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Objectives: The objectives of the study were to evaluate oxidative stress biomarkers during a rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Material and Methods: Fourteen patients were treated with an acrylic RME device, and after treatment, all were followed for 3 months. Saliva samples were collected before activation (baseline), 1st, 10th days after the first activation, and after retention. Periodontal indexes were recorded at baseline and after retention. Nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were evaluated. Results: NO levels were elevated on the 10th day compared to baseline (P < 0.01), revealing a decrease after retention (P < 0.01). MDA levels were increased on the 10th day and after retention periods compared to baseline (P < 0.01, respectively). Both plaque and gingival indexes increased after retention relative to baseline (P < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Initial stages of orthopedic force increased salivary oxidative stress biomarkers. Long-term results showed decreased levels of NO, but still high MDA levels. The initially increased NO expression decreased after retention, despite the increase in microbial load at this period which might show the effect of mechanical stimuli to be more effective than the microbial load. MDA levels remained at high levels during the post-retention period, arising a possible consideration for the impact of material properties or deficiencies of oral hygiene. Future long-term evaluations for oxidative stress status and orthodontic appliances would be useful.

Aim Using a thermal camera, the aim of the study was to determine pulp chamber temperature changes during orthodontic bonding produced as a result of variations in curing light sources, different curing distances and bracket types. Methods One hundred sixty maxillary premolar teeth were sectioned into two halves and embedded into acrylic moulds. Four curing light sources were used which further divided the overall sample into Halogen, light emitting diode (LED), powered LED, and high-power LED groups. Additional subgroups were created according to the applied curing distances (5 mm, 10 mm) and different bracket types (metallic or ceramic). A standardised bonding procedure was performed and pulp chamber temperature changes were evaluated using a thermal camera. Statistical analysis was performed using a three-way ANOVA. Results The Halogen light curing group revealed a significantly higher temperature rise in the pulp chamber compared to the other groups. A shorter curing distance produced increases in pulpal temperature. There was no significant effect as a result of the bracket type. Conclusions None of the curing light sources exceeded the critical value for pulp chamber temperature rise. The primary desirable outcome was the lowest temperature increase noted with the high-power LED unit. The secondary outcome related to the different brackets revealed no difference relative to pulp chamber temperature change. From a clinical perspective, high-power LED units could be safely used.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı klinik eğitim düzeyinin lisans ve lisansüstü diş hekimliği öğrencilerinin empati düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmektir.Gereç ve Yöntem: İki yüz yetmiş altı öğrenci (üçüncü, dördüncü ve beşinci sınıf öğrencileri ve farklı bölümlerden doktora öğrencileri) Jefferson Hekim Empati Ölçeği anketinin öğrenci versiyonunu yanıtladı. Toplam skor ve üç alt grup (hastanın bakış açısını yakalama, sağlık hizmeti verirken duyarlı olma, hastanın yerine kendini koyma) skoru değerlendirildi. Ölçeğin güvenilirliği Cronbach alfa katsayısı (0.77) ile değerlendirildi. İstatistiksel analiz için bağımsız örneklem t-testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanıldı (p

Objective: To determine treatment expectations of patients and parents, and the initial effects of fixed functional devices on oral health-related quality of life. Materials and Method: The study comprised 50 patients (39 female, 11 male, mean age 16.24 years) with Angle Class II,1 malocclusion, who were planned to be treated with forsus fatigue resistant device (FFRD). Treatment expectations of the patients and their parents/legal guardians were assessed before the treatment. The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) was assessed 1-month after bonding (T1), and repeated 1-month after placement of FFRD (T2). Statistical analysis included Wilcoxon Signed Rank test for the evaluation of the differences in scores between treatment periods and Mann-Whitney U test for the evaluation of gender differences. Results: Main motivation for seeking orthodontic treatment was to improve dental appearance for the patients, and facial esthetics for their parents. Results declared that girls took their orthodontic problems more seriously than boys (p, Amaç: Bu çalışmada, sabit fonksiyonel aygıt uygulanan hastaların ve ebeveynlerinin tedavi beklentilerini belirlemek, bu aygıtların bireylerin ağızla ilgili yaşam kalitelerine etkisini değerlendirmek amaçlandı.Gereç ve Yöntem: Angle sınıf II,1 maloklüzyona sahip, ortodontik tedavide forsus fatigue resistant aygıtı (FFRD) kullanımı planlanmış olan toplam 50 hasta (39 kadın, 11 erkek, ortalama yaş 16.24 yıl) çalışmaya dahil edildi. Tedavi öncesi hasta ve ebeveynlerinin tedavi beklentilerine ilişkin bilgiler kaydedildi. Hastaların mevcut ortodontik anomalilerinin genel sağlık durumları üzerindeki algı düzeyini ölçmek üzere tasarlanmış olan Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) anketi braketlemeden 1 ay sonra (T1) ve sabit fonksiyonel aygıtın yerleştirilmesinden 1 ay sonra (T2) alındı. İstatistiksel değerlendirmede dönemler arası fark analizi için Wilcoxon Signed Rank testi, cinsiyetler arası değerlendirme için Mann-Whitney U testi kullanıldı.Bulgular: Ortodontik tedavi isteğinde hastaların dişlerinin düzgün sıralanmasını önemli bulduğu; ebeveynlerinin ise yüz estetiğini daha önemli bulduğu belirlendi. Cinsiyetler arası karşılaştırmada, kızların mevcut ortodontik problemlerini daha önemli buldukları görüldü (p

