Search

Public version of the project excavation report (see project page for abstract).

Archaeological test excavations at nine sites and data recovery excavations at three sites in advance of highway realignment project in the Doubtful Canyon section of the SR 260—Payson to Heber project. A previously documented historic highway is also present in the project area. A small supplemental survey of additional right-of-way was conducted, although that work resulted in no newly identified sites.

*On the title page of this report it says 'draft', however this is the final report. * To meet increased demand for electricity due to growth, SRP plans to construct an approximately 20-mile (mi), double-circuit, 230-kilovolt (kV) transmission line including associated tubular steel pole structures that average 110–140 feet (ft) tall (Project). The Project will connect three 230/69kV receiving stations, including the Ball Substation in Gilbert, the Pfister Substation in southeastern Queen Creek, and the Abel Substation east of San Tan Valley. This Project was approved by the Arizona Corporation Commission (ACC) in 2009, when they issued a Certificate of Environmental Compatibility (CEC) (Decision No. 71441). Because 29.65 acres of the transmission line corridor, including some pole locations, fall within previously known archaeological sites, SRP contracted PaleoWest, LLC (PaleoWest) to prepare and implement this archaeological Historic Properties Treatment Plan (Plan) to mitigate the potential adverse effects of the ground-disturbing activities associated with the pole placement. The three sites crossed by the corridor— AZ U:10:2(ASM)/Germann Site, AZ U:10:32(ASM)/Sand Dune South, and AZ U:10:9(PG)—are Prehistoric Period Hohokam habitation sites.

Salt River Project (SRP) has requested that the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) conduct the Verde Reservoirs Sediment Mitigation Study (VRSMS) to evaluate options for restoring the storage capacity lost and to reduce future capacity impacts from the natural sedimentation process within the Horseshoe Reservoir on the lower Verde River northeast of Phoenix. The loss of capacity, coupled with the increase in hydrological variability associated with climate change, creates concerns about the Verde Reservoirs system’s future ability to meet the needs of the beneficiaries of the Salt River Federal Reclamation Project and the City of Phoenix, both of which rely on water stored in Horseshoe Reservoir. The purpose of the VRSMS is to evaluate potential solutions to mitigating current and future sedimentation impacts to the Verde Reservoir system. Options include 1) removing sediment from Horseshoe Reservoir to its original storage capacity and 2) enlarging Bartlett Reservoir, located downstream from Horseshoe Dam, by constructing a new dam immediately downstream from and abutting the current Bartlett Dam.

Mitchell Springs provided the central Montezuma Valley of southwestern Colorado a rare and reliable water source that has been used by ancients for millennia. People began to settle near the springs in the middle of the AD seventh century and by the twelfth century a sprawling watershed-wide community with large-scale architectural and agricultural works had formed. Using a combination of data from surveys and recent excavations, this article explores the ties between the rise of elite groups in the watershed and the use of innovative methods to enhance agricultural production. Food abundance appears to have been the primary engine that drove the formation of these groups whose presence was symbolized by a greathouse and other monumental creations. Excavations have revealed evidence that suggests one such group was tied to the same physical space at the center of the community for at least 400 years. Agricultural production at a scale that is demonstrably greater than what could be generated by a few households or extended households is suggested by repeated feasting at this location, room suites with unusually large storage capacities, and the presence of rooms and features that were created and used principally for the preparation and consecration of food for these events. The earliest architectural footprints of this group consisted of two physically linked but distinctly separate adobe block houses in the early ninth century. Over time, elements of these entities became associated with, or evolved into, a greathouse and tri-wall building that appear to have served similar functions as the earlier houses and features that underlie those buildings. They symbolized success, power, past ancestors, and revered space, and they were enshrined and deliberately protected over the course of centuries.

Logan Simpson multi-phased (Phases I and II) data recovery investigations and archaeological monitoring within the prehistoric Hohokam habitation site of AZ U:9:165(ASM)—also known as La Plaza or La Plaza de Tempe—and two historic periods linear sites (summarized below) on the Arizona State University (ASU) Tempe Campus in Tempe, Maricopa County, Arizona. The archaeological investigations were conducted at the request of ASU in advance of ground-disturbing construction of a new campus building complex, called the Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Building VII (abbreviated hereafter as the ISTB 7). This document provides details concerning Logan Simpson’s archaeological testing and data recovery efforts and findings. The methods and findings related to Logan Simpson’s currently ongoing archaeological monitoring during construction of the ISTB 7 building complex and any related infrastructure will be addressed in a future addendum to this report. The technical report includes pertinent contextual information for the project, a review of the overarching research themes that guided the Phase I and Phase II data recovery investigations, the methods and results of fieldwork and laboratory work, and assessment of findings based on the research issues and questions presented in the HPTP (Mitchell and Jones 2018) and addendum to the HPTP (Garraty 2018) developed for this project.

SRP proposes to install a new intercept power pole along an existing power distribution line that connects the Arizona Public Service (APS) system with SRP customers located in the project vicinity. The new wood pole would be located 80 feet to the south southeast of existing APS pole 694585. The new pole would be outfitted with an “intelleruptor” smart switch enabling SRP to remotely control the power circuit. SRP requested that in addition to the pole location, North Wind Resource Consulting, LLC (North Wind) conduct a Class III cultural resources survey of distribution lines in the vicinity to update inventory of SRP’s assets in anticipation of future maintenance and repairs.

The COT, in conjunction with the ADOT and FHWA, is planning to construct a multi-use path (MUP) and implement streetscape improvements along 8th Street between Rural Road and McClintock Drive in Tempe. The APE consists of one mile of the existing 8th Street right-of-way measuring 73.0 ft to 90.5 ft wide. This includes the COT-owned property on the north side of 8th Street from Rural Road to Dorsey Lane (a former railroad ROW measuring 33 feet wide by 2,640 feet long), and a SRVWUA 1911 north-south oriented easement midway between Rural Road and Dorsey Lane. The 8th Street MUP APE was previously surveyed and found to include two archaeological sites (AZ U:9:165[ASM] and AZ U:9:298[ASM]) and two in-use historic structures (US Route 80/Bankhead Highway/Old 8th Street and Tempe-Hayden Canal System) (AMEC 2018). Additionally, three previously mapped alignments of prehistoric Canal System 1 are projected to intersect the APE. Preparation of a historic property treatment plan (HPTP; Ferland 2018) and implementation of Phase I data testing was recommended to assess the presence and preservation of the following cultural resources and any associated human remains within the APE.

Archaeological testing of a land parcel owned by the Schomac Group, Inc. identified 14 prehistoric cultural features on a remnant of the T2 Holocene terrace of the Santa Cruz River within the boundaries of the previously recorded site AZ A A:12:352 (ASM). Clustered on the eastern part of the parcel, they are preserved at a shallow depth beneath the present ground surface, and include two pit structures, one possible pit structure, three cremations, four possible cremations, three small pits, and a roasting pit. Based on the temporal range of diagnostic pottery sherds found on the surface, the features could date to anytime between A.D. 450 to 1450; however, characteristics of the pit structures and cremations suggest that the majority probably date to the latter part of that time range. One primary cremation was excavated at the request of representatives of the Tohono O'odham Nation. It contained a diverse assemblage of grave offerings, including ceramic vessels, textiles, basketry, and maize ears, and dates to the fourteenth or early fifteenth century A,D. based on the presence of two reconstructible Gila Polychrome bowls. Two historic features, an extensive trash dump, and a racetrack, are also visible on the surface of the more recent terrace on the western side of the parcel. They both date to the early twentieth century. The prehistoric features, and possibly also the historic features, contribute to the eligibility of the site for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D. Options for the management of the prehistoric and historic cultural resources on the parcel include: 1) preservation through avoidance and/or intentional burial; and 2) mitigation of construction impacts through an archaeological data recovery program. The specific land use plans will determine whether preservation through avoidance and/or intentional burial is possible, and the necessary scope of any data recovery plan. Prior to implementation of any data recovery program or preservation methods, an Agreement on Burial Discoveries between the Arizona State Museum and interested Native American Groups (i.e., the Tohono O'odham Nation) must be developed in accordance with A.R.S. 41-844.

The excavations at the West Branch site, AZ AA:16:3 (ASM), were conducted for the City of Tucson Water Department prior to the replacement of a water line. Twenty-two archaeological features were recorded in the narrow right-of-way. All were excavated or tested except one of the trash deposits recorded in a backhoe trench, and a human secondary cremation that was identified during the excavations and left in place. The other features include remnants of eight pithouses, one possible pithouse, one extramural surface or pithouse floor, seven extramural pits, and three trash deposits. They all date between A.D. 1000 and 1150. Because of the small size of this project, the goal of the investigations was to supplement the studies that were initiated during the 1986 investigations by the Institute for American Research. Research goals focused on formation processes, subsistence, and intrasite and intersite economic specialization. Ceramic manufacture was evident at the locus in at least one structure. In fact, 92 percent of the ceramics recovered from the locus were manufactured somewhere in the West Branch community. Although there is evidence that the occupants of the West Branch site produced and distributed ceramics, little is known of what was received in exchange for the ceramics.

