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The agricultural industry is constantly searching for new solutions to increase the productivity and nutritional value of crops under various conditions. Microbial inoculants have emerged as an alternative to traditional chemical fertilisers which could enhance crop productivity in acid soils - a major problem in modern agriculture. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of Bacillus megaterium and Mesorhizobium sp. on the seed germination of bird’s foot trefoil and orchardgrass under low pH (in vitro), as well as the nutrient composition of plants grown in acid soil. A positive impact of bacterial inoculation on seed germination was observed at pH 5 and 6 for both plant species. The content of macro- and microelements was within the range of optimal values for both plant species. This research provides valuable insights into the potential benefits of using bacterial inoculants to improve the seed germination and nutrient composition of plants grown in acid soils.

In the previous period, research was carried out with a focus on the application of various types of microbiological preparations in order to influence their possible influence on the morphological, productive and qualitative properties of industrial plants. Research was conducted in the period from 2015 to 2023 both in the open field and in laboratory conditions. In the group of industrial plants, oil, protein, medicinal, aromatic and spice plants were investigated. This paper shows the influence of certain biopreparations on the treatment of organic soybean seeds before sowing and during cultivation. For that purpose, mixtures of microbiological strains (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus simplex, Bacillus amiloliquefaciens, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus megatherium, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azotobacter chroococum) were used, with the addition of liquid fertilizers of plant origin enriched with K, Ca and Mg. The use of microbiological strains in the cultivation of organic soybeans has a significant effect on increasing the content of proteins and vegetable oils in soybeans, as well as on the values of morphological parameters and yield in the crop of organically produced soybeans. Microbiological preparations have the potential to contribute to the development of sustainable agricultural systems. The use of selected microbiological cultures for treatment during the inoculation of soil and seeds in the cultivation of industrial plants is reflected in the improvement of the nutritional and functional properties of plants, which are an excellent source of valuable food ingredients.

The most common type of soil in the valleys of large lowland rivers is Fluvisol or Alluvial soil. In order to determine the biogenity of this type of soil along the Western Morava basin, the representation of the total microflora, fungi, actinomycetes, ammonifiers, Azotobacter sp. and oligonitrophiles was examined. The samples were taken from soils used in the most common two different ways (plough fields and meadows). For that were used standard microbiological methods of inoculation a certain decimal dilution on appropriate nutrient media. No correlation was established between the number of examined groups of microorganisms and the way of land use, nor was there a correlation with chemical properties, primarily with pH and organic matter content. A good representation of Azotobacter sp., as an indicator of soil fertility, was found. Agrochemical analyses showed an acidic to neutral reaction, a low to medium percentage of organic matter, a very low to very high content of easily available phosphorus and easily available potassium.

U zaštićenim prostorima koji se koriste za proizvodnju povrća dominira uzgoj rajčice. Proizvodnja rajčice može se obavljati tijekom proljeća, jeseni i zime, u ovisnosti od područja uzgoja i mogućnosti zagrijavanja zaštićenih objekata. U južnim područjima Hercegovine proizvodnja je ekonomičnija, s obzirom na blage zime i manje potrebe za utroškom energenata. Najzastupljenija je rana proljetna i proljetna proizvodnja kojom se postižu visoki prinosi i ostvaruju dobre tržišne cijene. U radu će biti opisani postupci proizvodnje presadnica, obrade i pripreme tla, mjere njege pa sve do berbe plodova rajčice.

Tomato production dominates in protected areas used for vegetable production. Tomato production can be done during spring, summer and winter, depending on the area of cultivation and the possibility of heating protected facilities. In the southern areas of Herzegovina production is more economical due to mild winters and lower needs for energy consumption. The most common is early spring and spring production which achieves high yields and good market prices. The paper will describe the procedures for seedling production, tillage and soil preparation, care measures up to the harvest of tomato fruits.