Yabani Ravent ( Rheum ribes L.), cicek surgunleri ve saplari sebze olarak tuketilebilen tibbi oneme sahip cok yillik yabani bir bitkidir. Dogal habitatlarindan kontrolsuz toplanmalari durumunda, ileride yok olma tehlikesiyle karsi karsiya kalabilecek bu turlerin korunmasi ve surdurulebilirliginin saglanmasi onem tasimaktadir. Doku kulturu teknikleriyle tohumla in vitro mikro cogaltim calismalarinin yapilabilmesi icin, turun in vitro kosullarda optimum cimlenme mekanizmasinin bilinmesi gerekmektedir. Bu calisma, uclari kesilmis ve kesilmemis yabani ravent tohum gruplarinin in vitro kosullarda cimlenme ve cikis durumlarinin belirlenmesi amaciyla yapilmistir. Bu gruplar, 200 mg/l giberellik asit (GA 3 ) ilavesi yapilmis veya yapilmamis, Murashige ve Skoog (MS), Gamborg (B5), White (WH) ve Schenk ve Hildebrandt (SH) ortam kombinasyonlarinda in vitro olarak cimlendirilmistir. Arastirma sonucunda, bu turun tohumlarinda az siddetli fizyolojik dormansinin goruldugu ve tohum ucu kesilmemis uygulamalarin cimlenme ve cikis parametreleri yonunden daha basarili oldugu tespit edilmistir. En yuksek cimlenme orani (%84), MS+200 mg/l GA 3 besin ortamindan, en iyi cikis orani ise (%44), WH+200 mg/l GA 3 ortamindan saglanmistir.

Amaç: Çekimsiz sabit ortodontik tedavi görmüş hastalarda termoplastik apareyler ile yürütülen pekiştirme tedavisi sonunda alt ve üst dental arklardaki transversal boyutların stabilitesinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çekimsiz sabit ortodontik tedavisi tamamlanmış ve termoplastik aparey ile ortalama 1 yıllık pekiştirme dönemi kayıtları mevcut olan iskeletsel Sınıf 1, dişsel Angle sınıf I, optimal dik yön büyüme paterni gösteren, alt ve üst arkta hafif çapraşıklığı bulunan 21 hastanın (16 kız, 5 erkek; yaş ortalaması 17.5 ± 1.2 yıl) tedavi başı (T1), tedavi sonu (T2) ve pekiştirme sonu (T3) lateral sefalometrik kayıtları ile dental modelleri değerlendirmeye alındı. Dental modeller, masaüstü tarayıcı ile taranarak dijital ortama aktarıldı. İnterkanin, interpremolar ve intermolar mesafeler her iki çenede ölçüldü. İstatistiksel olarak, normal dağılım gösteren veriler Tekrarlı Ölçümler İçin ANOVA testi ile, normal dağılım göstermeyen veriler ise Wilcoxon Signed-Rank testi ile değerlendirildi (α=0.05).Bulgular: İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklar üst çenede interpremolar mesafe için T1-T2 dönemleri arasında (p0.05). Sonuç: Termoplastik apareylerin çekimsiz sabit ortodontik tedavinin pekiştirme dönemi sonunda transversal yöndeki tedavi sonuçlarını koruduğu bulundu.