Публикация погребения 4 кургана 3 Лысогорского-6 могильника (Георгиевский район Ставропольского края) ставит целью ввести в научный оборот уникальный комплекс захоронения и найденных в нем вещей. Погребение было основным и единственным в кургане, имеющем 7 м в высоту. Оно было сооружено в неглубокой, но обширной яме в поверхностном слое почвы. Покойный был положен в вытянутой позе на спине и обращен головой на запад. Погребальный инвентарь был разложен на трех деревянных блюдах, которые можно интерпретировать как подносы. В состав инвентаря входили характерный для Южного Кавказа бронзовый топор (типа Начеркезеви, по С. Н. Кореневскому), бронзовые жезл, тесло и кинжал, размещенные на подносе 1. В состав погребального костюма входило кольцо-подвеска из золота, браслеты на руках и щиколотке правой ноги. Комплекс датируется серединой – втор. четвертью III тыс. до н. э. Он относится к северокавказской культуре Центрального Предкавказья. Погребенный в этом кургане человек был удостоен похорон высочайшего престижа и, вероятно, имел при жизни статус вождя или иного лидера., The publication of burial 4, kurgan 3, Lysogorskiy-6 cemetery in the Georgievsky district, Stavropol Region, aims to introduce a unique assemblage of burial and funerary rite items into scientific discourse. It was a primary and the only burial in the kurgan which is seven meters high. It was made in a shallow wide pit in the surface soil layer. The deceased was deposited in a supine extended position, with the head pointing west. The funerary offerings were placed on three wooden dishes that can be interpreted as trays. The offerings included a bronze shaft-hole axe of the Nacherkezevi type after S. N. Korenenvskiy (typical for the South Caucasus), a bronze wand, a bronze chisel and a bronze dagger placed on tray 1. The funerary dress included a pendant ring made from gold, bracelets on the hand and the ankle of the right leg. Wooden tray finds date the assemblage to the mid – second quarter of III mill. BC. It is referred to the North Caucasus culture of the Central Fore-Caucasus. The person from kurgan 1 was buried with a high prestige ceremony and apparently in his life he had the status of a chieftain or some other leader., №252 (2018)

The planned realignment of State Route 260 (SR 260) between Payson and Heber by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) resulted in a multiphase archaeological investigation of the associated right-of-way and Area of Potential Effects (APE). The construction project includes 45.8 miles of highway. Numerous archaeological sites were identified during initial surveys in the project area along the western portion of the project area, below the Mogollon rim and on the Tonto National Forest (TNF). Archaeological sites are situated on the hills and terraces above permanent waterways, including Christopher Creek, Sharp Creek, Green Valley Creek, Tonto Creek, and Hunter Creek. Archaeological investigations within the project area are divided into six sections that include, from west-to-east: Lion Springs, Preacher Canyon, Little Green Valley, Kohls Ranch, Doubtful Canyon, and Christopher Creek. The Doubtful Canyon section is 3.5 miles long and is situated near the eastern end of the project area (Figure 1.1). This section overlaps the tie-ins constructed as part of the Kohls Ranch section. To date, archaeological investigations have been completed for the Preacher Canyon, Christopher Creek, Kohls Ranch, and Little Green Valley sections of the project area. The Sharp Creek Campground, a parcel adjacent to the Christopher Creek section, has also undergone testing and data recovery. In October 2009, nine sites in the Doubtful Canyon section were tested for eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (National Register) (Table 1.1). All the sites maintained their integrity, but only six had the potential to answer research questions about the prehistoric settlers of the sub-Mogollon Rim region and were considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register under Criterion D. After testing, two sites, AZ 0:12:120/AR-03-12-04-1860 (ASM/TNF), and Little Stinker, AZ O:12:121/AR-03-12-04-1861 (ASM/TNF), were considered ineligible for inclusion in the National Register. Research potential of the Sheep site, AZ 0:12:27 / AR-03-12-04-745 (ASM/TNF), Dittert's Quarry, AZ 0:12:116/AR-03-12-04-267 (ASM/TNF), and Transfer Station, AZ O:12:115/AR-03-12-04-265 (ASM/TNF), was exhausted during testing, and no further work was recommended. Data recovery was recommended for Flipping Bear, AZ O:12:28/AR-03-12-04-746 (ASM/TNF), the Spring site, AZ O:12:21/AR-03-12-04-1161 (ASM/TNF), and Tontozona Tarantula, AZ O:12:119/AR-03-12-04-1471 (ASM/TNF) (Herr and Stein 2009). Further significance testing was also recommended for the Morgan site, AZ O:12:117/AR-03-12-04-1402 (ASM/TNF). Additional testing and data recovery fieldwork was conducted between March 8 and April 22, 2010, within the APE of the Spring site, Flipping Bear, and Tontozona Tarantula. Work at the Spring site and Flipping Bear was substantial, as all features within the project right-of way were investigated. Historic wagon road, AZ 0:15:113/AR-03-12-04-652 (ASM/TNF), historic Forest Highway 11, AZ 0:12:33/AR-03-12-04-878 (ASM/TNF), and the Payson to Colcord phone line, AZ 0:12:34/AR-03-12-04-1312 (ASM/TNF), also cross the Doubtful Canyon section (Weaver 1998a). Most of the fieldwork and archival research on the road corridors and the telephone line was conducted in 2000, during the first section of the project (Herr, Stein, and Cook 2000; Herr, Thiel, and Stein 2000). A fourth site, AR-03-12-04-170 (TNF), identified as a quarry site by Dittert (1975), is located in the tie-in area between the Kohls Ranch and Doubtful Canyon sections; that site was investigated during the Kohls Ranch phase. This chert exposure lacked signs of cultural materials, and was considered ineligible for inclusion in the National Register (Herr and Stein 2001).

This report describes testing and data recovery excavations conducted in advance of the realignment of the Little Green Valley section, of State Route 260 between Payson and Heber. The work was sponsored by the Arizona Department of Transportation; the lead federal agency and landowner was the Tonto National Forest. Seven sites were investigated in the Little Green V alley section: Ponderosa Campground, AZ O :12:19/AR-03-12-04-1159 (ASM /TNF); Junco Springs, AZ O:12:87/AR-03-12-04-1437 (ASM/ TNF); Bonobos Vista, AZ O:12:88/AR-03-12-04-1438 (ASM/TNF); Plymouth Landing, AZ O:12:89/AR03-12-04-1411 (ASM/TNF); Elks End, AZ O:12:92/ AR-03-12-04-1162 (ASM/TNF); AZ O:12:90/AR-03- 12-04-1490 (ASM/TNF); AZ O:12:91/AR-03-12-04- 1386 (ASM/TNF). Additionally, a small survey related to the project identified AZ O:12:93/ AR-03-12-04-1507 (ASM/TNF). Site components date from the Early Agricultural period (circa 400 B.C.-A.D. 500) to the modern period of the original highway construction. The height of occupation at the largest site in the project area, Ponderosa Campground, was between the tenth and twelfth centuries A.D. The results of fieldwork, archival analysis, the analysis of artifacts and samples, and the discussion of human remains are described in this report. In this fourth section of the larger State Route 260 project, our results include: (1) a refinement of the chronologies built during the previous phases, particularly information about the Early Agricultural period; (2) the identification of a lithic quarry and intensive flaked stone production industry at Ponderosa Campground; and (3) insights from two single-component sites and the large multicomponent sites into the nature of settlement and the larger economic and social network of the sub-Mogollon Rim region.

Archaeological investigations were conducted along the periphery of Honey Bee Village, AZ BB:9:88 (ASM), and in the floodplain of Honey Bee Wash prior to construction activities by Mattamy Arizona, LLC. Honey Bee Village is a large, National Register-eligible site that contains a plaza, a ballcourt and more than 380 pit structures and 277 excavated mortuary features. The goal of the current project was to identify any mortuary features and to excavate them respectfully, before they might be found through the monitoring of heavy construction machinery. No features were discovered during the subsequent monitoring. The focus of work in the floodplain was to identify evidence of canal irrigation. Mechanical stripping on the periphery of Honey Bee Village exposed 21 features, including two features containing animal burials and 19 extramural pits. No human mortuary features were encountered. One of the animal burials contained two dogs and one turkey vulture at the base of a bell-shaped pit approximately 10 m away from the nearest human mortuary feature with no nearby animal burials. The other was a single dog burial located 4 m from another dog burial and not near any other mortuary features. Fieldwork associated with identifying mortuary features also helped to more clearly define the eastern site boundary. No evidence of irrigation was found in the floorplain; however, two roasting features were discovered, resulting in a new site designation, AZ BB:9:450 (ASM). The features were 90 m apart, found in widely spaced trenches. No datable material was recovered from the site. Construction plans for the floodplain are to raise the ground surface with imported fill and, in this way, bury and preserve the features at the site. The two roasting pits are probably representative of the types of features found in this setting and suggest that additional widely spaced roasting features are present. It is recommended that the site be considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D. The site has the potential to inform on prehistoric use of the Honey Bee Wash floodplain. Further work at the site could address research themes regarding cultural chronology and affiliation, as well as subsistence practices.