In order to examine the influence of plant growth stimulating bacteria, which belong to the genus Streptomices sp., Paenibacillus sp. and Hymenibacter sp., on the yield and seed quality of linseed and black cumin, as well as on the morphological characteristics of these plants, a two-year field experiments were conducted. Soil treatment with a mixed culture of bacteria of different concentrations was applied during the sowing of plants. Before sowing, the influence of individual strains on the germination index of linseed and black cumin was examined. Based on the results presented in the paper, the strains CKS1 - Paenybacillus chitinolyticus, CKS3 - Hymenobacter sp., and CKS7 - Streptomyces fulvissimus, gave germination index values GI over 100% in linseed, within all tested concentrations, while in black cumin, such an effect was shown only by strain CKS7. The positive effect of the bacterial preparation in both examined plant species was recorded by measuring the yield of seeds per hectare treated with a lower concentration of the bacterial preparation compared to the corresponding untreated samples (control sample). A significant difference was recorded by measuring the number of cocoons in samples of treated linseed compared to untreated ones, as well as the mass of roots of both treated plant species. Also, the highest overall germination compared to the control was achieved by the linseed variant L2 in the treatment with a lower concentration of bacteria of 98.3±1.4%.

The relationship between organizational innovativeness and ISO 9001 is still ambiguous in the literature. This paper aims to shed light on this understudied issue by observing how different levels of ISO 9001 quality management system internalization influence organizational innovativeness. To answer this question we analysed the relationship between internal motivation for implementation of ISO 9001, internalization of ISO 9001 and organizational innovativeness in one hundred and fifty seven ISO 9001 certified organizations from four European countries (Austria, Croatia, Italy and Romania). We found out that higher levels of internalization of ISO 9001 have a positive relationship with organizational innovativeness, while higher levels of internal motivation for implementation of ISO 9001 have a positive influence on ISO 9001 internalization. Through analysis of internal motivation as an important antecedent of ISO 9001 internalization and its relationship with organizational innovativeness, our findings can help organizations to reconcile the need for achieving innovativeness and quality at the same time. Future research should try to broaden the research sample and conduct a longitudinal study in order to analyse the influence of other institutional factors on the relationships proposed in our research.

This paper discusses the medieval theological and political history, and the difference between blue and red blood. The popular phrase blue blood had a special significance during the Middle Ages, and its echo has been present in our culture ever since. One might think that such an abstract concept is only an insignificant legend that emerged from the oral folk tradition without any roots in theory and literature. The author’s intention is to present the concept of blue and red blood as a part of fictional genre theory. The fictional genre discourse becomes especially evident when the king’s simultaneously natural and supernatural bodies, or more simply, the notion that the king possesses a superbody, are discussed. In the given period the concept of blue blood, which referred to the king’s dignity, was coined. Thomas Hobbes, in his famous work Leviathan, develops the social contract theory, which is used to explain the development of the modern political community. Blue blood becomes red when an ordinary citizen becomes involved in politics, as this paper confirms.

The use of biomass ash in agriculture can have advantages such as improved soil quality and environmentally friendly ash disposal. Moreover, in combination with microbial inoculants, biomass ash can have a beneficial effect on plant growth. The study investigated the effect of biomass ash and inoculums of three Bacillus isolates on the quality of soil and barley plants. The greenhouse pot experiment included five treatments and two control soils: control - without any amendment and control with mineral fertilizer (CAN). Treatments included soil (3 kg/pot) and biomass ash (30 g/pot) with and without calcium ammonium nitrate or with bacterial inoculum. Biomass ash was collected after combustion of soybean straw. Bacillus sp. were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of alfalfa. The presence of PGP traits (Indole-3-Acetic Acid and siderophores) was confirmed by the quantitative tests for the three Bacillus isolates used (B1, BS1, BMG1). The ash, soil and plant (collected in crop maturity stage) samples were tested for: total N, C, S, and plant available P2O5 and K2O as well as for the content of potentially toxic and hazardous microelements (As, Cd, So, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn). Inoculation of seeds with Bacillus inoculums (in vitro) showed a significant effect on seedling growth compared to the non-inoculated control. Addition of ash significantly reduced soil acidity and increased content of plant available P and K compared to the controls, while combination of ash and microorganism, increased amount of available P compared to the treatment with ash only. Barley biomass yield was increased more than double when treated with ash and by 87.62% when treated with ash+BMG1 compared to control. The lowest yield was obtained in the treatment where only CAN was added. The content of potentially toxic microelements in the soil and barley shoots was below the maximum allowed concentrations. The use of biomass ash alone was effective in terms of soil nutritional and physical properties resulting in yield increase. However, the use of ash in combination with Bacillus isolates in addition to positive effect on soil and plant quality resulted in a higher barley biomass than the combination of ash with CAN. This study showed that biomass ash can be used as fertilizer on acidic soils with low nutrient content alone or in combination with bacterial inoculants. The synergistic effect of ash with microorganisms can provide an environmentally friendly approach in agriculture to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and solve the problem of biomass ash disposal.