To evaluate perceptions of fifth-year dental students' towards case-based orthodontic education.The sample population consisted of 108 final year dental students (39 men, 69 women) who volunteered to participate in the project during their orthodontic clinical internship. Patient files including extraoral, intraoral photographs, hand-wrist, panoramic and cephalometric radiographs were randomly distributed. Each group presented their evaluations after 1 week. At the end of case discussions, students were given a questionnaire regarding their perceptions of case-based education. Differences in mean scores between groups were compared by independent samples t‑test.The response rate was 100%. The majority of students strongly agreed that their interest and ability to interpret and diagnose the orthodontic data were increased. More than 60% strongly agreed that this education had a positive effect on their attention and effective learning. More than 45% strongly agreed that their communication with colleagues was increased, and women were significantly more inclined to group work than men (p 0.05). More than 45% declared no additional burden.Orthodontic case-based education was well received by final year dental students. The most noted improvement was observed in motivation, ability to comment on the diagnosis and treatment planning of orthodontic cases, without feeling an extra workload.ZIEL: Untersucht wurde die Einstellung von Zahnmedizinstudierenden im fünften Studienjahr zur fallbezogenen kieferorthopädischen Ausbildung.Die Stichprobenpopulation bestand aus 108 Zahnmedizinstudierenden im letzten Studienjahr (39 Männer, 69 Frauen), die während ihres kieferorthopädischen klinischen Praktikums freiwillig an dem Projekt teilnahmen. Die Patientenakten mit extra- und intraoralen Fotos, Hand-Handgelenk‑, Panorama- und Fernröntgenaufnahmen wurden nach dem Zufallsprinzip verteilt. Jede Gruppe präsentierte ihre Auswertungen nach einer Woche. Nach Abschluss der Fallbesprechungen erhielten die Studenten einen Fragebogen zu ihren Wahrnehmungen der fallbezogenen Ausbildung. Die Unterschiede in den Mittelwerten zwischen den Gruppen wurden mit dem t‑Test für unabhängige Stichproben verglichen.Die Rücklaufquote betrug 100 %. Die Mehrheit der Studierenden stimmte der Aussage, dass ihr Interesse und ihre Fähigkeit, die kieferorthopädischen Daten zu interpretieren und zu diagnostizieren, erhöht worden seien, entschieden zu. Mehr als 60% stimmten deutlich zu, dass diese Ausbildung einen positiven Effekt auf Aufmerksamkeit und effektives Lernen gehabt habe. Mehr als 45% stimmten stark zu, dass ihre Kommunikation mit Kollegen gesteigert worden sei, wobei Frauen signifikant häufiger zur Gruppenarbeit neigten als Männer (p 0,05). Mehr als 45 % gaben keine zusätzliche Belastung an.Die fallbezogene kieferorthopädische Ausbildung wurde von den Zahnmedizinstudierenden im letzten Jahr des Studiums gut angenommen. Die am meisten wahrgenommene Verbesserung wurde beobachtet bei der Motivation und der Fähigkeit, die Diagnose und Behandlungsplanung von kieferorthopädischen Fällen zu kommentieren, ohne dass eine zusätzliche Arbeitsbelastung empfunden wurde.

The aim of this study was to assess the genetic evaluation of a three-generation consanguineous family with isolated oligodontia.A 16-year-old male patient who had been referred for orthodontic treatment due to the presence of oligodontia, and his family members who presented several missing teeth had been enrolled in the study. Clinical and radiological assessments and genetic analysis including whole-exome sequencing were performed.Genetic evaluations revealed both homozygous and heterozygous mutations (c.T682A:p.F228I) in the WNT10A gene of six affected members of the family. Higher frequency of agenesis of mandibular second molar was found in homozygous relative to heterozygous WNT10A mutations.The present findings have provided evidence for a known variant in the WNT10A gene in a three-generation consanguineous family with isolated oligodontia, while the results confirmed that cases with homozygous mutation revealed clinical heterogeneity.

This study aimed to analyze the association of unilateral and bilateral palatal canine impaction with the dimensions and morphology of sella turcica from 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.CBCT images of patients with bilateral (BPI) (n = 12; 9 female 3 male; 20.75 ± 5.88 years) and unilateral (UPI) (n = 35; 22 female 13 male; 19.28 ± 5.57 years) palatally impacted canines were compared with a control group (n = 56; 34 female 22 male; 20.82 ± 4.88 years). Linear measurements regarding sella turcica were made, and its morphologic variations were categorized. Two group comparisons were made with the Student t test or Mann-Whitney U-test, whereas one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for multiple group comparisons. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square or Fisher exact test as appropriate. The binary logistic regression analyses and correlations using Spearman or Pearson correlation analyses were used to determine associations between variables (P 0.05).Sella diameter was significantly smaller in the BPI group compared to UPI and control groups. There was a significant association between sella diameter and BPI when compared with the control group (χDespite the similar genetic origin of the sella turcica region and teeth, the association of palatal canine impaction with dimensions and morphology of sella turcica was weak. Both local and genetic factors might contribute to the ectopic position of the canine.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate 3D frontal sinus morphology in consideration with different vertical facial developments. The study was conducted with the pre-treatment CBCT images of 87 patients, who were divided into 3 groups according to the sum of the posterior angle. The frontal sinus measurements were performed on the axial, sagittal, and coronal sections of the CBCT images. Craniofacial measurements were performed on the lateral cephalograms, obtained from the CBCT scans. Normal distribution of the data was confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. ANOVA, followed by post hoc Duncan tests, was used to compare the differences among the three groups. The relationships between sinus dimensions and craniofacial parameters were assessed by the Pearson's correlation coefficient (P < 0.05). The maximum anterior-posterior dimension of the frontal sinuses (0.017), the width of the right (0.020) and left (0.041) frontal sinuses, and the anterior-posterior dimension of the left (0.038) frontal sinus were significantly smaller in the hyperdivergent group compared to hypodivergent group. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of the height of the frontal sinuses. Significant correlation was noted between the maximum anterior-posterior dimension of the frontal sinus and SN-PP, N-Me, N-ANS, SN-GoGn, Post. sum, and Jarabak's ratio. No significant correlation between the height of the frontal sinuses and the craniofacial measurements was found. Individuals with vertical growth pattern presented decreased anterior-posterior dimension of the frontal sinuses, revealing significant correlations with vertical craniofacial parameters.