In 2013, Pima County planned to construct a temporary channel in a small City of Tucson parcel along the northwestern margin of Los Pozos, AZ AA:12:91 (ASM). A limited data recovery program conducted in the parcel revealed a new portion of a known paleochannel complex related to the Santa Cruz River eastern floodplain and a small area with Hohokam era features, including several burials and a possible ceramic kiln. The discovery of these significant cultural features, with the potential to encounter more within the parcel, led Pima County to its abandon its plans for the temporary channel. In 2016, the Pima County Regional Flood Control District completed plans to construct a permanent drainage channel to the Santa Cruz River, through the City-owned parcel, from an existing drainage channel along the Interstate 10 Frontage Road. The current archaeological investigations continued where the 2013 work left off and explored an area farther west, outside the site boundary, along an existing drainage ditch that was incorporated into the channel design. Within the site boundary, data recovery utilized mechanical stripping and focused on the discovery and treatment of any cultural resources in the parcel. Testing the site boundary west of the parcel was conducted through backhoe trenching and focused on the identification of potential cultural resources and evaluation of the intact stratigraphy. Five additional Hohokam features were found in the parcel, including a pit structure, a hearth area and a trash concentration, both potentially representing the remains of poorly preserved pit structures, and two pits, one of which is a mortuary feature. Together, the 2013 and the current features indicate the eastern portion of the project area represents a full-fledged Hohokam habitation locus, and suggests the presence of a courtyard group. The feature- bearing stratum overlies natural deposits deriving from a braided system of channels that are part of a known, large paleochannel complex at Los Pozos. Evidence of prehistoric cultural activity at the site boundary was limited to a few dispersed artifacts. Based on the current project findings, it is recommended that the northwestern site boundary of Los Pozos be moved east of its current location.

The Kohls Ranch highway section lies at the center of the State Route (SR) 260 —Payson to Heber project area. This section also crosses a number of central places of the past. Here, near its headwaters, Tonto Creek is a mountain stream, whose terraces widen briefly near the highway before the canyon narrows into the Hells Gate Wilderness to the south. Indian Garden, a mile to the east, is a spring-fed meadow. Geology transitions in this area, as the topography created by the friable granites to the east interfinger with the stepped ridges of the limestone and sandstone to the west. The narrowing of natural passageways and a reduction in arable land to the east make the Kohls Ranch section a place where roads and people have converged over the years. The well-watered places in this section were first settled nearly 3,000 years ago, were returned to in the intervening centuries, and continue to be used today. In the twentieth century, the area became a small center for government, residential, and recreational activity in this isolated region. The community after which this road section is named is designated Kohl's Ranch, after Lewis Kohl, who patented this homestead on Tonto Creek in the mid-1920s (Herr and Stein 2001). The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) engineering plans, however, designate the section as Kohls Ranch, without an apostrophe. This distinction will be maintained when referencing the community versus the highway project.

Archaeological testing and data recovery were conducted at twelve prehistoric or multicomponent sites in advance of highway realignment in the Kohls Canyon section of the State Route 260—Payson to Heber project. The results of archaeological fieldwork are reported in this volume. Archival research on the history of Camp Geronimo, AZ O:12:75 (ASM) is also reported here. An administrative history of Indian Garden, AZ O:12:32 (ASM) is published separately, as Desert Archaeology, Inc. Technical Report No.2005-19.

Past Peoples Consulting, LLC, was requested by Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District (SRP) to complete a pedestrian survey to identify and evaluate cultural resources at two facilities in northern Arizona. One survey parcel was within the boundary of the Navajo Generating Station near Page and the second parcel was within the fenced boundary of the SRP/Peabody Western Coal Company (PWCC) Coal Loading Station near Kayenta. Fieldwork took place between March 26 and 30, 2017. The survey documented four previously unknown sites and reevaluated eight previously documented sites; one previously recorded site was not relocated. This report presents the results of the field survey, descriptions of all sites, and management recommendations for SRP.

The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) plans to extend the Red Mountain Freeway through Mesa, Arizona from State Route (SR) 87 to US Route (US) 60. This project will result in the construction of a new limited access six-lane freeway. Construction on the right-of-way is currently confined to the area between SR 87 and Gilbert Road. The proposed route runs through an area of dense historic and prehistoric cultural resources south of McDowell Road, and passes through the northern edge of the Lehi historic district between Mesa Drive and Stapley Road.Archaeological Consulting Services (ACS) initiated eligibility testing of known cultural resources along this segment of the right-of-way on December 1, 1999. The testing effort has followed a strategy of combined systematic and judgmental trenching as outlined in the project treatment plan. A data recovery plan for two sites within this corridor was previously submitted by ACS. This document presents the results of this testing (and plans for data recovery) at a variety of locations between Center Street and Gilbert Road.

The Yuma Wash site was a permanently occupied large Classic period village situated in the northern Tucson Basin at the juncture of the eastern bajada of the Tucson Mountains with the Santa Cruz River floodplain. The site area was also intermittently used on a much smaller scale during the rest of the Hohokam sequence and during the Early Agricultural and Early Ceramic periods, as well as during the Historic era. The project was conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., for the Town of Marana. The initial data recovery was conducted by Old Pueblo Archaeology Center (OPAC). OPAC personnel investigated five sites and completed data recovery at AZ AA:12:313 (ASM). Three of the remaining four sites were separated solely by modern channels of Yuma Wash, and for the Desert Archaeology project, were considered loci of the Yuma Wash site, although they retained their original ASM site numbers: AZ AA:12:122 (ASM), AZ AA:12:311 (ASM), and AZ AA:12:312 (ASM). The last site, AZ AA:12:314 (ASM), was situated at the southern end of the project area with only a small portion of it within the right-of-way. A canal site, AZ AA:12:1047 (ASM), likely dating to the Classic period, was discovered during the Desert Archaeology investigations. The historic occupation of the Yuma Wash site includes the Bojorquez-Aguirre Ranch structures that dated to the late 1800s. Data recovery of the historic occupation was covered during the OPAC investigations. Desert Archaeology recorded 1,168 cultural features at the Yuma Wash site and AA:12:314, including 303 human mortuary features. The vast majority of the features dated to the Classic period, and the site was intensively occupied during both the Tanque Verde (A.D. 1150-1300) and Tucson (A.D. 1300-1450) phases. Occupation prior to the Classic period is difficult to characterize due to the paucity of features; in all, 235 structures have now been identified at the Yuma Wash site and AA:12:314, but fewer than a dozen of these have been found, through testing or excavation, to date prior to A.D. 1150. The early occupation was likely intermittent and of varying function, with the site sometimes permanently inhabited for a few years, sometimes seasonally inhabited, and sometimes likely vacant. The Area of Potential Effect (APE) for the Yuma Wash project was irregular and consisted largely of a small, primarily linear slice of the site. Consequently, site structure could not be clearly determined. However, several observations could be made for the Classic period occupation. Locus AA:12:122 was occupied only during the Tanque Verde phase (A.D. 1150-1300), and showed clear pithouse courtyard groups with cemeteries to the east or southeast. This pattern was much less visible in the other loci due to the shape of the right-of- way and the dynamic nature of the natural sediments, allowing for Classic period features to originate at numerous levels. The following report contains results from the Desert Archaeology excavations conducted in 2007 and 2008. Whenever possible, previous work by OPAC is also included to provide a more complete understanding of the site.

The Hohokam village was one of the largest pre-Classic settlements in the Phoenix Basin. The recorded site boundary covers more than 80 acres, extending from the edge of the Salt River floodplain northward. Founded during the Vahki phase (A.D. 500-650), when settlement aggregated around two large plazas, the village thrived until the Santa Cruz phase (A.D. 850950), when people began to leave the village, possibly settling in villages further down the canal system. Final abandonment occurred during the eleventh century A.D., although by that time, La Villa was greatly reduced in scale and, presumably, in importance. The project detailed in this volume is the second conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., at La Villa (Lindeman, ed. 2015). The current archaeological excavations preceded installation of a storm drain, which was part of the larger Downtown Storm Drain Improvements project. The City of Phoenix Jefferson Phase 2 Drainage project entailed installation of 36- and 30-inch diameter storm drains and associated manholes, catch basins, and pipe connections along Jackson Street in downtown Phoenix. In all, 248 features were identified, including 74 pithouses, 144 extramural features, 29 mortuary features, and 1 plaza. The central precincts of major Hohokam villages have only been rarely investigated during the modern era. Uncovering the Eastern Plaza at La Villa represents the first investigation of a plaza along Canal System 2. The large linear transects that structured the project provided a unique sample across a relatively large, albeit narrow, swath of the site, allowing for sampling of contexts from the center of the village to the edges. What was uncovered under the streets of modern Phoenix was incredibly well preserved, providing a robust base for the analyses presented in the following pages.

The Paseo de las Iglesias (Paseo) project provided a unique opportunity to examine the riverine landscape and its role in the lives of millennia of inhabitants of the Tucson Basin, from Early Agricultural period farmers to late Historic era farmers and entrepreneurs. Questions about how people utilized the riverine landscape guided the project research presented here. The Paseo project area is centered on the Santa Cruz River, extending from the banks of the current entrenched channel to the adjacent floodplain on the eastern and western sides of the river. This volume present the results of archaeological data recovery at nine archaeological sites: the Julian Wash site, AZ BB:13:17 (ASM); AZ BB:13:94 (ASM); AZ BB:13:95 (ASM); AZ BB:13:96 (ASM); AZ BB:13:97 (ASM); the Paseo site, AZ BB:13:111 (ASM); AZ BB:13:539 (ASM); AZ BB:13:832 (ASM); and AZ BB:13:833 (ASM). The Paseo site — AZ BB:13:111 (A SM )-w as formerly known as the Lee's Mill site. The name change was motivated by two factors. Thiel's research (Chapter 11, this volume) found the name to be a misnomer with the mill known historically as either Rowlett's Flour Mill or the Pioneer Mill. With the primary component of the site dating to the Agua Caliente phase, the Lee's Mill name caused confusion when discussing the site during public outreach efforts, creation of signage along the park trials, and in this volume. The Paseo site will be added to AZSITE as the primary site name The largest prehistoric occupation found in the project area was the Agua Caliente phase component at the Paseo site. Compared with other Agua Caliente components in the Tucson Basin, the 26 pithouses uncovered at the Paseo site mark the site as the largest currently recorded in the Tucson Basin. Analysis of the radiocarbon dates places the occupation between A.D. 425 and 540.

