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The article examines collections of various short language genres published in Bulgaria from the second half of the 20th century to the present day. A chronological and typological classification of the collections is presented, and a formal and general content characterization is made of this type of published series in the Bulgarian linguistic literature. The dynamics is traced of the compilation and publication of collections, and it is found that collective volumes have been decreasing over time and currently only collections by individual authors continue to be published, while at the same time their publication is shifting towards the Internet. From the review of the published collections it can be concluded that the linguist with the greatest presence and influence as an author of short language genres and with published book collections of advice on language is currently Prof. Vladko Murdarov, who is a scholar of the older generation. The article provides material enabling comparative research in the field of language cultivation and linguistic popularization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invective metaphors constitute a substantial portion of the metaphorical landscape within the Bulgarian language, and likely in other languages as well. This article endeavors to explore Bulgarian invective metaphors from various perspectives, including their vitality, expressiveness, conceptualization schemes, etc. To conduct this research, a questionnaire featuring 20 metaphors was administered to respondents. The collected data revealed two primary categories of metaphors: those with clearly discernible source images and those with obscure source images. Notably, the latter group appears to be transitioning towards historical metaphoricality. The paper proposes a hypothesis elucidating the reasons for that. Additionally, within the framework of the aforementioned aspects, efforts are made to systematize and delineate specific characteristics. Special attention is dedicated to examining Turkisms and insults prevalent not only among individuals, but also between distinct societal fractions, such as football fans.

The Bulgarian anthroponymicon, as a multifaceted and dynamic system, is continually reshaped by both external and internal influences. This article draws on an extensive body of anthroponymic material sourced from archival and published records, as well as data collected by the author over recent decades in Bulgaria. The analysis identifies and describes several distinct strategies for the enrichment of the Bulgarian anthroponymicon. A substantial portion of the anthroponymic repertoire originates from appellatives, encompassing “astronomical,” “landscape,” “meteorological,” and “zoonymic” names. Particular focus is made on the decomposition of full names into multiple forms, each spawning new anthroponyms and diverse series of hypocoristics (e.g., Kostadin → Kosta, Dinko, etc.). The study also explores dialectal semantic and morphological variations in personal names. Phonetic processes influencing the transformation of proper names, such as devoicing, sonorization, epenthesis, prosthesis, apocope, syncope, and elision, are examined in detail. The primary suffixes used in the formation and modification of anthroponyms are identified, and their evolving productivity and significance over time are discussed. Processes of borrowing, translation, and adaptation of foreign proper names are traced, with an emphasis on their integration into the Bulgarian naming system. Notably, female anthroponyms are shown to significantly outnumber male ones in both variety and frequency. Neo-anthroponymization is analyzed in depth, highlighting its dual foundation: the creative approach of Bulgarians to naming and the regulated practices tied to ancestral name transmission. The study emphasizes the role of narratives in clarifying and refining the origins and morphology of proper names. The author concludes that while globalization exerts an increasing influence on the Bulgarian anthroponymic system, archaic naming processes continue to adapt to modern innovations, ensuring their persistence and relevance in the future.

The article deals with the ways of expressing concepts of state in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment and the peculiarities of their reproduction in the translation of the novel into Bulgarian by the poet and translator Georgi Konstantinov. The relevance of the work is determined by the insufficient study of Dostoevsky’s linguistic techniques in conveying the state of the characters and the environment, as well as the peculiarities of translating the concepts of state from Russian into Bulgarian. The problem of translatability of grammar, the dependence of discrepancies between the original and translation on the systemic features of languages is investigated. Research methods: comparative, contextual, structural-grammatical, lexico-semantic. The material is collected from the parallel Russian and Bulgarian texts of the novel and the Russian/Bulgarian subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The author of the article concludes that Georgi Konstantinov managed to convey both the global universal meanings of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment and the individual originality of the writer’s language. At the same time, the study reveals natural discrepancies between the original novel and its translation, which are explained by a number of reasons: 1) partial differences in the linguistic conceptualization of the world in the two languages: the Russian language picture of the world is characterized by objectspatial dominance, spatial models serve as a basis for the design of different types of relations, including state concepts; Bulgarian language focuses on the state as an action or a dynamic characteristic of a person; 2) systemic differences between modern Russian and Bulgarian languages, discrepancies in their grammatical, lexicallinguistic, lexical-semantic resources, which is regularly observed in the transition from Russian impersonal sentences to Bulgarian bipartite or definite-personal sentences, from prepositional-padding combinations of Russian to Bulgarian verb forms; 3) the translator’s skill, the nature of his perception of the content of the text, key and precedent words.