Aim To assess the sagittal soft tissue morphology of patients with acromegaly in comparison with a healthy control group. Methods Twenty-seven patients with acromegaly (11 male, 16 female; mean age 47.3 ± 11.5 years) and 30 healthy subjects (15 male, 15 female; mean age 42.2 ± 17.4 years) were included in the study. Linear and angular measurements were made on lateral cephalograms to evaluate soft tissue and skeletal characteristics. The intergroup comparisons were analysed with the Student’s t-test. Results Facial convexity (p < 0.01) and the nasolabial angle (p < 0.001) were reduced in patients with acromegaly, whereas nose prominence (p < 0.01), upper lip sulcus depth (p < 0.01), upper lip thickness (p < 0.01), basic upper lip thickness (p < 0.01), lower lip protrusion (p < 0.05), mentolabial sulcus depth (p < 0.05) and soft tissue chin thickness (p < 0.001) were increased. Anterior cranial base length (p < 0.05), the supraorbital ridge (p < 0.01), the length of the maxilla and mandible (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively) were significantly increased, and mandibular prognathism was an acromegalic feature (p < 0.05). Conclusion Acromegalic coarsening and thickening of the craniofacial soft tissues was identified from lateral cephalograms, which may therefore contribute to early diagnosis when evaluated together with other changes caused by the disease.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess factors which may contribute to the diet quality of adolescents with orthodontic malocclusion. MATERIALS and METHOD: Demographic and dietary data of 46 girls and 30 boys (mean age 11.4 ± 1.4 years), with good oral and systemic health were obtained. Data were evaluated in relation to skeletal growth pattern, malocclusion, overjet, overbite, number of posterior functional tooth units (PFTU) and parental education level. Dietary intake was measured by using 24-hour dietary recall method, and diet quality was assessed by using the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010). Energy and nutrient intake was calculated by using the Nutrition Information System (BeBiS) program. Intergroup comparisons were performed by using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: Maternal education level affected the total HEI (p = 0.002), total fruit (p = 0.007), whole fruit (p = 0.018) and refined grains (p = 0.044) scores. Skeletal growth patterns, malocclusions, overjet and overbite did not alter the diet quality. Overbite was positively correlated with energy (r = 0.297, p = 0.009), carbohydrate (r = 0.238, p = 0.039) and protein (r = 0.305, p = 0.007) intake. Overjet was positively correlated with greens and beans scores (r = 0.238, p = 0.038). PFTU was positively correlated with the body mass index (r = 0.327, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: From a clinical perspective, malocclusion may not have a significant impact on the nutritional habits of adolescents. Maternal educational level, however, was found to be the main determinant for the diet quality during adolescence.

Objective: To monitor the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on bone metabolic activities during and after 3 months of retention. Study Design: Fifteen patients with a mean age of 12.9 +/- 0.6 years were treated with a bonded expansion device, activated 2 turns per day. The retention period was 3 months. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded at baseline and after retention. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from maxillary first molars from the compression sides at baseline, then at 1 and 10 days and after retention. Tension side samples were obtained at baseline and after retention. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1 beta), transforming growth factor betal (TGF-beta 1), prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were specifically measured. Results: Periodontal parameters increased significantly after retention relative to baseline values. Levels of IL-1 beta, TGF-beta 1 and PGE(2) increased on day 10, and decreased after retention on the compression side. NO levels were elevated on day 10, and remained higher after retention on the compression side. Tension side cytokine levels remained higher relative to baseline values after retention. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate the importance of ongoing adaptive bone activities after 3 months of retention with RME, which should be considered questionable as an effective retention period.