Settlement Dynamics on a Transitional Landscape: Investigations of Cultural Resources for the State Route 77 - Snowflake Passing Lanes Project, Navajo County, Arizona describes the results of investigations of seven prehistoric and historic sites along State Route 77 north of Snowflake, in Navajo County, Arizona. Between August 2009 and June 2012, fieldwork was conducted in three phases in advance of the construction of passing lanes and culvert extensions. Seven sites, with artifacts or features dating between the Middle Archaic and A.D. 1978 were investigated. These include: AZ P:8:61 (ASM); AZ P:8:62 (ASM); Five Mile Draw, AZ P:8:63 (ASM); Beethoven, AZ P:8:65 (ASM); Spider Hill, AZ P:8:66 (ASM); Go Go, AZ P:8:93 (ASM); and State Route 77, AZ BB:2:78 (ASM). The goal of the research was to more fully understand the human history of the southern margins of the Colorado Plateau along the Silver Creek corridor. Archaeological, ethnographic, and historical methods were used to explore this dynamic cultural landscape. Further, the new investigations provided an opportunity to incorporate previously underpublished archaeological work from the 1973 and 1974 Snowflake Field School, an effort that added temporal depth to project data, and when consistent patterns were identified, strengthened interpretations. A major contribution of the State Route 77 - Snowflake Passing Lanes project is a study of how farming peoples began to create enduring settlements as population began to grow in the region (and the Southwest more generally) in the seventh century A.D. Project sites also show that settlement trajectory reached its maximum spatial extent in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. While occupation by Hopi and Zuni ancestors continued thereafter, it was outside the project area. Sites and features also provided information about the development of the modern rural economies. State Route 77 is just the most recent of the many pre-Hispanic and historic corridors through the region. The remains of the corridors themselves and the features that developed alongside provided a glimpse into the Mormon, Basque, and Apache history in this area from the years after the Civil War until A.D. 1946.

Burial assemblage descriptions from archaeological investigations at the prehistoric site of Las Capas, AZ AA:12:111 (ASM), situated in the Tucson Basin of southern Arizona, are provided in this report. Testing and data recovery excavations at Las Capas were conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., from August 2008 through September 2009, with smaller phases of fieldwork in 2012 and 2013, as part of Pima County's Regional Wastewater Reclamation Department Regional Optimization Master Plan (ROMP). This massive project involved major upgrades and expansion of wastewater facilities at the Tres Rios Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF). Funding was provided by Pima County, and the excavations were conducted under the supervision of their Office of Cultural Resources and Historic Preservation, which requires all projects to adhere to the Federal standards of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended). Las Capas is located in the northern Tucson Basin, situated on the eastern bank of the Santa Cruz River, just downstream from the confluences of the river with Rillito Creek and Cañada del Oro Wash. This is the point in the Santa Cruz River Valley where all major tributaries in the surrounding watersheds converge because of the terrain and the gradient, making it an ideal location for agriculture due to high water table levels and predictable streamflow. The great majority of features recovered at Las Capas dated to the San Pedro phase (A.D. 1200-800 B.C.) of the Early Agricultural period (2100 B.C.-A.D. 50). The archaeological excavations allowed the singular opportunity of investigating a large area of the site in detail and intensity, providing the most comprehensive look at a San Pedro phase farming community conducted, to date, in southern Arizona. Backhoe trenches were excavated over most of the wastewater facility area to document the extent of archaeological deposits. Following this effort, intensive excavations were conducted in loci where new plant facilities were to be constructed (identified as Loci AE; Loci F-H were only treated during the exploratory phase of the project). Data recovery resulted in the identification of more than 5,500 prehistoric features, of which 3,455 were excavated or tested. Investigated feature types included 53 pithouses, 8 possible pithouses, 22 extramural surfaces, 610 bell-shaped pits, 49 large pits, 2,099 small pits, 490 roasting pits, 40 pits of unknown or other function, 20 inhumations, 2 cremations, and 11 animal burials. The excavations resulted in the recovery of more than 113,000 artifacts and 7,300 samples of various kinds, representing the largest quantity of San Pedro phase material recovered yet from the Tucson Basin. A large agricultural field system was also discovered containing primary and lateral canals that delivered irrigation water from the Santa Cruz River to hundreds of small fields. This field system has now been well-documented, and its history of development and modification through time reconstructed in detail. Primary research issues investigated at Las Capas include chronology, artifact analyses, irrigation technology, subsistence systems, and syntheses of Early Agricultural lifeways. In short, the excavations at Las Capas have provided an ideal opportunity to study an Early Agricultural irrigation community in detail from the "production" end—fields, canals, and their contexts — to the "consumption" end of domestic living. The results of the Las Capas investigations are presented in a series of Anthropological Papers, Technical Reports, and a book published, variously, by Archaeology Southwest and Desert Archaeology. The two Anthropological Papers provide a broad overview and synthetic examination of the site, with a specific emphasis on the reconstruction of prehistoric life in the northern Tucson Basin during the Early Agricultural period San Pedro phase. One volume (Anthropological Papers No. 50) provides the environmental and cultural context of the Las Capas project area. The environmental setting is discussed in detail, as it is the "stage" on which all cultural behavior is enacted. The complex mix of environment and culture defines the "Anthropogenic Landscape," the overarching research theme of the Las Capas Archaeological Project. The other volume (Anthropological Papers No. 51) explores the cultural and behavioral components of the San Pedro phase Las Capas occupation and the Early Agricultural period occupation of the Tucson Basin in general. The five Technical Reports focus on more specific research issues, providing data that may be of interest to a more limited or specialized audience. The Technical Reports include discussions of the field methods, feature descriptions and descriptions of the mortuary assemblage, and an experimental analysis examining Early Agricultural period agriculture and ground stone tool production. A map packet is also included as a Technical Report, with areal maps showing the project area and feature location by individual locus. Finally, the book is available that presents the first comprehensive study of Early Agricultural period projectile points in the greater Southwest United States, including both typological and behavioral interpretations.

Field methods and extramural feature descriptions are presented in this report from archaeological investigations at the prehistoric site of Las Capas, AZ AA:12:111 (ASM), situated in the Tucson Basin of southern Arizona. Testing and data recovery excavations at Las Capas were conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., from August 2008 through September 2009, with smaller phases of fieldwork in 2012 and 2013, as part of Pima County's Regional Wastewater Reclamation Department Regional Optimization Master Plan (ROMP). This massive project involved major upgrades and expansion of wastewater facilities at the Tres Rios Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF). Funding was provided by Pima County, and the excavations were conducted under the supervision of their Office of Cultural Resources and Historic Preservation, which requires all projects to adhere to the Federal standards of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended). Las Capas is located in the northern Tucson Basin, situated on the eastern bank of the Santa Cruz River, just downstream from the confluences of the river with Rillito Creek and Cañada del Oro Wash. This is the point in the Santa Cruz River Valley where all major tributaries in the surrounding watersheds converge because of the terrain and the gradient, making it an ideal location for agriculture due to high water table levels and predictable streamflow. The great majority of features recovered at Las Capas dated to the San Pedro phase (A.D. 1200-800 B.C.) of the Early Agricultural period (2100 B.C.-A.D. 50). The archaeological excavations allowed the singular opportunity of investigating a large area of the site in detail and intensity, providing the most comprehensive look at a San Pedro phase farming community conducted, to date, in southern Arizona. Backhoe trenches were excavated over most of the wastewater facility area to document the extent of archaeological deposits. Following this effort, intensive excavations were conducted in loci where new plant facilities were to be constructed (identified as Loci AE; Loci F-H were only treated during the exploratory phase of the project). Data recovery resulted in the identification of more than 5,500 prehistoric features, of which 3,455 were excavated or tested. Investigated feature types included 53 pithouses, 8 possible pithouses, 22 extramural surfaces, 610 bell-shaped pits, 49 large pits, 2,099 small pits, 490 roasting pits, 40 pits of unknown or other function, 20 inhumations, 2 cremations, and 11 animal burials. The excavations resulted in the recovery of more than 113,000 artifacts and 7,300 samples of various kinds, representing the largest quantity of San Pedro phase material recovered yet from the Tucson Basin. A large agricultural field system was also discovered containing primary and lateral canals that delivered irrigation water from the Santa Cruz River to hundreds of small fields. This field system has now been well-documented, and its history of development and modification through time reconstructed in detail. Primary research issues investigated at Las Capas include chronology, artifact analyses, irrigation technology, subsistence systems, and syntheses of Early Agricultural lifeways. In short, the excavations at Las Capas have provided an ideal opportunity to study an Early Agricultural irrigation community in detail from the "production" end—fields, canals, and their contexts — to the "consumption" end of domestic living. The results of the Las Capas investigations are presented in a series of Anthropological Papers, Technical Reports, and a book published, variously, by Archaeology Southwest and Desert Archaeology. The two Anthropological Papers provide a broad overview and synthetic examination of the site, with a specific emphasis on the reconstruction of prehistoric life in the northern Tucson Basin during the Early Agricultural period San Pedro phase. One volume (Anthropological Papers No. 50) provides the environmental and cultural context of the Las Capas project area. The environmental setting is discussed in detail, as it is the "stage" on which all cultural behavior is enacted. The complex mix of environment and culture defines the "Anthropogenic Landscape," the overarching research theme of the Las Capas Archaeological Project. The other volume (Anthropological Papers No. 51) explores the cultural and behavioral components of the San Pedro phase Las Capas occupation and the Early Agricultural period occupation of the Tucson Basin in general. The five Technical Reports focus on more specific research issues, providing data that may be of interest to a more limited or specialized audience. The Technical Reports include discussions of the field methods, feature descriptions and descriptions of the mortuary assemblage, and an experimental analysis examining Early Agricultural period agriculture and ground stone tool production. A map packet is also iv Abstract included as a Technical Report, with areal maps showing the project area and feature location by individual locus. Finally, the book is available that presents the first comprehensive study of Early Agricultural period projectile points in the greater Southwest United States, including both typological and behavioral interpretations.

