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Rhabdomyolysis is a condition characterized by the destruction of muscle cells and subsequent release of it's intracellular contents. It is typically asymptomatic, with moderate creatine kinase elevation. Severe cases can involve disseminated intravascular coagulation, liver failure, or acute kidney injury, with a mortality rate of up to 50%. Nutritional supplements containing compounds such as synephrine, caffeine, and clenbuterol have been reported to precipitate rhabdomyolysis. This case describes a 26-year-old male who, after consuming a full jar of fat burners, developed severe abdominal pain, choluria, myalgias, and muscle weakness. He was diagnosed with rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure, requiring intensive care unit admission. The unregulated use of nutritional supplements may be an underestimated risk factor for rhabdomyolysis, especially given the fact that many cases are underdiagnosed.

Background: Arterial hypertension is among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The primary non-pharmacological management of arterial hypertension is isometric grip training, which has shown better results than pharmacological methods; however, it has not been thoroughly studied in large muscle groups. Objective: This study compared the pressor response of isometric exercise training at different intensities, in large groups versus small muscle groups, in sedentary eutrophic and overweight people aged 20-29 years. Methods: A sample of 93 people (57 people with excess weight and 36 people of normal weight) participated in isometric training for 5 days, subdivided into leg press vs. handgrip strength, with different intensities for each subgroup (30 and 50%, 1 RM). Before and after the 5 training days, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BSBP-BDBP and PSBP-PDBP, were measured to evaluate the state of sympathetic activation at rest and pressor response. Results: Changes with significant differences (p <0.05) in terms of pre-post training measurements in the eutrophic group were the BSBP-PSBP variables at 30% and 50% 1 RM for manual isometric grip strength. In the excess weight group, the only significant change was the PSBP variable in handgrip strength at 30% 1 RM. It should be noted that in all cases, blood pressure values reduced. Conclusion: Isometric strength exercises in large and small muscle groups show a tendency to reduce blood pressure values; however, the isometric handgrip force at 30% 1 RM shows statistically significant reductions in blood pressure values.

Los avances en tecno-ciencia nos han permitido cambiar el clásico concepto de enfermedad desde el evidente estado de disminución física y debilitamiento, por conceptos más complejos y dinámicos, entre los cuales destacan las enfermedades asintomáticas o “silenciosas”, los marcadores tumorales y recientemente la incorporación de anomalías en los genes como predictores de enfermedades. Tales marcadores y genes de predisposición genética aumentan día a día y muchos de ellos ya se utilizan en la práctica clínica. Los profesionales sanitarios debemos conocer a cabalidad sus indicaciones, comprender sus beneficios así como también debemos saber reconocer sus limitaciones y aspectos controversiales como herramientas de diagnóstico y como elementos predictivos. Los datos genéticos pueden llegar a ser extremadamente delicados por cuanto su difusión inapropiada puede vulnerar la dignidad y los derechos de las personas. Su divulgación puede significar discriminación y estigmatización para quien es portador de defectos del código genético, por lo que los médicos debemos ser los primeros garantes de la privacidad y confidencialidad de esta información. En general se recomienda su utilización en la identificación de grupos de riesgo sólo cuando se pueden ofrecer terapias o estrategias que mejoren el curso natural de la enfermedad pues de lo contrario, sólo contribuirán a generar ansiedad y angustia sin ningún beneficio evidente para el paciente.

La sociedad moderna demanda de los sistemas de salud y de los profesionales de la salud, principios y metas que respeten la dignidad y los derechos del individuo. Los pacientes merecen ser adecuadamente informados sobre su enfermedad, la naturaleza de sus causas, el pronóstico, el manejo, las alternativas de tratamiento o cuidados paliativos, según corresponda.