Objective: This study aimed toevaluate the stability of transversal arch widths of upper and lower dentalarches following retention with thermoplastic retainers applied after non-extractionfixed orthodontic treatment.Materials andMethod: The material consisted of the pre-treatment (T1), post-treatment(T2) and post-retention (T3) cephalometric data and the dental models of 21patients (16 female, 5 male; average age 17.5 ± 1.2 years), who presentedskeletal Class 1 and dental Angle class I relationship with an optimal verticalfacial pattern, and small amount of crowding in both jaws. The patients hadbeen treated by non-extraction fixed orthodontic treatment followed by theapplication of thermoplastic retainer with a mean retention period of 1 year. Thedental models were scanned and transferred to digital environment to measureinter-canine, inter-premolar and inter-molar widths for both dental arches.Repeated Measures ANOVA and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests were used for thestatistical analysis of the data having normal and non-normal distribution,respectively (α=0.05).Results: Statisticallysignificant differences were found in the upper inter-premolar width betweenthe T1-T2 periods (p0.05).Conclusion:Retentionwith thermoplastic retainers was found to be effective in maintainingtransversal arch width in both arches after non-extraction fixed orthodontictreatment., Amaç: Çekimsiz sabit ortodontik tedavi görmüş hastalardatermoplastik apareyler ile yürütülen pekiştirme tedavisi sonunda alt ve üstdental arklardaki transversal boyutların stabilitesinin değerlendirilmesiamaçlandı.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çekimsiz sabit ortodontik tedavisi tamamlanmış ve termoplastikaparey ile ortalama 1 yıllık pekiştirme dönemi kayıtları mevcut olan iskeletselSınıf 1, dişsel Angle sınıf I, optimal dik yön büyüme paterni gösteren, alt veüst arkta hafif çapraşıklığı bulunan 21 hastanın (16 kız, 5 erkek; yaş ortalaması 17.5 ± 1.2 yıl) tedavi başı (T1), tedavi sonu(T2) ve pekiştirme sonu (T3) lateral sefalometrik kayıtları ile dental modellerideğerlendirmeye alındı. Dental modeller, masaüstü tarayıcı ile taranarakdijital ortama aktarıldı. İnterkanin, interpremolar ve intermolar mesafeler heriki çenede ölçüldü. İstatistiksel olarak, normal dağılım gösteren veriler TekrarlıÖlçümler İçin ANOVA testi ile, normal dağılım göstermeyen veriler ise WilcoxonSigned-Rank testi ile değerlendirildi (α=0.05).Bulgular: İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklar üst çenede interpremolarmesafe için T1-T2 dönemleri arasında (p0.05).Sonuç: Termoplastikapareylerin çekimsiz sabit ortodontik tedavinin pekiştirme dönemi sonundatransversal yöndeki tedavi sonuçlarını koruduğu bulundu.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of fixed functional therapy on oropharyngeal airway dimensions and hyoid bone positions in Class II patients and make comparison with an untreated Class II group. Eighteen patients (8 girls, 10 boys; mean age 13.62 ± 1.92 years) who were treated with Forsus Fatique Resistant Device (FFRD) and 19 patients (11 girls, 8 boys; mean age 12.74 ± 0.91 years) who served as control were enrolled. Cephalograms were used to assess linear, angular, and area measurements. Intragroup comparisons were made by paired t and Wilcoxon tests and intergroup comparisons were performed by independent t test. With respect to controls, FFRD group showed increased airway dimensions at soft palate (P

Objective To evaluate the quality of information on websites regarding orthognathic surgery in Turkey using the DISCERN toolkit. Methods An Internet search was performed using the Google search engine with the terms "orthognathic surgery", "jaw surgery", "jaw operation", "correcting jaw surgery", and "surgery orthodontics." The first 25 websites obtained after searching for each term were evaluated. Duplicate websites, advertisements, discussion groups, links to research articles, videos, and images were not considered. The remaining websites were analyzed using the DISCERN toolkit. This toolkit is composed of 15 questions that were scored from 1 to 5. Results were calculated as mean scores, percentages, and ranges. Results Among the 36 evaluated websites, 12 (33.3%) belonged to plastic surgeons, 11 (30.6%) belonged to orthodontists, 8 (22.2%) belonged to private dental clinics, 3 (8.3%) belonged to maxillofacial surgeons, 1 (2.8%) was a professional organization website, and 1 (2.8%) belonged to a private hospital. The Turkish Orthodontic Society had the only listed professional organization website. The mean total DISCERN score was 28/75 (range: 15-48). The overall quality of information in 44.4% of the websites was low. The main problems of websites were as follows: no mention of the aims, sources, and production time of information; no links for additional sources of information; and no information for patient carers. Conclusion The quality of web-based information on orthognathic surgery was generally low. Higher quality information provided by public organizations that do not have profit concerns is required.

Background/purpose: This double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 0.2% chlorhexidine containing Cervitec gel on periodontal health during orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods: Twenty-five patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment were randomly assigned to the Cervitec (n = 13) or control (n = 12) groups. After clinical examination at first visit, all patients received professional prophylaxis, and 2 weeks later baseline (B) evaluations are performed. Later, oral hygiene procedures were refrained for 3 days until Day 0, during which the participants in the Cervitec group were instructed to brush with standard toothpaste (ST) (1 × 1) and Cervitec (1 × 1), whereas the control group received placebo (1 × 1) until Day 14. Between Day 14 and Day 28, patients returned to brushing with ST (2 × 1). The clinical measurements were recorded and subgingival plaque samples were collected at first visit, B, Day 0, Day 14, and Day 28. Subgingival plaque samples were analyzed for total bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.), and Treponema denticola (T.d.) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The data were statistically analyzed. Results: After receiving professional prophylaxis and oral hygiene instructions, remarkable improvements was seen in clinical and microbiological variables of the study. Although there was a significant reduction in the Quigley–Hein Plaque Index (mQHI) score at Day 14 in only the Cervitec group (P