The archaeological excavations documented in this volume examine the Hohokam village of La Villa, AZ T:12:148 (ASM). From its founding in the sixth century A.D., until abandonment in the eleventh century, La Villa was one of the largest villages in the Phoenix Basin. Current excavations preceded the installation of a storm drain that was part of the larger Storm Drain project and provided a rare glimpse of a large pre-Classic period village. Fieldwork occurred in multiple phases. Archaeological data recovery was conducted within the project alignment along in four phases of fieldwork. The work was observed by an archaeological monitor. The alignment in was tested, and because no features were identified, no further work was conducted. Most of the work was conducted in where dense occupation was encountered. The long-lived occupations encountered are in the heart of the village of La Villa. In total, 241 features were identified, including 80 pithouses, 98 extramural features, and 63 mortuary features. Located just north of the western plaza at La Villa, the project area contained dense, persistent settlement. Particularly dense were areas located closest to the western plaza. On the northern and western margins of the project area, settlement, while dense by most standards, was temporally patchy, occupied for one or more intervals but exhibiting gaps. From the founding of La Villa, its inhabitants were farmers. As productive specialization developed, particularly in ceramics but also in other goods, farming became increasingly important for the people of La Villa. Agricultural products became not only sources of sustenance, but also goods that could be exchanged for shell, ceramics, and other goods. Fieldwork revealed contexts spanning much of the Hohokam pre-Classic. Features were excavated dating from the Red Mountain phase through the Middle Sacaton, with the interval from Vahki through Early Sacaton being best represented. One of the strengths of the excavated data set is this incredible temporal sample, which revealed that change at La Villa came in fits and starts, interspersed by periods of remarkable continuity.

This report documents Phase II data recovery at a portion of the project site performed by archaeologists from Jacobs Engineering (Jacobs) in Phoenix, Arizona. Under contract with Maricopa County Department of Transportation (MCDOT), archaeologists from Jacobs conducted data recovery at the site from January 8, 2013, through May 1, 2013. The Phase II data recovery resulted in the discovery of 104 features and excavation of 85 features, along with the recovery of thousands of artifacts.

House and extramural feature descriptions from archaeological investigations at the prehistoric site of Las Capas, AZ AA:12:111 (ASM), situated in the Tucson Basin of southern Arizona, are provided in this report. Testing and data recovery excavations at Las Capas were conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., from August 2008 through September 2009, with smaller phases of fieldwork in 2012 and 2013, as part of Pima County's Regional Wastewater Reclamation Department Regional Optimization Master Plan (ROMP). This massive project involved major upgrades and expansion of wastewater facilities at the Tres Rios Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF). Funding was provided by Pima County, and the excavations were conducted under the supervision of their Office of Cultural Resources and Historic Preservation, which requires all projects to adhere to the Federal standards of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended). Las Capas is located in the northern Tucson Basin, situated on the eastern bank of the Santa Cruz River, just downstream from the confluences of the river with Rillito Creek and Cañada del Oro Wash. This is the point in the Santa Cruz River Valley where all major tributaries in the surrounding watersheds converge because of the terrain and the gradient, making it an ideal location for agriculture due to high water table levels and predictable streamflow. The great majority of features recovered at Las Capas dated to the San Pedro phase (A.D. 1200-800 B.C.) of the Early Agricultural period (2100 B.C.-A.D. 50). The archaeological excavations allowed the singular opportunity of investigating a large area of the site in detail and intensity, providing the most comprehensive look at a San Pedro phase farming community conducted, to date, in southern Arizona. Backhoe trenches were excavated over most of the wastewater facility area to document the extent of archaeological deposits. Following this effort, intensive excavations were conducted in loci where new plant facilities were to be constructed (identified as Loci AE; Loci F-H were only treated during the exploratory phase of the project). Data recovery resulted in the identification of more than 5,500 prehistoric features, of which 3,455 were excavated or tested. Investigated feature types included 53 pithouses, 8 possible pithouses, 22 extramural surfaces, 610 bell-shaped pits, 49 large pits, 2,099 small pits, 490 roasting pits, 40 pits of unknown or other function, 20 inhumations, 2 cremations, and 11 animal burials. The excavations resulted in the recovery of more than 113,000 artifacts and 7,300 samples of various kinds, representing the largest quantity of San Pedro phase material recovered yet from the Tucson Basin. A large agricultural field system was also discovered containing primary and lateral canals that delivered irrigation water from the Santa Cruz River to hundreds of small fields. This field system has now been well-documented, and its history of development and modification through time reconstructed in detail. Primary research issues investigated at Las Capas include chronology, artifact analyses, irrigation technology, subsistence systems, and syntheses of Early Agricultural lifeways. In short, the excavations at Las Capas have provided an ideal opportunity to study an Early Agricultural irrigation community in detail from the "production" end—fields, canals, and their contexts — to the "consumption" end of domestic living. The results of the Las Capas investigations are presented in a series of Anthropological Papers, Technical Reports, and a book published, variously, by Archaeology Southwest and Desert Archaeology. The two Anthropological Papers provide a broad overview and synthetic examination of the site, with a specific emphasis on the reconstruction of prehistoric life in the northern Tucson Basin during the Early Agricultural period San Pedro phase. One volume (Anthropological Papers No. 50) provides the environmental and cultural context of the Las Capas project area. The environmental setting is discussed in detail, as it is the "stage" on which all cultural behavior is enacted. The complex mix of environment and culture defines the "Anthropogenic Landscape," the overarching research theme of the Las Capas Archaeological Project. The other volume (Anthropological Papers No. 51) explores the cultural and behavioral components of the San Pedro phase Las Capas occupation and the Early Agricultural period occupation of the Tucson Basin in general. The five Technical Reports focus on more specific research issues, providing data that may be of interest to a more limited or specialized audience. The Technical Reports include discussions of the field methods, feature descriptions and descriptions of the mortuary assemblage, and an experimental analysis examining Early Agricultural period agriculture and ground stone tool production. A map packet is also included as a Technical Report, with areal maps showing the project area and feature location by individual locus. Finally, the book is available that presents the first comprehensive study of Early Agricultural period projectile points in the greater Southwest United States, including both typological and behavioral interpretations.

Pima County Wastewater proposed construction of a bleeder channel on a City of Tucson-owned parcel in Pima County, Arizona. The parcel is within the northern boundary of the prehistoric site of Los Pozos, AZ AA:12:91 (ASM), a National Register of Historic Places-eligible property dating primarily to the Early Agricultural period (1200 B.C.-A.D. 50). The channel was planned from a bridge culvert on an access road to the RWRD Sweetwater Reclamation Campus to an existing rip-rap drainage channel along the northern boundary of the campus. Desert Archaeology, Inc., was contracted to mitigate the potential effects construction would have on significant cultural resources. Phase 1 data recovery was completed in the central portion of the project parcel, which contains the main portion of a paleochannel complex related to the Santa Cruz River. Upon discovery of cultural features in and along the edge of channel deposits in the eastern portion of the parcel, Phase 2 data recovery was completed in that area, as well as in the western portion of the project parcel outside of and along the channel. No intact cultural remains were found in the heavily disturbed western portion. Phase 2 investigations consisted of horizontal exposures of feature outlines through mechanical stripping and hand-excavation of features. Investigations revealed a Hohokam-aged cemetery area and non-mortuary features ceramically dated to the pre-Classic (Late Rincon phase) and the Classic (Tanque Verde phase) period. Early Agricultural period features associated with the primary Los Pozos occupation were not recovered. Discovered features included four inhumations of predominantly very young individuals (neonate/infant/juvenile), one adult inhumation, and four non-mortuary pits, including a hearth and a possible ceramic firing facility or a bell-shaped roasting pit. No habitation structures were found in the explored portions of the parcel. The two most significant cultural findings are the possible evidence for local ceramic production and the presence of large outcurved bowls in three of the four infant inhumations. Based on this and other examples of this vessel type found with infant/child inhumations and cremations, a pattern of mortuary group events appears to have begun during the Late Rincon phase, continuing into the Classic period. The third significant finding from this small project is the discovery of the paleochannel segment. The same channel has been previously identified to the southeast and represents a substantial overflow channel of the ancient Santa Cruz River, most active during the Early Agricultural period. The northwestern extension of the channel in the project parcel may reflect the point at which the overflow channel begins to return to the main river channel after reaching maximum divergence. The overall significance of the findings lies in the discovery of another preserved Hohokam locus, a mortuary locality. Although only sporadically preserved and discovered, cumulative Hohokam-age finds at Los Pozos and the adjacent Wetlands site indicate, beyond a doubt, that the mid-through late sequence ceramic-aged settlement of the greater area was a fully fledged occupation of duration and intensity.