Durante el año 2009 se evidenció una disminución en el número de donaciones de órganos en Chile, aún cuando las listas de espera de pacientes que requieren un trasplante de órganos sólidos han seguido aumentando. Estas materias contribuyen a generar gran preocupación en los pacientes, familiares y en los equipos de salud involucrados. La consolidación de los trasplantes como recursos terapéuticos probados y validados por varias décadas de experimentación y experiencias clínicas, trae como consecuencia que se anhele y promueva, desde distintos estamentos médicos, científicos y sociales, aumentar la tasa de donaciones. Sin embargo por ser de suyo un tema relativamente nuevo en nuestra sociedad, que involucra aspectos morales, espirituales y afectivos, es esperable que resulten en cuestionamientos y tensiones éticas. Esto mismo hace necesario que se genere, facilite y profundice en los actores sociales, un debate sobre esta materia, que toca en lo más profundo, nuestras concepciones respecto a la vida, la dignidad e integridad corporal y en torno a la muerte y a sus definiciones. La familiarización con estos temas y la comprensión de los principios y valores que fundamentan los trasplantes, contribuirá a reducir la paradójica realidad del discurso mayoritario a favor de la donación de órganos y el escaso número real de donaciones efectuadas en los últimos años.

HYPOTHESIS The results of surgical treatment of patients with long-segment Barrett esophagus (BE) have been extensively reported. However, few publications refer to the results of surgery 5 years after the fact among patients with short-segment BE. This study aimed to determine the late results of 3 surgical procedures in patients with short-segment BE by subjective and objective measurements. DESIGN Prospective, nonrandomized study starting on March 1, 1987, and ending on December 31, 2005. SETTING A prospective, descriptive study of a group of patients. PATIENTS A total of 125 patients with short-segment BE underwent 3 operations in different periods: duodenal switch plus highly selective vagotomy and antireflux technique in 31 patients, vagotomy plus partial gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y loop with antireflux surgery in 58 patients, and laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in 36 patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Late subjective and objective outcomes of the 3 different surgical procedures. RESULTS No operative mortality and only 2 postoperative complications (1.6%) occurred. The regression from intestinal metaplasia to cardiac or oxyntocardiac mucosa occurred in 60.8% to 65.4% of the patients, at a mean time of 39 to 56 months after surgery. Visick grading showed Visick grade I or II in 86.3% to 100.0% of the patients. No progression to low- or high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma occurred. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of these results, laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication seems to be the surgical option for patients with short-segment BE because it is less invasive, has fewer side effects, and produces good results in the long-term follow-up.Arch Surg. 2009;144(10):921-927--

Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In the present study, hepatic and plasma oxidative stress-related parameters were measured and correlated with clinical and histological findings in 31 NAFLD patients showing increased body mass index. Liver protein carbonyl content was enhanced by 403% in patients with steatosis (n=15) compared with control values (n=12), whereas glutathione content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were decreased by 57%, 48% and 21% (P<0.05) respectively. No changes in microsomal p-nitrophenol hydroxylation and the total content of cytochrome P450 (CYP) or CYP2E1 were observed. Patients with steatohepatitis (n=16) exhibited protein carbonyl content comparable with that of controls, whereas glutathione content, SOD and catalase activities were decreased by 27%, 64% and 48% (P<0.05). In addition, FRAP values in patients with steatohepatitis were reduced by 33% and 15% (P<0.05) when compared with controls and patients with steatosis respectively, whereas p-nitrophenol hydroxylation (52%) and CYP2E1 content (142%) were significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with controls. It is concluded that oxidative stress is developed in the liver of NAFLD patients with steatosis and is exacerbated further in patients with steatohepatitis, which is associated with CYP2E1 induction. Substantial protein oxidation is followed by proteolysis of the modified proteins, which may explain the co-existence of a diminished antioxidant capacity and protein oxidation in the liver of patients with steatohepatitis.