In the field experiment, the effect of co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and two Pseudomonas sp. strains on seed yield and macronutrient uptake in soybean (Glycine max L.) was evaluated. The results showed that inoculation and co-inoculation of soybean seeds with B. japonicum and Pseudomonas sp. strains increased seed yield (from 65 up to 134%), and uptake of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca (kg ha-1 ) (from 65 to 167%), compared to the control plants (uninoculated, non-fertilized plants). Phosphorous concentration (mg kg-1 ) was increased in inoculated and co-inoculated treatments (up to 15%), compared to the control. The N%, as well as the concentrations of K and Ca, did not differ significantly among treatments and control. Magnesium concentrations were increased in mineral fertilized and co-inoculated treatments. Uptake of all nutrients was in significant correlation with seed yield, while the concentration of P only correlated with seed yield. The results showed that coinoculation with bradyrhizobial and some phosphate solubilizing bacteria can increase the seed yield and uptake of N and P in soybean.

One of the most common soil types in area of western and south-western Serbia is the Eutric Cambisol. In order to determine biogenity of this soil type, the presence of total microflora, fungi, actinomycetes, ammonifiers, Azotobacter sp. and oligonitrophils, as well as dehydrogenase activity were examined. Samples were taken from soils used in two different ways (plough fields and meadows). Standard microbiological methods of inoculation a certain decimal dilution on appropriate nutrient media were used. No correlation between the number of microorganisms and type of the soil usage was found. In localities that were under plough fields and meadows, the presence of Azotobacter sp. was confirmed, as an indicator of soil fertility. The correlation of dehydrogenase activity with the total number of microorganisms was not observed. Agrochemical analysis showed acidic to weakly acidic soil reaction, medium to high percentage of organic matter, low content of easily available phosphorus and high content of easily available potassium. There was no correlation between chemical properties of the soil and the number of microorganisms in examined soil type.

The aim of this paper is to maintain soil fertility on an organic farm without livestock production by using alfalfa green biomass. The research was carried out on the farm of Mokrin PP company, by modeling and sizing of crop rotation with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on the non-carbonate humoglay. To ensure a cost-effective technical solution, alfalfa seed production was organized. In the autumn of 2015 alfalfa sowing was carried out in a field of 5 ha. Green biomass of the first and third cuttings, as well as crop residue after harvesting of seeds in the second cutting, were mowed and chopped by harvester for low silage and stored in the silage-pit. After nine months, a mature alfalfa compost was obtained with optimum values of total nitrogen (5.04%), organic matter (42.56%), C/N, pH, humidity, and EC. Two-year alfalfa utilization is the recommended time in this research because to the following benefits: in crop rotation, alfalfa field is provided with nitrogen by symbiotic ni­trogen fixation and the alfalfa is cultivated every five years in the same field, while in the middle of that period the field is fertilized with compost produced on the farm. The amount of compost obtained by crop rotation (2016 - 48.80 t; 2017 - 62.30 t) is enough for about 20% of the arable area per year. Thus, the fields are fertilized every fourth year with 10 t ha-1 of compost. Thanks to alfalfa biomass and seed and also nitrogen fixation, maintaining soil fertility is resolved in a sustainable and natural way. [Projects of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 46005 and Grant no. III 46006]

