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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the components and cytokine and immunoglobulin levels of koumiss during different fermentation periods, and to reveal the interrelation between these parameters. For achieving this objective, 10 samples of koumiss were prepared and randomly divided into 2 groups: the first group was sampled at 0, 1, 5, 12, and 24 h of incubation at room temperature for analysis. The second group was stored at +4°C, and samples were taken on d 5, 10, 15, and 20. The counts of Enterobacteriaceae spp., Staphylococcus, and Micrococcus spp. progressively decreased with the period of fermentation until becoming undetectable in the final samples of both groups. We fond positive or negative correlations between cytokine and immunoglobulin levels and the physicochemical and microbiological parameters in the koumiss samples in both groups. However, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, and IgG did not change significantly over time in both groups. Overall, it is clear that traditionally prepared koumiss under different fermentation times and temperatures does not show any differences in cytokine and immunoglobulin concentrations.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to examine variations in stress, metabolic, and physiological parameters of horses used in the traditional equestrian team sport of Kök‐Börü in relation to winning and losing outcomes. Material and methods To accomplish this, blood samples were taken from horses on four different teams who participated in two separate games, both before and after game. These samples were used to measure levels of cortisol, ACTH, beta‐endorphin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) via species‐specific commercial ELISA kits. The autoanalyzer tested biochemical and hematological parameters. The gathered data were then analyzed statistically based on the teams' winning or losing status. Results The results suggested that winning teams had lower MID, red blood cell, HGB, RDW‐SD, HCT, platelet distribution width, and creatine kinase values post‐game in comparison to their pre‐game state. Conversely, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and CREA values increased in the winning teams' post‐game. Additionally, horses in the winning teams showed a decrease in cortisol, beta‐endorphin, and ACTH levels post‐game but increased levels of adrenaline and T3. Considering the pre‐game values, it was found that GRA and Cl levels were lower in the winning teams. Before the game, adrenaline and T3 levels were higher in the winning teams. No significant difference was observed in post‐game hematological parameters between the teams. However, post‐game K, adrenaline, and noradrenaline levels were higher among the winning teams' horses, while cortisol and beta‐endorphin levels were heightened in horses from the losing side. Conclusion In conclusion, significant differences were not observed in the distribution of hematological and biochemical parameters of horses following the Kök‐Börü games, regardless of the outcome. However, decreased post‐game cortisol, ACTH, and beta‐endorphin levels in winning teams may suggest better stress management abilities among these horses.

Aim: In this study aimed reveal applications for the protection and control of mastitis and levels of applications in 177 small scale and 169 large-scale farms in Turkey. Materials and Methods: Benefiting from statistical methods analyzed collecting data on udder health of 346 dairy cattle farms in different provinces of Turkey. Results: It has been observed that there are maximum 50-200 cows (n = 96, 56.8% and at most Holstein breeds (n = 97, 57.4%)) in large-scale and 11-20 cows (n = 71, 40.1% and the highest number of Simental breeds (n = 153, 86.4%)) in small scale farms and there are 4 old cows more in these two types of farms. It was determined that the applications of teat dipping (70.4%), dry period antibiotics (72.8%), teat seal (9.5%) and mastitis vaccine (55.6%) in large farms were higher than small scale farms and It was determined that the proportion of those which do predipping and postdipping is higher than those which do not, and that iodine antiseptics are used the most in applications. The rate of those which do not apply milking hygiene in family-type (61.6%) is high. The effects of farms type (p Conclusion: As a result, the dairy farms in Turkey the proportion of these applications, compared with past years but have been found to be higher than the desired level.