins, and nutrients (calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, silicon, iron, manganese, zinc and copper), as well as flavonoids and starch, it is used for human and livestock nutrition, for industrial processing, in the pharmaceutical industry and medicine as a natural medicine. Oats have a beneficial effect on the quality of bones, strengthen immunity, have a beneficial effect on the prostate, insomnia, anxiety, depression, nervousness, hoarseness, lower cholesterol levels and body weight, high blood pressure and blood sugar. Oat tea is especially recommended for patients with multiple sclerosis and in the treatment of diabetes. In this study, the productivity of black oats was examined in two variants: V1-without nutrition (control) and in V2-variant with foliar nutrition, on the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops experimental field, in Bački Petrovac. The results showed that black oats showed high grain yields per plant, in an unfavourable year for production, and that in the variant with top dressing, a statistically significantly higher yield was achieved compared to the control.

The brains of some people seem to be more efficient than the brains of others, but what is the neurobiological basis of human intelligence? The former focuses on identifying genes and genetic loci linked to intelligence, while the latter identifies the macroscopic structure and function of the brain to identify the brain regions involved in intelligence. How the characteristics of brain cells relate to intelligence is a mystery. However, the development of transcriptomics and cellular neuroscience of intelligence may offer a third approach and close the gap between genes for intelligence that have been identified and brain structure and function. We also go over the initial research that indicates a connection between particular brain cell populations and intelligence. Finally, we emphasize how particular genes that have been discovered produce cellular characteristics linked to intelligence and may eventually explain the structure and operation of the involved brain regions. By doing this, the way is cleared for a cellular understanding of intelligence, which will offer a conceptual framework for comprehending how the identified gene constellations support the cellular processes that underpin intelligence.

This study aimed to determine the variability properties of four major types of Amaranthus species in protein and amino acids content in leaves and flowers. Obtained results by ion exchange chromatography in our study have shown high values for the content of essential amino acids lysine and methionine. In the leaf, the lysine content ranged from 3.9 (A. caudatus) to 7.0 (A. cruentus; A. moleros), and in the flowers from 4.2 (A. caudatus) to 6.7 (A. molleros). The methionine content ranged from 3.1 (A. caudatus) to 7.4 (A. mantegazzianus) in the leaf and in the flower from 2.9 (A. caudatus) to 6.7 (A. mantegazzianus). Besides lysine and methionine, significant values of other essential amino acids were recorded, respectively. Significant concentrations of total proteins were recorded in all examined genotypes. The heritability of the studied characters as protein and mineral content of seeds and leaves, and oil contents of seed were significantly high. The maximum values of the protein content of seeds were 16.55% (A. cruentus), in leaves 20.10% (A. caudatus), and the minerals in seeds 2.73% (A. moleros), and leaves 18.76% (A. mantegazzianus). The oil content of seeds was 6.16% (A. moleros). The oil content of the seed’s proportion of genetic variance to total phenotypic variance was 72%, and it has a significant impact on ecological factors. Tested divergent Amaranthus genotypes may serve as parents for further crossing. Amaranth seeds is gluten-free and is important in the diet of celiac patients and contains amino acids, especially lysine, which acts against the herpes virus. Amaranth from amaranth leaves biologically active substance that prevents heart muscle damage during ischemic processes. Amaranth seed oil has hypolipemic, anti-atherosclerotic, hypotensive and antioxidant activity.

In vivo modeling of digestive processes is not a standard mathematical modeling task, taking advanced technologies of several sciences. This article will consider a microbiological complex for modeling the processes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. The system belongs to mini-models with a working volume of up to 400 ml, the simulation of the dynamics of the mixing of the chyme is static, which significantly simplifies the methodology of conducting experiments, but imposes difficulties on the stages of pretreatment of food matrices. The following characteristics are achieved: reactor volume from 50 to 100 mL; a pH accuracy of ± 0.1; temperature accuracy of ± 0.063 °C.

Medicinal plants, about 10,000 species, are used in medicine to treat diseases or preserve human health because they are rich in the content of alkaloids, glycosides, resin, essential oils, etc. Phytopreparations are very important in the treatment of productive cough, both in self-medication and on the recommendation of health professionals. Medicinal preparations containing saponosides stimulate the glands to secrete bronchial secretions through a gastropulmonary reflex mechanism, which results in the production of rarer, watery mucus in the bronchial glands. They act on thick mucus as surfactants, reduce its viscosity and facilitate expectoration. Among triterpene saponosides used as expectorants, ivy leaf extract has proven therapeutic efficacy based on in vitro and in vivo studies. For other saponin expectorants (primrose root and flower, liquorice root (radix dulcis = sweet root), senega root, grindelia herb, common polypody rhizome), only the traditional application has been documented, which is confirmed by many studies. Due to the increased application, as well as the necessary confirmations of efficacy, there is a need for future research to analyze in more detail the pharmacological effects of triterpene saponins of expectorant action and their effect on the human organism.

Secale cereale L. is second important bread grain, after wheat, and an economically important crop for functional food. Rye production parameters in world and in Serbia were analysed in this study and quality parameters. The average rye area (4.28 mill. ha) and production (12.12 mil.t) in world, in the five- year period, recorded a growth trend and average grain yield was 3.01 t ha-1. In 2020 in the Republic of Serbia, the average grain yield of rye was 3,23 t ha-1. Rye is considered a healthy cereal due to its high content of dietary fiber and is a rich source of vitamins B and E, minerals: Ca, Fe, F, P, K, Zn, Mn, Cu, K, which is why it is a suitable raw material for the production of functional food. Rye foods have beneficial effects on insulin, which may have positive implications for diabetes prevention. Development of innovative and tasty rye products is crucial in increasing awareness, consumption of rye foods and thus production

Secale cereale L. is second important bread grain, after wheat, and an economically important crop for functional food. Rye production parameters in world and in Serbia were analysed in this study and quality parameters. The average rye area (4.28 mill. ha) and production (12.12 mil.t) in world, in the five- year period, recorded a growth trend and average grain yield was 3.01 t ha-1. In 2020 in the Republic of Serbia, the average grain yield of rye was 3,23 t ha-1. Rye is considered a healthy cereal due to its high content of dietary fiber and is a rich source of vitamins B and E, minerals: Ca, Fe, F, P, K, Zn, Mn, Cu, K, which is why it is a suitable raw material for the production of functional food. Rye foods have beneficial effects on insulin, which may have positive implications for diabetes prevention. Development of innovative and tasty rye products is crucial in increasing awareness, consumption of rye foods and thus production

Panicum miliaceum - millet is a gluten-free cereals with high nutritional value, rich in proteins, carbohydrates, phytic, phenolic and salicylic acids, minerals and vitamins: phosphorus, magnesium, iron, calcium, potassium, zinc and B complex vitamins. Millet flour is added to wheat flour to make bread and pastries and the aim is to obtain products with improved nutritional value. Before use, millet should be soaked in water for 6-12 hours, and only then thermally processed (cooked). Heat treatment affects the reduction of phytic acid content. Due to the high content of salicylic acid, millet is used in cosmetics, and it also has antifungal and anticancer properties. The grain is rich in magnesium and iron, which is why it is used by people suffering from anemia and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study is to indicate the importance of millet, production technology, yielding potential, nutritional value of the Biserka variety and impact on health.