AMAÇ: Çalışmanın amacı, ortodontik maloklüzyonu olan adolesanların diyet kalitesini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesidir.GEREÇ ve YÖNTEM: Çalışmada, genel sağlığı ve ağız bakımı iyi olan 46 kız ve 30 erkek bireyin (ortalama yaş 11.4 ± 1.4 yıl) demografik bilgileri ve diyetlerine ilişkin verileri kullanıldı. Veriler, bireylerin iskelet büyüme modeli, maloklüzyonu, overjet ve overbite ilişkisi, toplam posterior fonksiyonel diş ünitesi sayısı (PFDU) ve ebeveynlerin eğitim düzeyi ile ilişkilendirilerek değerlendirildi. Bireylerin diyet alım miktarı 24-saatlik diyet takibi listesi yöntemiyle ölçüldü. Diyet kalitesi ise Sağlıklı Yeme İndeksi (HEI-2010) ile değerlendirildi. Enerji ve besin değerleri Beslenme Bilgi Sistemi (BeBiS) programı ile hesaplandı. Gruplar arası karşılaştırma için Mann-Whitney U ve Kruskal-Wallis testleri kullanıldı.BULGULAR: Annenin eğitim düzeyinin total HEI (p = 0.002), total meyve (p = 0.007), bütün meyve (p = 0.018) ve rafine tahıl (p = 0.044) skorlarını etkilediği bulundu. İskelet büyüme modelinin, maloklüzyonun, overjet’in ve overbite’nin ise diyet kalitesini etkilemediği gözlendi. Overbite; enerji (r = 0.297, p = 0.009), karbonhidrat (r = 0.238, p = 0.039) ve protein (r = 0.305, p = 0.007) alımı ile korele bulundu. Overjet, yeşil yapraklı sebzeler ve kuru baklagillere ilişkin skor ile pozitif korelasyon gösterdi (r = 0.238, p = 0.038). PFDU sayısı beden kitle indeksi ile pozitif korelasyon gösterdi (r = 0.327, p = 0.004).SONUÇ: Klinik açıdan maloklüzyon, adolesan bireylerin beslenme alışkanlıklarını değiştirecek düzeyde önemli bir role sahip olmayabilir. Ancak annenin eğitim düzeyi adolesan dönemdeki diyet kalitesini etkileyen ana değişkendir., OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess factors which may contribute to the diet quality of adolescents with orthodontic malocclusion.MATERIALS and METHOD: Demographic and dietary data of 46 girls and 30 boys (mean age 11.4 ± 1.4 years), with good oral and systemic health were obtained. Data were evaluated in relation to skeletal growth pattern, malocclusion, overjet, overbite, number of posterior functional tooth units (PFTU) and parental education level. Dietary intake was measured by using 24-hour dietary recall method, and diet quality was assessed by using the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010). Energy and nutrient intake was calculated by using the Nutrition Information System (BeBiS) program. Intergroup comparisons were performed by using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests.RESULTS: Maternal education level affected the total HEI (p = 0.002), total fruit (p = 0.007), whole fruit (p = 0.018) and refined grains (p = 0.044) scores. Skeletal growth patterns, malocclusions, overjet and overbite did not alter the diet quality. Overbite was positively correlated with energy (r = 0.297, p = 0.009), carbohydrate (r = 0.238, p = 0.039) and protein (r = 0.305, p = 0.007) intake. Overjet was positively correlated with greens and beans scores (r = 0.238, p = 0.038). PFTU was positively correlated with the body mass index (r = 0.327, p = 0.004).CONCLUSION: From a clinical perspective, malocclusion may not have a significant impact on the nutritional habits of adolescents. Maternal educational level, however, was found to be the main determinant for the diet quality during adolescence.

The purpose of this case report was to describe combined endodontic and orthodontic treatment of a patient who had permanent maxillary central incisors fused with supernumerary teeth. A severe esthetic problem and crowding in the maxillary arch were present clinically. Radiographic examination demonstrated two separate crowns, roots and pulpal canals on each side. The therapy was initiated with endodontic treatment. Six months after the completion of endodontic therapy, mesio-distal trimming was performed and the defects were restored with anterior resin composites in order to re-establish the esthetics. Orthodontic treatment was performed for the alignment of the upper arch. Follow-up at 4 years demonstrated that the teeth were asymptomatic and neither root nor alveolar bone resorption was found. In conclusion, instead of extracting the supernumerary teeth, the anomaly was treated successfully in a conservative way.

OZET Obezite; sagligi bozacak olcude, yag dokularindaki asiri miktardaki artis olarak tanimlanabilir. Bu calismanin amaci Obezite ve kraniofasiyal morfoloji arasindaki iliski konusunda bilgi sunmaktir.