In this volume, the easternmost portion of the State Route (SR) 260 —Payson to Heber Archaeological project is described. Driving east from where the SR 260 project begins near Payson, Arizona, the environment changes from rolling hills and meadows to narrow ridges and perennial streams. There are few open areas as the road winds between the Mogollon Rim to the north and Christopher Mountain to the south. Prehistoric and historic sites are situated on the hills and terraces above the permanent waterways, including Christopher Creek, Sharp Creek, and Hunter Creek. These streams provide natural corridors through a rugged environment. A mile east of the Christopher Creek segment, the road begins a steep, 2-mile climb up the Mogollon Rim to crest in the aspen forests of the Chevelon drainage. The planned realignment of SR 260 between Payson and Heber by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) has resulted in a multiphase archaeological investigation of the construction right-of-way. Although the overall construction project is 46 miles long, surveys only identified archaeological sites in the western 22 miles of the project, in the area below the Mogollon Rim on the Tonto National Forest (TNF). Construction work is planned in six phases, from west to east, Lion Springs, Preacher Canyon, Little Green Valley, Kohls Ranch, Doubtful Canyon, and Christopher Creek. The most dangerous sections of the highway are scheduled for realignment first; therefore, the archaeological work does not follow an orderly west-to-east progression. The first portion of the highway to be constructed was the Preacher Canyon section, located between mileposts 260 and 263 near the western end of the project area (Herr, ed. 2012). This report describes the results of investigations in the Christopher Creek section and Sharp Creek Campground. The Christopher Creek section is the second portion of the highway to be investigated and one of the longest sections in the SR 260 project area, located between mileposts 272 and 278. Because highway construction will remove U.S. Forest Service camping spaces elsewhere in the SR 260 project area, Sharp Creek Campground was constructed as part of the ADOT project. The Sharp Creek Campground is adjacent to the Christopher Creek section, and although fieldwork was conducted in separate phases, the sites are discussed together. The testing phase at the Sharp Creek Campground was conducted in November and December 1999, and data recovery was conducted between April and June 2000. The testing phase investigations of the Christopher Creek section were conducted in May and June 2000, and data recovery was conducted in October and November 2000. In all, 17 sites, dating between 1360 B.C. and the late Historic era, were investigated. Approximately 507 person-days were expended on fieldwork.

In 1997, a group of scholars assembled at the Amerind Foundation in Dragoon, Arizona, for five and one-half days of secluded focused discussion on the archaeology and history of an area largely absent from archaeological reports and history books, southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. The researchers present at the seminar included Bruce Masse, Anne Woosley, Allan MacIntyre, Jeff Altschul, John Douglas, Jeff Clark, Bill Doolittle, Jim Neely, Jerry Howard, Peggy Nelson, Jonathan Mabry, Tom Sheridan, and the author. The discussion session was followed by a field visit to some nearby sites, and in June of 1998, the group was led on an extensive tour of the Safford Basin and the lower San Pedro Valley so that everyone could see, firsthand, the setting and settlement in these prehistorically heavily populated regions. Although all the researchers agreed there was utility in treating the assigned study area as a useful geographical region, they were initially hampered by the lack of a term with which to refer to it. Cultural labels did not fit, because as a region, it trended, at times, one way or another — Hohokam, San Simon, Dragoon, Mimbres, Mogollon, Salado, or Casas Grandes — depending on time and personal bent. Consequently, the researchers were asked to look at such labels with a critical eye in their studies. Terms such as "international four corners" and the much longer "southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico" could be defined and used, although they are unwieldy. In fact, the latter term is used here to some degree for lack of another unambiguous geographical referent. Allan McIntyre suggested the term "a land between," which captures the essence of the region and theme of this volume, for it truly is a land caught between the better known and less known, between Mimbres and Hohokam, between Salado and Casas Grandes. The researchers who contributed to this volume who had conducted fieldwork in the region were asked to use it as an opportunity to publish much more than the usual amount of data for a synthetic volume of this sort. Because the region has few population centers and minimal local level cultural resource management regulations, the explosion of contract archaeology work that has transformed the discipline's knowledge of the Tucson-Phoenix corridor barely touched the Land Between—and most of that work occurred after the 1997 seminar. Consequently, much of the fieldwork in the region was conducted on shoestring budgets and private funding. Even part of one of the largest contract projects in the region, the work along a proposed highway route in the lower San Pedro Valley, which resulted in the excavations at the Peppersauce Wash sites — Alder Wash Ruin, AZ BB:6:9 (ASM), Una Cholla, AZ BB:6:18 (ASM), and Dos Bisnagas, AZ BB:6:7 (ASM)—was never published due to funding cuts from the highway department. With the Amerind Foundation setting a strong precedent from the work of Charles Di Peso, who published his raw data in exhaustive and very useful detail, it seemed only fitting that this volume should strive to do as much as possible to get information out to interested readers. As a result of the data focus of the volume, the reader will encounter some extreme swings in the lengths and detail included in the regional summaries, a direct result of the quantities of new or previously unpublished data available to the researchers involved. For example, the extensive unpublished data accessible to Masse, Gregonis, and Slaughter from their work in the lower San Pedro resulted in a much more data rich and lengthy chapter than the chapters by Douglas on the San Bernardino Valley, and Altschul, Vanderpot, Quijada, and Heckman on the upper San Pedro. For the San Bernardino Valley, there has not been as much work, so there are no data to publish. Much of the work from the middle and upper San Pedro has been published in technical reports in recent years, so it made more sense for the authors to summarize this work for a broader audience.

This report documents archaeological data recovery by Desert Archaeology, Inc., at three archaeological sites, AZ U:14:292 (ASM), AZ U:14:437 (ASM), and AZ U:14:438 (ASM), found inside Western Area Power Administration's (Western) Coolidge Substation, Pinal County, Arizona. Archaeological fieldwork was conducted in two phases. The first phase focused on a larger area within the substation and was reported on by Darby et al. (2012). The current report focuses on the second phase of fieldwork, which examined a limited area that is to be directly affected by Western's current improvement plans. The second round of fieldwork was completed in accordance with an approved data recovery plan that prescribed archaeological investigations in advance of adding equipment to the substation (Lindeman 2012). This plan also specified that three prehistoric canals from U:14:437, identified by Darby et al. (2012) during the initial phase of work, would be examined in greater detail in concert with analysis for the second phase of fieldwork. Data recovery fieldwork took place in the portion of U:14:292 that will be encompassed by the new interior substation fence. The boundary of U:14:292 had been extended into this area based on the results of the first phase of archaeological fieldwork (Darby et al. 2012). The second phase of fieldwork did not reveal any archaeological features in the area, and Desert Archaeology recommends the boundary of U:14:292 be shifted northward, outside the second phase study area. Figures in this document use the new site boundary. No additional fieldwork was conducted at U:14:437, and the analysis presented in Chapter 3 uses information collected by Darby et al. (2012).

The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), through its contractor, HDR Engineering, Inc., requested that Desert Archaeology, Inc., conduct Phase 1 and Phase 2 archaeological data recovery investigations at seven prehistoric sites along U.S. 191, approximately 1 mile west of the Navajo community of Wide Ruins, Apache County, Arizona (Elson and Herr 2005; Herr 2006b). The investigations were conducted in the Area of Potential Effects (APE) for construction of a northbound passing lane and turn lanes at the future intersection of Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Road N9345. Between 19 June and 6 July 2006, Phase 1 exploratory investigations were conducted at six sites; a seventh site was examined because human bone had been reported eroding from the road-cut (Benallie 1993). After these intial investigations, Phase 2 data recovery investigations were recommended for four sites: Red Ant, AZ-P-36-81 (NN)/ AZ K:10:28 (ASM); Black Ant, AZ-P-36-70 (NN)/AZ K:10:8 (ASM); Kanine, AZ-P-36-122 (NN)/ AZ K:10:9 (ASM); and Kin Ten Ten, AZ-P-36-125 (NN)/AZ K:10:10 (ASM). The research potential of AZ-P-36-115 (NN)/AZ K:10:12 (ASM) and AZ-P-36-116 (NN)/AZ K:10:13 (ASM) within the APE was exhausted by the exploratory investigations and no further work was conducted at those sites. No human bone was identified in the road-cut at AZ-P- 36-66 (NN)/K:10:11 (ASM), so no work was conducted there. After an on-site review of the Phase 1 work held on 5 July 2006, with Mark Brodbeck (HDR Engineering), William Doelle (Desert Archaeology), Sarah Herr (Desert Archaeology), Ron Maldonado (NNHPD), and David Zimmerman (ADOT), Desert Archaeology's recommendations for Phase 2 data recovery were reviewed and approved. The second phase of work was conducted between 10 July and 24 August 2006. A final tour for agency personnel was held on 14 August 2006. A total of 295 crew and 143 supervisor field person-days were spent on data recovery excavations. In this final report, the results of fieldwork and the analyses of artifacts and samples from the six sites investigated during the U.S. 191 Wide Ruins Archaeological project are presented. The current project provides a starting point from which to examine how this place has been used for centuries. Many layers of history are evoked by the landscape, from the shifting sand dunes and waterways measured in geologic time, the life history of houses and settlements explored in archaeological time, and the timeless history of the Navajo, Hopi, and Zuni groups who value and steward the land.

