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Die folgende Arbeit setzt sich mit der strategischen Planung von Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (EZA) drei verschiedener Staaten, Deutschland, Österreich und dem Vereinigten Königreich, auseinander. Zu Beginn der Arbeit wurde eine kurze Beschreibung der historischen Entwicklung der EZA dargestellt, sowie die heutigen Diskussionen um das Thema. In der darauffolgenden empirischen Forschung, wurden sechs EZA-Strategien nach Mayrings Methode der „Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse“ analysiert und interpretiert. Danach wurden diese verglichen, um mögliche Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede herauszuarbeiten. Es wurden jeweils zwei Strategien pro Staat gewählt. Selektiert wurden die neuesten Strategien, diese wurden zwischen 2019 und 2022 publiziert, sowie auch Strategien vom Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. Diese Auswahl an Strategien ermöglicht somit nicht nur einen Vergleich zwischen den einzelnen Staaten aber auch einen zwischen verschiedenen zeitlichen Perioden. Der Vergleich zwischen den historischen und modernen Strategien, ermöglicht ein besseres Verständnis über den Einfluss von politischen und sozio-ökonomischen Umständen auf die EZA-Strategien zu gewinnen. Die Ergebnisse der Recherche haben aufgezeigt, dass die Richtlinien und Arbeitsschwerpunkte internationaler Organisationen eine sehr wichtige Rolle in den nationalen EZA-Strategien spielen. Sowohl in der geographischen, als auch in der inhaltlichen Schwerpunktsetzung. Der historische Werdegang der Geberstaaten beeinflusst vor allem die Auswahl der Empfängerstaaten von EZA-Mitteln, denn historische Beziehungen und Verbundenheit führen zu einem höheren Maß an Fördermittel für z.B. ehemalige Kolonien. Außerdem wurde erkannt, dass die ausgewählten Geberstaaten ihre EZA-Fördermittel als Instrument einsetzen, um ihre eigenen Interessen zu fördern. Ein Aspekt der in den Strategiepapieren teilweise angesprochen, aber nicht näher ausgeführt wird. The following master thesis is an analysis of the Official Development Assistance (ODA) strategies of Austria, Germany and the UK. It presents empirical research findings based on a textual content analysis according to Philipp Mayring. The documents studied were the Austrian three-year programmes for foreign aid from 2005 and 2018, including the update from 2020; the German “BMZ 2030 – reform strategy”, from 2020, and the “Poverty Reduction Action Programme 2015”, from 2001; the UK's “Strategy for International Development”, from 2022, and “Eliminating World Poverty”, from 2006. The analyses also included a historical, as well as a current political and socio-economic contextualisation of the policy papers. Based to findings of the analyses, these strategic policy papers were then compared. This was done in order to gain a better understanding of the similarities and differences of ODA strategies of donor countries. The analyses and comparison showed that the current international standards for foreign aid, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) play an important role in national ODA strategies. Another result concluded that the historical trajectories of the countries do influence the priorities set in the strategy, but only to a certain extent. This influence can primarily be seen in the selection and prioritisation of ODA recipient countries. Countries that have a historical relationship to the donor country, for example, being a former colony, are more likely to be recipient countries of ODA. Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Masterarbeit Wien, FH Campus Wien 2022

Phragmites australis is a cosmopolitan grass and often the dominant species in the ecosystems it inhabits. Due to high intraspecific diversity and phenotypic plasticity, P. australis has an extensive ecological amplitude and a great capacity to acclimate to adverse environmental conditions; it can therefore offer valuable insights into plant responses to global change. Here we review the ecology and ecophysiology of prominent P. australis lineages and their responses to multiple forms of global change. Key findings of our review are that: (1) P. australis lineages are well-adapted to regions of their phylogeographic origin and therefore respond differently to changes in climatic conditions such as temperature or atmospheric CO2; (2) each lineage consists of populations that may occur in geographically different habitats and contain multiple genotypes; (3) the phenotypic plasticity of functional and fitness-related traits of a genotype determine the responses to global change factors; (4) genotypes with high plasticity to environmental drivers may acclimate or even vastly expand their ranges, genotypes of medium plasticity must acclimate or experience range-shifts, and those with low plasticity may face local extinction; (5) responses to ancillary types of global change, like shifting levels of soil salinity, flooding, and drought, are not consistent within lineages and depend on adaptation of individual genotypes. These patterns suggest that the diverse lineages of P. australis will undergo intense selective pressure in the face of global change such that the distributions and interactions of co-occurring lineages, as well as those of genotypes within-lineages, are very likely to be altered. We propose that the strong latitudinal clines within and between P. australis lineages can be a useful tool for predicting plant responses to climate change in general and present a conceptual framework for using P. australis lineages to predict plant responses to global change and its consequences.

Phragmites australis is a cosmopolitan grass and often the dominant species in the ecosystems it inhabits. Due to high intraspecific diversity and phenotypic plasticity, P. australis has an extensive ecological amplitude and a great capacity to acclimate to adverse environmental conditions; it can therefore offer valuable insights into plant responses to global change. Here we review the ecology and ecophysiology of prominent P. australis lineages and their responses to multiple forms of global change. Key findings of our review are that: (1) P. australis lineages are well-adapted to regions of their phylogeographic origin and therefore respond differently to changes in climatic conditions such as temperature or atmospheric CO2; (2) each lineage consists of populations that may occur in geographically different habitats and contain multiple genotypes; (3) the phenotypic plasticity of functional and fitness-related traits of a genotype determine the responses to global change factors; (4) genotypes with high plasticity to environmental drivers may acclimate or even vastly expand their ranges, genotypes of medium plasticity must acclimate or experience range-shifts, and those with low plasticity may face local extinction; (5) responses to ancillary types of global change, like shifting levels of soil salinity, flooding, and drought, are not consistent within lineages and depend on adaptation of individual genotypes. These patterns suggest that the diverse lineages of P. australis will undergo intense selective pressure in the face of global change such that the distributions and interactions of co-occurring lineages, as well as those of genotypes within-lineages, are very likely to be altered. We propose that the strong latitudinal clines within and between P. australis lineages can be a useful tool for predicting plant responses to climate change in general and present a conceptual framework for using P. australis lineages to predict plant responses to global change and its consequences.