Laparoscopic techniques can be used for diagnosis, staging, and therapeutic procedures, both palliative or curative. Laparoscopy needs to be used in the context of algorithms of evaluation and management that consider the natural history and biology of the diseases at stake, concepts of evidence-based decisions, cost-effectiveness, quality of life, expertise available, and the philosophy of involved institutions. Accurate staging facilitates the selection of patients for resection, for neoadjuvant therapy, and selective planning for best palliation. The therapeutic role of advanced laparoscopic or laparoscopic assisted procedures is likely to increase (biliary bypass, gastro-jejunostomy, liver resections, cryosurgery, radiofrequency ablation, etc.). The place of laparoscopy in staging and treatment, however, has to be critically and continuously reviewed in the context of new developments in diagnostic imaging techniques, endoscopic procedures, and advances in oncology

Several alternatives for esophageal resection and replacement with laparoscopic, thoracoscopic, video-assisted, or completely endoscopic techniques have been reported. All of these have advantages and disadvantages according to the indications, instrumental requirements, cost, and feasibility. Here we report a new alternative procedure, performing the gastric mobilization and transhiatal esophageal dissection by laparoscopic approach and preparation of the gastric tube through a midline 5-cm minilaparotomy. In this manner we handled the GIA staplers outside of the abdomen, avoiding prolongation of the operating time and the excessive increase of the cost of the procedure. Further, this procedure may help to prevent the risk of postoperative leak of the stapler suture line by reinforcing this suture with a invaginating continuous manual 3–0 reabsorbable suture (Monocryl, Johnson & Johnson, Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A.). A left anterolateral cervicotomy was done to complete the dissection of the esophagus, and the gastric tube was ascended through a retrosternal tunnel to the neck for esophagogastroanastomosis. We operated on a 73-year-old woman, who had a T1 squamous carcinoma of middle third of the esophagus. The operation was performed with no intraoperative complications as a result of the procedure. After surgery, pneumonia with a pleural effusion developed and was evacuated. The patient was discharged from the hospital with no symptoms. We believe that this is a safe, inexpensive, and easy procedure for the transhiatal laparoscopic esophagectomy and its replacement by a gastric tube.

A prospective study was performed in 1282 patients with common bile duct stones to determine the clinical and laboratory parameters that could predict cholangitis, and the factors associated with greater severity of cholangitis. Patients were divided into two groups, with or without acute cholangitis, depending on the macroscopic appearance of bile aspirated from the common bile duct during surgery. Acute cholangitis was diagnosed when the aspirated fluid was turbid or clearly pus; the typical Charcot's triad was present in only 22 per cent of patients with acute cholangitis. Several clinical and laboratory parameters were significantly more common in these patients and, depending on their number, the probability of acute cholangitis increased significantly. The operative mortality rate was 1.2 per cent for patients without cholangitis and 11.9 per cent for patients with cholangitis. Depending on the number of factors present, patients with cholangitis were divided into three groups: mild acute cholangitis without mortality; moderate acute cholangitis with a mortality rate of 5.6 per cent; and severe acute cholangitis with a mortality rate of 27.5 per cent. The present classification allows the group of patients needing prompt endoscopic or surgical drainage to be identified.

A new classification of patients with Mirizzi syndrome and cholecystobiliary fistula is presented. Type I lesions are those with external compression of the common bile duct. In type II lesions a cholecystobiliary fistula is present with erosion of less than one-third of the circumference of the bile duct. In type III lesions the fistula involves up to two-thirds of the duct circumference and in type IV lesions there is complete destruction of the bile duct. A total of 219 patients were identified with these lesions from 17 395 patients with benign biliary tract diseases undergoing surgery. The incidence of type I lesions was 11 per cent, type II 41 per cent, type III 44 per cent and type IV 4 per cent. The majority had obstructive jaundice. In type I lesions. cholecystectomy plus choledochostomy is effective. In type II lesions, suture of the fistula with absorbable material or choledochoplasty with the remnant of gallbladder can be performed. In type III lesions suture is not indicated and choledochoplasty is recommended. In type IV lesions, bilioenteric anastomosis is preferred. Operative mortality rate increases according to the severity of the lesion, as does postoperative morbidity. During cholecystectomy, partial resection is recommended in order to extract the stones, visualize the common bile duct and define the type and location of the fistula. Ttubes should be placed distal to the fistula.