This report presents descriptions of features excavated during the 1998 investigations at the Central Cluster locus of the Los Pozos site, which was occupied during the Late Cienega phase (circa 400 B.C.-A.D. 50) of the Early Agricultural period. The project was conducted for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT Contract 94-46) for the Interstate 10 Corridor Improvement project. Features were identified during the testing phase of the project and subsequently excavated by Desert Archaeology, Inc., personnel under the direction of the late David A. Gregory. The features are discussed in a format consistent with Gregory's (2001a) descriptions of earlier excavations at Los Pozos.

This report summarizes the inventory of Dine (Navajo) Traditional Cultural Properties (TCPs) at Fort Wingate Depot Activity (FWDA). FWDA as a whole is part of Dine Bikeyah (Navajoland) and is connected to and embedded in Dine sacred geographies. As such, it is part of a Dine traditional cultural landscape and is recommended eligible for inclusion on the NRHP as an historic district TCP. Three component landscapes at FWDA that also function as contributing elements to this historic district were identified during the TCP Inventory and are additionally recommended eligible for inclusion on the NRHP, as are the known 187 hogan sites, 107 sweatlodges, 203 livestock corrals, 329 Anasazi sites, and six shrines/offering locations. Because of the historical and cultural significance and integrity of association the Dine have with FWDA lands, their natural and cultural features and resources, it is vital that all future actions and cleanup efforts take into account Dine values, understandings, and beliefs through regular and continual consultation during the FWDA cleanup process.

Approximately 61 percent (74 percent if only the extant portions of the site are considered) of the 60.5-acre Hohokam settlement known as Honey Bee Village, AZ BB:9:88 (ASM) (Arizona State Museum site files designation) was mechanically tested and horizontally exposed during excavations in 2006-2007 by Desert Archaeology, Inc., under contract with Pima County and Rancho Vistoso Partners, LLC. Honey Bee Village is located in the Town of Oro Valley north of Tucson. The core of the village was set aside as a preserve, and only surface documentation was conducted in that area. Elsewhere on the preserved portions of the site most of the village plan was exposed, and excavations revealed 2,004 primary features. This is part 2 of 2

Logan Simpson Design Inc., under contract to SRP, completed Phase I archeological data recovery at five sites and Phase II data recovery at two of the sites along the Pinal West To Pinal Central Extra-High Voltage Transmission Line and at the Pinal Central substation site, Pinal County, Arizona. The sites are located south and east of the town of Casa Grande. Three of the sites—AZ AA:1:104(ASM), AZ AA:2:301 (ASM), and AZ AA:2:303(ASM)— are Historic era and two—AZ AA:2:284(ASM) and AZ A:2:285(ASM)— are prehistoric sites. The three historic sites were subject to additional archival research in an effort to document their origin, use, and to determine their National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) significance. Subsurface testing was conducted at only one of the Historic era sites—AZ AA:1:104(ASM), a large Euroamerican trash dump associated with the town of Casa Grande. Testing was undertaken to determine if subsurface cultural features and deposits were associated with a small masonry foundation located at the northern edge of the site within the SRP project corridor; none were identified.

The Tanque Verde W ash site, AZ BB:13:68 (ASM), is a small agricultural village located in the eastern Tucson Basin, approximately 25 km east of the large riverine settlements along the Santa Cruz River. The northwest locus of the site was investigated during the current project for the City of Tucson prior to residential development, complementing previous investigations in the southeast locus. Including all work at the site, 57 pithouses have now been sampled or completely excavated, in addition to 43 mortuary features and hundreds of extramural pits. Occupation of the site probably began during the Rillito phase (A.D. 850-950) and continued into the transitional Late Rincon/Tanque Verde phase (A.D. 1100-1200). The most intensive occupation was during the Middle Rincon phase (A.D. 1000¬ 1100), particularly during the Middle Rincon 2 (A.D. 1040-1080) and Middle Rincon 3 (A.D. 1080-1100) subphases Archaeological investigations focused on the courtyard group or household, the basic economic and social unit of Hohokam settlement. Occupation of the site grew from one or two households during the Rillito/Early Rincon phase, to five households during the Middle Rincon 2 and 3. The site was largely depopulated by the Late Rincon phase, which contained two households, while only a single household was occupied during the final Late Rincon/Tanque Verde phase. Household estimates are the minimum number, because one-third to one-half of the site area has not been systematically investigated, although limited testing has shown that additional Middle Rincon structures are present. The Tanque Verde Wash site data strongly suggest that settlement and subsistence systems seen in the more intensively studied Santa Cruz River area also occurred in the eastern Tucson Basin, where Middle Rincon settlement consisted of dispersed "rancheria" sites that aggregated into fewer, but larger, sites during the Classic period. The apparent depopulation of the site sometime in the Late Rincon phase also suggests it was during this time that aggregation began. The inhabitants of the Tanque Verde Wash site made very few artifacts, consisting primarily of expedient flaked and ground stone tools. The lack of pottery-production tools suggests that even ceramics compatible with the "local" petrofacies were not made at the site itself. Tanque Verde Wash households were therefore not craft producers, but rather, were craft consumers, importing most of their pottery, shell jewelry, and ground stone tools. Petrographic data indicate the source for most of the decorated and approximately 40 percent of the plain ware ceramics was the Beehive Petrofacies along the Santa Cruz River, where large pottery-producing sites have been documented. Goods exchanged by the Tanque Verde Wash site inhabitants for these artifacts likely included higher elevation resources, above 4,000 ft, easily accessible in the nearby Santa Catalina and Rincon mountains. These resources included agave, acorns, and pieces of micaceous schist. Micaceous schist, found only in these mountains, was a highly desirable ceramic temper, and has been recovered in significant quantities from pottery-producing sites along the Santa Cruz River, where it is intrusive. The Tanque Verde Wash site inhabitants may have also engaged in limited craft specialization, specifically in the manufacture of mica ornaments. The Tanque Verde Wash data strongly suggest each household functioned in a relatively independent manner. This is based on differences in food resources and ceramics among contemporaneous households, including those in close proximity to each other. This further suggests that each household may have had specific trade-partner ties with households at other sites, possibly based on kinship. Craft specialization in mica ornament production was also household specific, involving two or three of the five Middle Rincon households. Significantly, ethnobotanical and artifact data also suggest the Middle Rincon households in the southeast locus were wealthier, or better off, than contemporaneous households in the northwest locus, raising the possibility that status-based ranking or social stratifaction was present in Tucson Basin Hohokam society.

This document summarizes the results of a phased archaeological data recovery program along a narrow pipeline corridor between the Pima County Regional Wastewater Reclamation Department’s existing Roger Road and Ina Road facilities. The work was conducted by Northland Research, Inc. prior to the installation of a new gravity-flow sewer line connecting the two wastewater facilities. Northland’s Pima County Plant Interconnect Project (PCPIP) investigated seven archaeological sites that have been determined eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D (information potential). The investigations were designed to document, collect, and analyze data from those portions of the sites that fell within the pipeline corridor.

Results of large-scale excavations conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., personnel in 2000, at the Julian Wash site, AZ BB:13:17 (ASM), are reported in two volumes. Data recovery focused on portions of the site that were to be directly impacted by construction of the new highway interchange, while portions of the site not impacted were set aside as preserves later incorporated into a regional park. Excavations focused on four areas with concentrations of prehistoric cultural features. The investigations resulted in the partial or complete excavation of 244 features: 90 pit structures or possible structures, 35 human burial features from a single cemetery, and 119 extramural features. Over 59,000 artifacts were collected in addition to hundreds of soil, mineral, pollen, radiocarbon, and archaeomagnetic samples. Most of the features were prehistoric, ranging in age from the Late Cienega phase (400 B.C.-A.D. 50) to the Late Rincon phase (A.D. 1100-1150), although a small Historic era ditch and single modern dog and modern cat burials were also uncovered. Long term residential stability of up to several hundred years was documented for some multigenerational households at Julian Wash represented by overbuilt courtyard groups. Some level of larger macrosocial unit was indicated by a cemetery that was clearly linked to a larger-than-household social unit. Data were synthesized for all the various excavations at the site, and the most likely location of the central plaza is identified. The single most significant discovery of the project was demonstrable proof that Sedentary period (A.D. 950-1150) inhabitants were acquiring sand, and presumably clay, from the western side of the Santa Cruz River for the production of pottery on site and that the village-level specialization in pottery production previously documented at the West Branch site, AZ AA:16:3 (ASM), was occurring at a cluster of settlements in the southern Tucson Basin, Julian Wash included, all of which shared the same resources. Other important findings included the documentation of specific ritual behavior involving the use of palettes and evidence of varied craft and food production activities.