In addition to true cereals (Poaceae) and legumes (Fabaceae), which are most commonly used as cover crops, plant species from the mustard family (Brassicaceae) are increasingly used due to their biological and agronomic characteristics. Crucifers grow fast, develop high biomass, achieve great land coverage (> 80%) and possess high nutrient uptake. These are the reasons that their use as cover crops has a beneficial effect on soil fertility, erosion prevention, weed suppression and groundwater quality protection. Majority of crucifers contain glucosinolates, the enzymatic conversion of which releases biologically active compounds into the soil, which are toxic to soil pathogens, nematodes and some weeds. In this way, crucifers act as soil biofumigants, and this effect is used in the control of harmful organisms within the cover crops technology. Due to different production systems and agroecological conditions, the release of these compounds in the soil is not constant, so the efficiency is not always the same. In this regard, biofumigation as a biological measure should be seen as a part of an integrated pest management strategy. With its flowers, crucifers attract a large number of insects: pollinators, predators and parasitoids, thus positively affecting the biodiversity of beneficial insects and the biocontrol of harmful ones. The most commonly used multipurpose cover crops are: rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), white mustard (Sinapis alba L.), brown mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.), charcoal turnip (Brassica rapa rapifera), fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.), oil radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleifera) and others.

Soil microorganisms, which are usually found in plant rhizosphere, have a wide spectrum of beneficial effects on the promotion of plant growth. The most comprehensively studied bacteria with these effects belong to the Bacillus genus. In this study, seven Bacillus isolates from Medicago sativa rhizosphere soils were isolated. Plant growth promoting characteristics of these isolates, such as production of indole-3aceticacid, siderophores and hydrogen cyanide were tested. The induction of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum jubatum) seed germination was evaluated in vitro. Isolate BMG2 produced the highest indole-3-aceticacid of 24.89 µg/mL. The length of roots of barley increased up to 60%, while the length of shoots of barley increased 2.23 times afterapplying isolatesPAZE-6 and BMG1, respectively. In addition, isolates BMG1, BMG2 and PAZE-6 improved germination of both types of seeds and showed ability to produce useful substances such as siderophores and indole-3-acetic acid. Further, these isolates could be used in the production of liquid crop additives that can improve the total yield of cultivated plants, especially barley.

Application of liquid microbial inoculants on legume seeds is a sustainable agricultural practice that can improve plant nutrient uptake and increase crop productivity. Inoculants should provide long-term survival of rhizobia in the final product and after application, to legume seeds. Ten different medium formulations of microbial inoculants were examined (yeast mannitol broth with the addition of agar, sodium-alginate, calcium chloride, glycerol or ferric chloride and combinations thereof) for the survival of the efficient nitrogen-fixing rhizobium, Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) meliloti L3Si strain. The most suitable liquid inoculant for survival of L3Si during a storage time of 150 days was the medium formulation containing glycerol in combination with agar or sodium-alginate. Alfalfa seeds were pre-inoculated with four formulations (yeast mannitol broth (YMB), YMB with agar (1 g L-1), YMB with 1 or 5 g L-1 sodium-alginate) for up to three months. Seeds pre-inoculated and stored for one month produced successful alfalfa plants. The nitrogen content in alfalfa obtained from pre-inoculated seeds one month before sowing was adequate and ranged from 3.72-4.19%. Using S. meliloti-based liquid inoculants for alfalfa and application of the pre-inoculation technique can increase the quality of alfalfa crops and reduce cultivation cost. [Projects of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR 31035 and Grant no. TR 37006]

Agricultural by-products are generated in large amounts in various industries, creating a serious disposal problem. Valorisation of tobacco waste for the extraction of value-added compounds and the production of enzymes could reduce both the problems of its disposal and the costs of cellulase production. Hitherto, there have been no reported studies concerning the utilization of tobacco residues (after extraction of polyphenols and nicotine, and fermentation pre-treatment by Streptomyces fulvissimus CKS7) for the production of cellulase (CMCase and аvicelase) by Paenibacillus chitinolyticus CKS1. The optimal conditions for the polyphenols and nicotine extraction process were obtained using the response surface methodology: 60 s extraction time in water and 30 mL g-1 liquid/solid ratio. After the applied bacterial fermentation as a pre-treatment of tobacco residues, using Paenibacillus species, the extraction of polyphenols decreased by up to 10 %, while the extraction of nicotine increased by up to 35 %. Afterward, the maximum of cellulase activities (CMCase of 0.878 U g-1 and avicelase of 1.417 U g-1) were achieved using of the strain CKS1. [Projects of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no.TR 31035 and Grant no. TR 37006]

