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This supporting dataset is from a study titled 'Identifying areas where biodiversity is at risk from potential cocoa expansion in the Congo Basin' by Kamath et al. (in review). GEE_script_RWR: Google Earth Engine script used to create a rarity weighted (i.e. weighted endemism) map and export it to Google Drive as a GeoTIFF. cocoa_points: Database of cocoa occurrence locations that were used to model the global distribution of suitable climates for cocoa production. Further details on the methods can be found in the paper.

Background: In Latin America, the cultivation of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) plays a critical role in rural livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development. Over the last 20 years, coffee farms and landscapes across the region have undergone rapid and profound biophysical changes in response to low coffee prices, changing climatic conditions, severe plant pathogen outbreaks, and other drivers. Although these biophysical transformations are pervasive and affect millions of rural livelihoods, there is limited information on the types, location, and extent of landscape changes and their socioeconomic and ecological consequences. Objectives: We review the state of knowledge on the ongoing biophysical changes in coffee-growing regions, explore the potential socioeconomic and ecological impacts of these changes, and highlight key research gaps. Methods: This review integrates expert knowledge harvested in a 4-day international workshop at International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and a literature review. Results: We identify seven major land-use trends which are affecting the sustainability of coffee-growing regions across Latin America in different ways: (1) the widespread shift to disease-resistant cultivars, (2) the conventional intensification of coffee management with greater planting densities, greater use of agrochemicals and less shade, (3) the conversion of coffee to other agricultural land uses, (4) the introduction of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) into areas not previously cultivated with coffee, (5) the expansion of coffee into forested areas, (6) the urbanization of coffee landscapes, and (7) the increase in the area of coffee produced under voluntary sustainability standards. Discussion: Our review highlights the incomplete and scattered information on the drivers, patterns, and outcomes of biophysical changes in coffee landscapes, and lays out a detailed research agenda to address these research gaps and elucidate the

In Latin America, the cultivation of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) plays a critical role in rural livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development. Over the last 20 years, coffee farms and landscapes across the region have undergone rapid and profound biophysical changes in response to low coffee prices, changing climatic conditions, severe plant pathogen outbreaks, and other drivers. Although these biophysical transformations are pervasive and affect millions of rural livelihoods, there is limited information on the types, location, and extent of landscape changes and their socioeconomic and ecological consequences. Here we review the state of knowledge on the ongoing biophysical changes in coffee-growing regions, explore the potential socioeconomic and ecological impacts of these changes, and highlight key research gaps. We identify seven major land-use trends which are affecting the sustainability of coffee-growing regions across Latin America in different ways. These trends include (1) the widespread shift to disease-resistant cultivars, (2) the conventional intensification of coffee management with greater planting densities, greater use of agrochemicals and less shade, (3) the conversion of coffee to other agricultural land uses, (4) the introduction of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) into areas not previously cultivated with coffee, (5) the expansion of coffee into forested areas, (6) the urbanization of coffee landscapes, and (7) the increase in the area of coffee produced under voluntary sustainability standards. Our review highlights the incomplete and scattered information on the drivers, patterns, and outcomes of biophysical changes in coffee landscapes, and lays out a detailed research agenda to address these research gaps and elucidate the effects of different landscape trajectories on rural livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and other aspects of sustainable development. A better understanding of the drivers, patterns, and c

Social cohesion plays a key role in processes of peacebuilding and sustainable development. Fostering social cohesion might present a potential to enhance the connection of natural resource management and peacebuilding and better functioning of sustainable land use systems. This contribution explores the nexus between social cohesion, natural resource management, and peacebuilding. We do so by (1) reviewing literature on the three concepts and (2) studying four different key action areas in the context of sustainable cocoa production for their potential to enhance social cohesion, namely (a) agroforestry; (b) cooperatives; (c) certification schemes; and (d) trade policies. Research is based on experience from cocoa production in two post-conflict countries, Côte d’Ivoire and Colombia. Our findings show that by fostering environmentally sustainable agricultural practices, these key action areas have a clear potential to foster social cohesion among cocoa producers and thus provide a valuable contribution to post-conflict peacebuilding in both countries. However, the actual effects strongly depend on a multitude of local factors which need to be carefully taken into consideration. Further, the focus in implementation of some of these approaches tends to be on increasing agricultural productivity and not directly on fostering cocoa farmers’ wellbeing and societal relations, and hence a shift toward social objectives is needed in order to strengthen these approaches as a part of overall peacebuilding strategies., Peer Reviewed