This book presents the results of the archaeological investigations that were conducted along then Light Rail route before and during its construction. As with any project that receives federal funding, METRO was legally required to undertake archaeological investigations along the project corridor; but production of this volume reflects not only METRO's commitment to legal compliance with environmental laws, but also the commitment of the cities of Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa to preserve and protect the rich prehistoric and historic heritage upon which they are built— a heritage that is reflected in the very name of Phoenix. As a result of our investigations, we encountered a wealth of archaeological materials, investigated 1,049 features, and recovered over a quarter of a million artifacts— not surprising given that the Light Rail route traverses numerous prehistoric villages that were occupied by the Hohokam about 1,000 years ago. While only a very few of these artifacts can be described in this volume, most of them are curated (stored under controlled conditions so they can be preserved for future generations of researchers) at three local museums— Pueblo Grande Museum in Phoenix, the Tempe Historical Museum in Tempe, and the Arizona Museum of Natural History in Mesa. Here we discuss some of the more interesting prehistoric and historic artifacts and features that we found, and relate how their analysis has advanced what we know about the prehistoric and early historic occupations of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Data recovery investigations and monitoring conducted for the CP/EV Light Rail project resulted in the discovery and excavation of 141 mortuary features and the recovery of skeletal remains from a minimum of 152 individuals. Of these, 31 mortuary features (33 individuals) were recovered from Pueblo Grande (AZ U:9:1[ASM]) and 110 mortuary features (119 individuals) were recovered from La Plaza (AZ U:9:165[ASM]). Although in comparison with earlier investigations the size of the samples is modest, the aim of this chapter is to explore what mortuary practices and skeletal remains reveal about the early inhabitants of the Phoenix Basin. This is Volume III of the report which covers the bioarchaeological analysis of finds encountered during this project.

Northland Research, Inc. (Northland) has completed archaeological investigations within a portion of the Pueblo del Rio site, AZ T:12:116(ASM), a large Hohokam habitation site located in southwest Phoenix. The investigations were designed to collect information and analyze materials from a sample of features at the site in order to mitigate the impacts of commercial development (Moore and Stahman 2007). The work was sponsored by the Stravinski Development Group, LLC, in conformance with Section 802(A.1) of the City of Phoenix Preservation Ordinance and the Office of the City Archaeologist, and to comply with regulations outlined in the Arizona Antiquities Act and A.R.S. §41-865 concerning the treatment of human remains. The site of Pueblo del Rio has been determined eligible for the National Register of Historic Places on the basis of its potential to inform on the prehistory of south-central Arizona (Criterion D). Northland’s archaeological investigations at Pueblo del Rio were conducted in two phases—an extensive testing phase (Phase 1) followed by an intensive excavation phase (Phase 2). The testing phase was conducted between December 28, 2006 and January 15, 2007 under the direction of Scotty B. Moore. Eighty backhoe trenches, totaling 1,584 linear meters, were excavated as part of testing, resulting in the discovery of 83 cultural features, including 5 pit houses, 10 possible pit houses, 2 prehistoric canals, 59 non-thermal pits, 3 thermal pits, 2 middens, 1 trash layer, and 1 secondary cremation. Temporally diagnostic ceramics observed during testing suggested the site was occupied primarily during the Hohokam Colonial period, ca. A.D. 750-950, though a possible Sedentary period component, ca. A.D. 950-1150, was also noted (Moore and Gage 2007). Based on this evidence, Northland recommended that additional archaeological investigations be conducted to mitigate the adverse effects of development on the site (Moore and Stahman 2007). Fieldwork for Phase 2 data recovery was conducted between February 21 and May 11, 2007 under the direction of Gina S. Gage. A roughly 6,300 square meter area was mechanically stripped as part of these data recovery efforts, resulting in the discovery of 583 features associated with the prehistoric occupation of Pueblo del Rio. Among the feature types identified were pit houses, thermal pits, non-thermal pits, trash concentrations, artifact caches, burials, and canals. Both cremations and inhumations were found in the portion of the site investigated. Priority during the excavations was given to removing all human remains, determining if features identified in the southern portion of the project area were associated with an Early Agricultural or Late Archaic component, and exploring Hohokam features in the central portion of the project area. Following City of Phoenix archaeological guidelines (Bostwick 2006:15), efforts were made to bound the distribution of burials by establishing a 10-m buffer zone around burial features.

As authorized under the Arizona Water Settlements Act of 2004, the San Carlos and Irrigation Drainage District (SCIDD) is undertaking a 10-year rehabilitation project of its irrigation system. SCIDD is the non-Indian irrigation component of the San Carlos Irrigation Project (SCIP), which provides irrigation water to the communities of Florence, Coolidge, and Casa Grande in Pinal County, Arizona. To assist with project planning, Reclamation directed Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) to conduct a Class I overview of the project area, updating previous Class I reports compiled by Doyel et al. (1995) and Woodson (2000). The Class I update revealed that 172 cultural resource investigations have been conducted within the APE and review area. Although the cultural resource surveys cover approximately 22 percent of the APE and review area, most were conducted more than 10 years ago, or are on the verge. As such, only five percent of the review area was adequately surveyed within the last 10 years. In total, 187 sites have been recorded within the APE and review area, and include a variety of site types and ages and eligible, not eligible, and unknown eligibility determinations to the National Register. The bulk of the sites are prehistoric (n = 121) and include Archaic and Hohokam artifact scatters, habitation sites, resource and procurement sites, and sites with features such as petroglyphs and rock features. At least 52 documented sites are historic, a number of which are associated with the SCIDD and Joint Works system. Other historic sites include homestead sites, structures, roads and highways, railroads and trash scatters. Another 12 sites have been characterized as multicomponent, the bulk of which comprise artifact scatters, some with features, with both prehistoric and historic components. The bulk of the sites had not been evaluated for eligibility (n = 65) or no information is available for them (n = 2). Of the remaining cultural resources that were evaluated, two archaeological districts (Blackwater and Florence) and one structure (the Arizona State Prison Captain of the Guards House) are listed on the State Inventory; 34 sites have been determined eligible for inclusion on the State and/or National Registers; 52 have been recommended eligible; one has been recommended for eligibility testing; and 27 have been recommended as not eligible. Three large prehistoric Hohokam habitation sites along the Gila River are listed on the National Register, including Adamsville Ruin (AZ U:15:1[ASM]), Grewe site (AZ AA:2:2[ASM]) and a site cluster (House Mound) within Casa Grande Ruins National Monument (AZ AA:2:16[ASM]). In addition to the projects and site record checks, historic GLO plat maps and MTP records reveal a number of potentially undocumented historic features and structures in the review area including houses, buildings, canals, ditches, fence lines, railroads, roads, utility lines, and agricultural fields. Modern urban development and expansion of agricultural activity in the area may have obscured or obliterated many of these features. This is the Class I report. A photo of a petroglyph identified during the assessment can be accessed at tDAR ID: 393776.

Prehistoric occupation of the Tucson Basin extends back at least 6,000 years. Not surprisingly, as a primary watercourse, the Santa Cruz River has been the focus of much of the prehistoric activity. Approximately 4,000 years ago, early agriculturalists began farming along the banks of the river, supplementing a diet composed primarily of wild foods. As agricultural technology developed, people built canals in the floodplain. The canals increased crop yields and reduced some of the risks associated with floodwater farming. Early in the first millennium A. D., residential architecture suggests movement to increasingly permanent settlements. By the beginning of the sixth century A.D., the first permanent villages appear along the banks of the Santa Cruz. These villages are located on the terraces above the floodplain, and form the basis for a settlement system that would persist for the next 600 years. The Santa Cruz River and other watercourses remained the foci of settlement in the Tucson Basin until the early 1900s, when urban and suburban expansion pushed settlement into areas away from rivers and streams. Oddly, many of the areas that were the focus of prehistoric and early historic occupation along the Santa Cruz River floodplain and adjacent terraces were bypassed by twentieth century expansion. As Tucson continues to grow, that trend is changing. Given the location of the parcel, the intersection of modern development and prehistoric occupation is not surprising. Prehistoric use of the project area extends back to the Early Agricultural period (1200 B. C.-A.D. 50) at AZ BB:13:101 (ASM), although the largest occupations were found at AZ BB:13:74 (ASM) and AZ BB:13:103 (ASM), which date to the Middle Rincon phase (A.D. 1000-1100) of the Hohokam Sedentary period. In all, eight archaeological sites, AZ BB:13:20 (ASM), AZ BB:13:21 (ASM), BB:13:74, BB:13:101, BB:13:103, AZ BB:13:104 (asm), AZ BB:13:105 (ASM), and AZ BB:13:794 (ASM), were investigated as part of the current project. Archaeological fieldwork was completed in accordance with an approved historic properties treatment plan (Chenault 2006) for the Parque de Santa Cruz Development project. Fieldwork in the Parque de Santa Cruz project area was initiated on 25 September 2006, and was completed on 22 November 2006. In February 2007, a discrepancy was found between the southern project area boundary as provided to Desert Archaeology, Inc., and the actual boundary as marked on the ground prior to beginning construction activities. The actual parcel boundary was approximately 15 m farther south than the boundary originally provided to Desert Archaeology. The boundary change was significant because it extended the project area farther into BB:13:74. The additional area was recognized by all parties involved as having a high probability to contain additional prehistoric features, as well as a historical component. After consultation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, it was decided to treat the boundary discrepancy as a post-review discovery. An additional phase of fieldwork was initiated on 26 February 2007, and was completed on 13 March 2007. The final phase of fieldwork entailed burial monitoring during construction. This was conducted during July of 2007. Fieldwork was divided into two segments, based on the geomorphic contexts of the archaeological sites: floodplain and terrace. The Middle Rincon occupations are at the northern end of the Valencia community, a chain of Hohokam settlements that extended along the eastern bank of the Santa Cruz River (Doelle 1988; Doelle and Wallace 1991). Previous investigations at sites within the Valencia community (Bradley 1980; Doelle 1985a; Elson and Doelle 1986; Lindeman 2003, 2006a), including investigations at BB:13:74, provide a unique base of previous research from which to examine similarities and differences among households in a single community. Much of the research presented in the following chapters builds upon this earlier work.