The aim of this research is to isolate and identify fungi with high lignin-degrading abilities that are autochthonous to southern Serbian region. Two novel fungal isolates identified as Trametes hirsuta F13 and Stereum gausapatum F28 were selected to assess their ligninolytic enzyme activities and the efficiency of lignin removal from beech wood sawdust. Obtained results show that both isolates are good sources of industrially valuable enzymes with a potential for application in various biotechnological and industrial processes. Both isolates showed laccase, manganese-dependent peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase activities, while only S. gausapatum F28 had lignin peroxidase activity. This is the first record of the ability of S. gausapatum species to produce lignin peroxidase. T. hirsuta F13 showed higher laccase activity than S. gausapatum F28, while S. gausapatum F28 had higher manganese peroxidase activity. Also, T. hirsuta F13 exhibited much higher laccase activity under submerged cultivation conditions than solid-state cultivation conditions, which is rare for fungi. This is important for industrial processes since the submerged fermentation is a dominant technique in industry. The test of the efficiency of lignin removal showed that both isolates are efficient lignin decomposers. After five weeks of incubation on beech wood sawdust, the total lignin losses were 33.84 % with T. hirsuta F13 and 28.8 % with S. gausapatum F28.

Amylases are industrially important enzymes which could convert starch to glucose, maltose and oligosaccharides. A bacterial strain designated as Paenibacillus chitinolyticus CKS1which was isolated from the soil of the coniferous forest, produced β-amylases using different commercial and waste substrates. Maximum β-amylases activity of 0.820 U/mL was obtained using a sugar alcohol-isomaltidex (0.5% w/v), as a substrate for microorganism growth and enzyme production. After 48 h of fermentation in a medium that contained starch (0.5%, w/v) and 0.05% v/v of ethanol, CKS1 produced β-amylase with the activity of 0.518 U/mL. The latest trends in enzyme production include utilisation of various waste products, mainly of agroindustrial origin, as a substrate for microorganisms growth. The strain CKS1 was also able to grow and produce β-amylases by using plant waste material. The plant waste substrate (PWS) contained plant biomass that is left after the ethanol extraction of various medicinal herbs (marigold and chamomile flowers, artichoke leaf, lemon balm leaf, nettle leaf, thyme leaf, yarrow shoot, yellow gentian shoot, primrose shoot, valerian shoot and chestnut and hawthorn seeds).This mixture of dried plant biomass is dissposed as such as a waste. In a medium with 0.1% (w/v) of PWS, CKS1 produced β-amylases with a maximum activity of 0.569 U/mL. The results show the potential of utilising waste plant biomass, left after ethanol extraction of medicinal herbs, in production of amylases. The application of microorganisms in β-amylase production using waste substrate is economically and environmentally accepted.

Soil chemical properties and total heavy metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe and Mn) and their relationships with some soil microbiological characteristics (such as soil respiration and numbers of specific groups of microorganisms) were evaluated in agricultural soils in southern Serbia. In 42% of samples, slightly elevated concentrations of As, Ni and/or Pb were detected, with the highest values of 43.4, 64.4 and 184.1 mg/kg, respectively. No significant differences were observed in soil microbiological characteristics between soil samples with elevated heavy metals and heavy metals below the maximum allowed concentrations (MAC). There was no negative correlation between any of the heavy metals and any microbiological characteristics, except the total number of fungi and the concentration of Ni (r=-394). Positive correlations between most of the heavy metals and the number of Azotobacter were obtained. Correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that the chemical properties of the soil are the factors that affected the number of microorganisms the most. The content of CaCO3 significantly contributed to variations in soil respiration (39%), the total number of microorganisms was affected the most by humus (53%), oligonitrophiles by the total N content (49%), while the numbers of actinomycetes and fungi were affected by the pH (48% and 58% of the variation). [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR37006]