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is widely promoted as an approach for reorienting agricultural development under the realities of climate change. Prioritising research-for-development activities is crucial, given the need to utilise scarce resources as effectively as possible. However, no framework exists for assessing and comparing different CSA research investments. Several aspects make it challenging to prioritise CSA research, including its multi-dimensional nature (productivity, adaptation and mitigation), the uncertainty surrounding many climate impacts, and the scale and temporal dependencies that may affect the benefits and costs of CSA adoption. Here we propose a framework for prioritising agricultural research investments across scales and review different approaches to setting priorities among agricultural research projects. Many priority-setting case studies address the short- to medium-term and at relatively local scales. We suggest that a mix of actions that span spatial and temporal time scales is needed to be adaptive to a changing climate, address immediate problems and create enabling conditions for enduring change.

Die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die globale Kaffeeproduktion in einem integriertem Modell war das Ziel dieser Arbeit. Der vorwiegende Teil der globalen Kaffeeproduktion stammt von zwei Arten: dem hitzeempfindlichen Coffea arabica (Arabica) Strauch und vom frostempfindlichen Coffea canephora (Robusta). Eine zunehmende Zahl Studien zeigt, dass der Klimawandel bereits heute die Produktion mindert. Maschinenlernklassifizierung wurde hier genutzt um ein Modell der globalen Klima-Kaffee-Wechselwirkungen zu entwickeln. Zur Integration der modellierten Klimafolgen mit ökonomischen Faktoren war ein detailliertes Wissen über die räumliche Verteilung der Kaffeeproduktion notwendig. Da existierende Datensätze unzureichend waren, wurde ein neuer methodischer Ansatz auf der Grundlage der maschinenlern-basierten Anbaueignungsklassifizierung entwickelt. Diese beiden Schritte waren Voraussetzung für die Inklusion eines Modells des Kaffeesektors in dem räumlich expliziten partiellen Gleichgewichtsmodell Globiom. Auf der Hälfte der heute für den Anbau geeigneten Fläche muss bis 2050 2,5-mal so viel Kaffee produziert werden um die zukünftige Nachfrage zu sättigen. Niedrigere Ernten und höhere Preise werden das Volumen des Kaffeemarktes um über 5 Mio. Tonnen pro Jahr reduzieren. Dieser Verlust entspricht dem Marktvolumen im Modellbasisjahr. Kaffeeproduktion wird zukünftig in höheren Lagen angebaut werden müssen, sofern dort landwirtschaftliche Fläche zur Verfügung steht. Die Produktion wird größtenteils innerhalb der gegenwärtigen Breitengrade bleiben, aber wichtige Produzenten, wie Brasilien und Vietnam werden Probleme haben wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben mit weniger betroffenen Ländern in Ost-Afrika. Modellunsicherheit auf lokaler Ebene erschwert jedoch die Entwicklung eindeutiger Anpassungsempfehlungen. Es wird also auch in Zukunft Kaffee geben, aber dieser Kaffee wird von geringerer Qualität sein und mehr kosten., To model the impacts of climate change on global coffee production in an integrated modeling framework was the objective of this thesis. The majority of coffee is produced using either one of two species which form a single market: the heat sensitive Coffea arabica (Arabica) and the cold sensitive Coffea canephora (Robusta). Recently, evidence is increasing that climate change has begun to affect production. Machine learning classification was used to develop a global biophysical impacts model for both coffee species. Integrating these biophysical effects with demand side effects required a detailed understanding of the spatial distribution of coffee production. Because existing datasets were found to be insufficient a novel methodology was developed that built upon the machine learning classification of coffee suitability. These two steps were preconditions to include a model of the coffee sector in the spatially explicit partial equilibrium modeling framework Globiom. On only half the area that is currently available for coffee production by 2050 2.5-times as much coffee will have to be produced to meet future demand. Reduced yields and increased prices were shown to reduce the coffee market by more than 5million tons per year, equivalent to the size of the baseyear market volume. Coffee production will migrate to higher elevations where area is available for agricultural production. Production will remain within current latitudinal ranges but major producers like Brazil and Vietnam will struggle to remain competitive with relatively less affected countries in East Africa. Substantial uncertainty about the impacts on local scale prevails and impedes the development of unambiguous adaptation strategies. Thus, there will be coffee on the table in 2050, but it will be of lower quality and will cost more.