Objective. The aim of this study was to assess differences in craniofacial characteristics, upper spine and pharyngeal airway morphology in patients with acromegaly compared with healthy individuals. Materials and methods. Twenty-one patients with acromegaly were compared with 22 controls by linear and angular measurements on cephalograms. The differences between the mean values of cephalometric parameters were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U-test. Results. With respect to controls, anterior (p < 0.05), middle (p < 0.01) and posterior (p < 0.05) cranial base lengths were increased, sella turcica was enlarged (p < 0.001) and upper spine morphology demonstrated differences in the height of atlas (p < 0.01) and axis (p < 0.05) in patients with acromegaly. Craniofacial changes were predominantly found in the frontal bone (p < 0.01) and the mandible (p < 0.05). As for the airway, patients with acromegaly exhibited diminished dimensions at nasal (p < 0.001), uvular (p < 0.01), mandibular (p < 0.01) pharyngeal levels and at the narrowest point of the pharyngeal airway space (p < 0.001) compared to healthy controls. Soft palate width was significantly higher (p < 0.001) and the hyoid bone was more vertically positioned (p < 0.01) in patients with acromegaly. Conclusions. Current results point to the importance of the reduced airway dimensions and that dentists and/or orthodontists should be aware of the cranial or dental abnormalities in patients with acromegaly.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of reverse headgear (RH) on pharyngeal airway morphology in two groups of Class III patients with different vertical craniofacial features in comparison with an untreated Class III group. Seventeen subjects (9 males, 8 females; mean age 11.3 +/- 0.98 years) with optimum vertical growth and 17 subjects (10 males, 7 females, mean age 11.5 +/- 1.1 years) with a vertical growth pattern treated with a removable intra-oral appliance and a Delaire type facemask were included. An untreated Class III control group of 11 subjects (8 males, 3 females, mean age 9.1 +/- 1.1 years) was included to compare the treated groups. The paired t-test for intragroup and one-way ANOVA for intergroup comparisons were performed. The relationships between changes in the craniofacial morphology and airway were assessed by Spearman correlation analysis. The airway dimensions at the adenoid side and soft palate were increased in the treatment groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The nasopharyngeal area demonstrated a significant difference in normodivergent and control subjects (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the airway morphology due to different vertical features. The effect of RH treatment on the sagittal airway dimensions revealed no significant difference between different vertical craniofacial features in the short term.

Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of Class 2 functional treatment on airway dimensions and positional changes in hyoid bone and compare it with that of an untreated Class 2 control group. Methods. Lateral cephalograms of 16 patients (eight girls, eight boys, mean chronological age = 11.36 +/- 0.77 years) who were treated with activator and 19 patients (11 girls, eight boys, mean chronological age = 12.14 +/- 0.65 years) who served as control were used for linear, angular and area measurements regarding airway track and hyoid bone. Statistics. Intra-group comparisons were performed by paired t-test and Wilcoxon test, whereas independent t-test and Mann Whitney-U were used for inter-group comparisons. Results. During treatment (T2-T1), nasopharyngeal height and nasopharyngeal area increased (p < 0.05) and hyoid bone moved downward (H-SN; p < 0.001) and forward (H-C3; p < 0.01). During retention period (T3-T2); nasopharyngeal (p < 0.01) and oropharyngeal area increased (p < 0.05). H-SN (p < 0.01) and C3-H distances (p < 0.05) increased. Hyoid bone position exhibited significant changes (H-SN, p < 0.001; C3-H, p < 0.01). The increases in C3-H in long-term was more in the activator group than control (p < 0.05). Conclusions. In growing Class 2 patients with mandibular deficiency and airway track without obstructions, functional appliance treatment provided favorable effects on nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal area throughout the retention period.

Objective: To evaluate the levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL) in tension (mesial) and pressure (distal) sides during continuous orthodontic force. Methods: Eighteen canine teeth of 9 adults (5 female, 4 male; age range 17.5-18.9 yrs) with different Angle classifications were included. After first premolar extractions, the maxillary canines were tipped distally by sentalloy closed coil springs with a continuous force of 200 g. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was sampled from mesial and distal gingival crevices of each canine separately at baseline, 1 hour(h), 24 h, 168 h, and 1 month after force application. OPG and RANKL levels were analyzed by ELISA. Results: Concentration of OPG showed an increase in mesial side, while there was a decrease in distal side at 1 h, demonstrating a statistically significant difference (p

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the opening and protrusive mandibular movements between Class I and Class II malocclusions in healthy adolescents by clinical and axiographic evaluations. Methods: Mechanical axiography was performed on non-orthodontically treated, temporomandibular disorder (TMD)-free adolescents (12 - 16 years) with Class I (n = 38, 16 boys, 22 girls) or Class II (n = 40, 19 boys, 21 girls) malocclusion. Opening and protrusive movements were measured clinically and axiographically. Intergroup comparisons were evaluated by t-tests. Results: In opening movement, the maximum clinical opening capacity was significantly different (p