A subset of Covid-19 survivors will develop persisting health sequelae (i.e. Long Covid/LC or Post Covid/PC) similar to Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). In the absence of a reliable biomarker to diagnose LC/PC and ME/CFS, their classification based on symptoms becomes indispensable. Hence, we translated and validated the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire−2 (DSQ-2), to offer a screening tool for the German-speaking population. A sample of healthy adults, and adults with ME/CFS and LC/PC (N = 502) completed a reduced-item version of the DSQ-2 and SF-36 questionnaire online. We performed an exploratory factor analysis, assessed construct validity, diagnostic accuracy and compared the symptom profiles of individuals with ME/CFS versus LC/PC versus healthy adults. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 10-factor solution with excellent internal consistencies. The sensitivity of the DSQ-2 was excellent. The specificity was moderate with moderate inter-rater reliability. Construct validity of the DSQ-2 was supported by strong negative correlations with physical health subscales of the SF-36. A visual comparison of the symptom profiles of individuals with ME/CFS versus LC/PC revealed a comparable pattern. Despite lower symptom severity, individuals with LC/PC reported significantly stronger limitations in general health and physical functioning and were more likely to meet ME/CFS diagnostic criteria with ongoing sickness duration, suggesting that ME/CFS can be considered a long-term sequela of LC/PC. This study offers a translated and validated version of the reduced-item DSQ-2 that can guide medical evaluation and aid physicians in identifying a ME/CFS-like subtype of LC/PC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbially mediated soil organic matter is an extremely sensitive pool that indicates subtle changes in the quality parameters responsible for the soil’s ecological and productive functions. Fifty years of mineral fertilization of a wheat-corn cropping system has a strong impact on soil quality parameters. The goal of the research was to study the dynamics and quality of soil biological parameters affected by increasing amounts of mineral nitrogen. Soil respiration, potentially mineralizable C and N, microbial biomass C and N and light-fraction OM on Cambisol were analyzed in the following treatments: (1) Control (without fertilization); (2) NPK (60/51/67); (3) NPK (90/51/67); (4) NPK (120/51/67); (5) NPK (150/51/67 kg ha−1). The parameters studied were significantly affected by the long-term application of mineral fertilizer compared with both the control and the adjacent native soil. The highest amounts of nitrogen (N150) did not significantly differ from N120 and N90 for most of the parameters studied. Potentially mineralizable C represented the largest labile carbon pool, while microbial biomass N was the largest labile nitrogen pool. The mineralization rates for C and N were oppositely distributed over the seasons. The sensitivity index correlated with the amount of light-fraction OM. The results give a deeper insight into the behavior and distribution of different pools of labile SOM in the agro-landscapes and can serve as a reliable basis for further research focused on zero soil degradation.

Many relatively common chronic inflammatory skin diseases manifest on the face (seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, acne, perioral/periorificial dermatitis, periocular dermatitis, etc.), thereby significantly impairing patient appearance and quality of life. Given the yet unexplained pathogenesis and numerous factors involved, these diseases often present therapeutic challenges. The term “microbiome” comprises the totality of microorganisms (microbiota), their genomes, and environmental factors in a particular environment. Changes in human skin microbiota composition and/or functionality are believed to trigger immune dysregulation, and consequently an inflammatory response, thereby playing a potentially significant role in the clinical manifestations and treatment of these diseases. Although cultivation methods have traditionally been used in studies of bacterial microbiome species, a large number of bacterial strains cannot be grown in the laboratory. Since standard culture-dependent methods detect fewer than 1% of all bacterial species, a metagenomic approach could be used to detect bacteria that cannot be cultivated. The skin microbiome exhibits spatial distribution associated with the microenvironment (sebaceous, moist, and dry areas). However, although disturbance of the skin microbiome can lead to a number of pathological conditions and diseases, it is still not clear whether skin diseases result from change in the microbiome or cause such a change. Thus far, the skin microbiome has been studied in atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, and rosacea. Studies on the possible association between changes in the microbiome and their association with skin diseases have improved the understanding of disease development, diagnostics, and therapeutics. The identification of the bacterial markers associated with particular inflammatory skin diseases would significantly accelerate the diagnostics and reduce treatment costs. Microbiota research and determination could facilitate the identification of potential causes of skin diseases that cannot be detected by simpler methods, thereby contributing to the design and development of more effective therapies.