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Ultra violet (UV) solar energy can cause several negative effects to the skin and eyes in case of overexposure. To protect people from erythemal damage, personal erythemal exposure must be carefully assessed when outdoor activities are carried out. The direct measure with scientific instruments is impracticable to common people, and indirect methods assess the exposure only on the horizontal plane: this work developed a mathematical model to assess erythemal exposure to all the body districts. UVA irradiance and erythemal irradiance were measured on several inclined planes, oriented to the four cardinal directions, in seven environments with multiple sky conditions. The UV erythemal (UVE) ratio between erythemal irradiance on an inclined plane (Iery°) and UVA irradiance on a horizontal plane (IUVAh) was calculated. The results indicate that the UVE = Iery°/IUVAh is variable across the day and depends on the plane orientation, its degree of inclination, and sky conditions. Mathematical models to calculate erythemal exposure in clear, intermediate and overcast sky conditions on planes with different inclinations and orientations were derived from the daily trends of the UVE = Iery°/IUVAh. The application procedure of the mathematical model to the vertical plane oriented to the south is provided as an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey was carried out in Rome to investigate whether street luminance affects pedestrians’ comfort, visibility and perception. Forty people walked five roads and assessed on a questionnaire their walking comfort, visibility of people and background, perception of lighting intensity and uniformity. Results indicated that walking comfort was affected by mean luminance of whole scene, of sidewalk, of lateral wall and of human body; luminance also influenced the perception of street lighting intensity and uniformity and, to a lesser extent, the visibility of other people and of background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-tech protected cropping holds great potential to improve global food security, but high cooling energy costs in warm climates pose difficulties in propagating the industry. Emerging technologies, such as diffuse glasses fitted with photoselective thin films, have interactions with crops and other cooling technologies which are not well-characterized for warm-climate glasshouses. A light-blocking film (LBF) was chosen as a high-tech, climate-controlled greenhouse cover permitting transmission of 85% of photosynthetically-active light and blocking heat-generating radiation. Two consecutive 7-month trials of two capsicum crops were grown under warm climate conditions partially impacted by bushfire smoke, with 2 cultivars (Gina and Û06614) in the first trial, and 2 cultivars (Gina and Kathia) in the second trial. Capsicum fruit yield decreased by 3% in Gina and increased by 3% in O06614 for the first trial, and decreased by 13% in Gina, 26% in Kathia for the second trial. Cooling energy use increased by 11% and 12% for both capsicum crops in AE and SE respectively, with small but insignificant decreases in fertigation demand (2%-5%). Cooling potential was significantly different from material specifications, with indications that convection from LBF interfaces was responsible for higher heat loads. LBF and similar absorptive glasses may still be beneficial for reducing nutrient, water, and energy use in warm climate glasshouses. However, yield is cultivar-dependent and may decrease with below-optimal crop lighting, whereas energy savings are more dependent on LBF orientation and building geometry than outside climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of humidity on the climatic conditions and the turbulence around an isolated building has not been yet investigated in literature. This paper analyses the simultaneous effect of architectural and environmental parameters on the vortex creation around a building, focusing on the impact of relative humidity. Sixty-four 3D computational fluid dynamics simulations have been performed, coupling 4 values of inlet velocity, air temperature, solar radiation and building height with 4 values of relative humidity. Results demonstrated that the inclusion of humidity in the simulations has an impact on the vortex creation. Differences in values and trends of the vortex dimensions (Hc, Xc, and Lc) were obtained compared to previous studies where relative humidity was not considered. The highest percentage difference between the two studies regards the building height, where the addition of relative humidity made the Xc value decrease by up to 56%. Among the analysed environmental parameters, building height has the higher impact on the characteristics of the vortex, followed by air velocity. The results have been compared with the analytic formula of the ASHRAE Handbook. Cubic mathematical equations have been developed correlating the vortex dimensions with building height, air velocity and relative humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]