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether different types of adhesive systems and enamel- protective agents will affect the tensile bond strength of lingual brackets. Methods: A total of 75 extracted mandibular incisors were randomly divided into 5 groups and lingual brackets were bonded. Group 1 specimens received Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA), Group 2 required the application of a fluoride- releasing resin (Ortho-coat, Pulpdent, Watertown, MA, USA) with Transbond XT, Group 3 specimens received a chlorhexidine varnish (Cervitec Plus, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Lichtenstein) with Transbond XT. In Group 4, a light-cured orthodontic adhesive (Aegis Ortho, Bosworth, Skokie, USA) was applied and in Group 5, an antimicrobial self-etching primer (Clearfil Protect Bond, Kuraray, Osaka, Japan) was used. Results: There were no significant differences in bond strength whether fluoride-releasing resin or chlorhexidine varnish were used or not. Group 5 had significantly higher bond strength and adhesive remnant index (ARI) values than other groups (p ＜ 0.001). The application of enamel-protective products did not have an adverse affect on the bond strength of lingual brackets. Conclusions: These products might provide benefits both for the patient and the clinician, by supporting the oral hygiene during lingual orthodontic treatment. The higher ARI score may be beneficial for Clearfil Protect Bond but its excessive bond strength should be considered in clinical practice, especially where the enamel is thin. (Korean J Orthod 2010;40(4):260-266)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of an enamel-protective resin on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded with self-etching primer. Methods: Eighty extracted premolars were randomly divided into 4 groups of 20, and metal brackets were bonded. Group 1 specimens were bonded with Transbond Plus self-etching primer (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) and no fluoride resin; in group 2, a fluoride-releasing resin (Ortho-Coat, Pulpdent, Watertown, Mass) was used with the Transbond Plus self-etching primer; group 3 teeth were bonded with a new antimicrobial self-etching primer (Clearfil Protect Bond, Kuraray Medical, Osaka, Japan) with no fluoride resin; and the same protocol was used in group 4 with an application of Ortho-Coat. A universal testing machine was used to determine the SBS, and the adhesive remaining after debonding was assessed. Results: There was no difference in SBS whether fluoride-releasing resin was used. Groups 3 and 4 had higher SBS values than the other groups (P < 0.001). The Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant differences in the adhesive remnant index (chi-square = 0.019, P = 0.990). Conclusions: The application of enamel-protective resin did not affect the bond strength of orthodontic brackets to enamel with self-etching primer systems. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 135:14.e1-14.e6)

Objective: To evaluate the long-term outcome of treatment with reverse headgear in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion diagnosed as maxillary deficient. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients (11 girls, 14 boys; mean age, 11.32 years) treated with a reverse headgear appliance were included in this study. Pretreatment, posttreatment, and 4-year follow-up cephalometric radiographs were obtained; linear, angular, and area measurements were performed. Comparison of treatment and observation changes was performed using a paired t-test. Results: A significant increase was found in the forward movement of the maxilla, which was maintained 4 years after reverse headgear treatment. Treatment changes revealed significant increases in the sagittal dimensions and area of nasopharyngeal airway and remained significant at the end of the 4-year follow-up period. The oropharyngeal airway area increased nonsignificantly after the treatment, but significant increases occurred during the follow-up period. Conclusions: In young individuals diagnosed with maxillary deficiency treated with reverse headgear, the nasopharyngeal airway dimensions were improved after the treatment, and favorable effects of the treatment remained over the posttreatment period of 4 years.

A host-derived neutrophil-activating cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) is secreted mainly by monocytes and is considered to be important in regulating alveolar bone resorption during tooth movement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of IL-8 during mechanical forces on periodontal tissues at different stages of orthodontic therapy. Ten canine teeth of patients having different Angle classifications were selected for the study. After the premolars were extracted, the maxillary/mandibular canines were tipped distally. Gingival crevicular fluid was sampled from mesial and distal gingival crevices of each canine separately at baseline and one hour, 24 hours, six days, 10 days, and 30 days after the application of the force. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitative detection of IL-8 was used. Although there was an increase in the concentration of IL-8 at tension (mesial) sites after one hour, 24 hours, six days, and 10 days, a decrease was observed at 30 days. Pressure (distal) sites did not demonstrate such an increase at any period except at 10 days. However, the concentration of IL-8 at both sites showed a similar decrease and approached each other at day 30. We concluded that local host response toward the orthodontic forces might lead an increase in IL-8 and neutrophil accumulation, and this may be one of the triggers for bone remodeling processes.

Introduction The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of an enamel-protective resin on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded with self-etching primer. Methods Eighty extracted premolars were randomly divided into 4 groups of 20, and metal brackets were bonded. Group 1 specimens were bonded with Transbond Plus self-etching primer (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) and no fluoride resin; in group 2, a fluoride-releasing resin (Ortho-Coat, Pulpdent, Watertown, Mass) was used with the Transbond Plus self-etching primer; group 3 teeth were bonded with a new antimicrobial self-etching primer (Clearfil Protect Bond, Kuraray Medical, Osaka, Japan) with no fluoride resin; and the same protocol was used in group 4 with an application of Ortho-Coat. A universal testing machine was used to determine the SBS, and the adhesive remaining after debonding was assessed. Results There was no difference in SBS whether fluoride-releasing resin was used. Groups 3 and 4 had higher SBS values than the other groups (P Conclusions The application of enamel-protective resin did not affect the bond strength of orthodontic brackets to enamel with self-etching primer systems.