The paper considers a number of key aspects surrounding the appropriation of the word gender into the Bulgarian language. "Gender theory", "gender ideology", "genderism", "genderization", "genderette" are only a few of the doublets which have become part of Bulgaria's political as well as everyday discourses. Our main goal is to analyze the recent developments by which these predominantly pejorative meanings and usages of the word have gained legitimacy, in part, with the aid of the official Bulgarian institutions. To do this, we focus on the definitions of "gender", which are offered in the recently published "Dictionary of new words in the Bulgarian language (from the first two decades of the 21st century)" under the authority of the Institute for Bulgarian Language at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. To set the context, we begin with an overview of the so-called anti-gender mobilizations. This is followed with an outline of the reception of the concept of "gender" in Bulgaria. Here we focus on two key fields. First, we look at the word's history within the Bulgarian academic space after the fall of the Iron Curtain, and second – the current political appropriations which fill the term with derogatory meanings. From there we continue with a critical examination of the explanatory-descriptive segments and the accompanying illustrative materials of the dictionary articles related to the word and its derivatives. Our main goal is to follow the shifts of meanings which the concept goes through. To further exemplify this, we draw a comparison with the previous version of the dictionary, which relies on a completely different explanatory strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an increasingly globalised and multilingual world, the use of different scripts in the same semiotic landscape is an increasingly frequent and widespread phenomenon. For this reason, it is vital to conduct research focusing on multiscriptality in order to better understand the linguistic and semiotic functions of the use of multiple scripts that have become more or less officialised by the political-administrative power. This study examines the use of Latin characters in Greece and Bulgaria, the only two European Union member societies that formally adopt different scripts. Using both a qualitative and a quantitative approach, we analyse the coexistence of the national and Latin alphabets in the graphic texts of commercial signs in two urban areas: the Ladadika district in Thessaloniki, Greece and the Kapana district in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The results show that the advancement of the Latin alphabet is not homogeneous; sometimes unconventionally represents the national language; is not completely preferred to the recessive national script, but creates with it new orthographic-communicative forms; and can take place regardless of the overwhelming prestige of Global English. This paper demonstrates the importance of studying multiscriptality and the Romanisation process in the context of contemporary multilingualism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crucial role of titles for introducing and marketing entertainment products such as feature films is undeniable and stems from the need to motivate potential audiences to make a specific effort and invest their time and money in order to see a movie. In the world of today with its comforts and availability of entertainment at people`s fingertips, it requires a specific effort on the part of entertainment creators to make people leave the comfort of their homes and commit to the process of “going to the movies”. This places a specific expectation on feature films that they should be something special, there should be more to them than what other forms of entertainment (such as TV, social media content or streaming platforms) offer - a good movie is an experience. For the audience, the starting point of that entire experience is the title - it introduces, labels and brings together the entire production, it creates the first impression. The title is a pivoting point for the entire marketing campaign of the movie as a product and needs to fit appropriately with the rest of the production in order to have the desired strong impact - and to hopefully become a household name, or gain an “iconic” status and bring with it an entire franchise to further capitalize on the success of the initial product. Furthermore, in order to maximize profit, these entertainment products need to be marketed to as many markets as possible, to as many countries, cultures and languages as possible and for this purpose the title of the production needs to be rendered, translated into the target language of the receiving audiences. This process involves specific strategies, methods and techniques which are multifaceted and are not only linguistic in nature, but also stem from the theory and practice of marketing and advertising. The purpose of the present study is to take a look into the specific ways in which these marketing and advertising strategies are reflected in the actual final product of the title`s translation - i.e., the actual translation techniques observable in the translated titles of these animated feature films. The article provides a descriptive analysis of the sets of translation techniques employed in the rendering of titles of animated feature films from the original English to the Bulgarian and Russian, respectively. More specifically, the study is dedicated to the titles of the animated films produced by Blue Sky Studios and attempts to delineate the specific techniques employed based on the actual existing translations of the titles. For this purpose a corpus has been created containing 39 units of analysis - all 13 original titles and their Bulgarian and Russian translations of films produced b the studio which have been marketed to Bulgarian and Russian theater audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the use of overt and null subjects in Bulgarian in child heritage speakers with L2 German. The alternation of overt and null pronominal subjects in null-subject languages like Bulgarian depends on grammatical and discourse conditions and contrasts with German. Oral narratives were elicited in Bulgarian, comparing the performance of the heritage children to that of monolingual children and adults. Overall 68 Bulgarian narratives of 39 speakers were analysed as to the use of overt and null pronominal subjects in topic-continuity and topic-shift contexts. The results reveal similar subject realisation for all speakers, supporting early acquisition of null-subject grammars. Analyses of topic-continuity and -shift contexts showed similar overall patterns in children's and adults' subject use, with children producing somewhat more overt subjects in topic-continuity and ambiguous overt pronouns in topic-shift contexts than adults. However, the bilinguals used significantly more ambiguous null subjects than monolinguals. These results suggest that fine-grained discourse constraints of null-subject grammars are more difficult for bilinguals to acquire and maintain. The near adult-like performance of the bilinguals in some contexts can be attributed to the fact that most of them were Bulgarian-dominant and received non-attrited parental input. Differences are also attributable to cross-linguistic influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work represents an attempt to take a step in the direction of building a connection between scientific developments in the field of instrumental phonetics and the teaching of Bulgarian as a foreign language. Technological studies point to problem areas of the pronunciation of the Bulgarian language by speakers of closely related languages such as Ukrainian. As an object of attention and corrective work, we noted some segmental deviations in the articulation of (е, ə, о, tʃ, t), slow pace of speech and articulation, fluency disorders, positional accent deviations and those in accent realization (indiscernible difference in the acoustic ques of stressed and unstressed units) and inconsistent reduction. We believe that audio and visual demonstrations have a place in teaching pronunciation in Bulgarian as a foreign language. A „translation“ of the specialized terminology of linguistics and illustrative materials are needed, which serve not only for illustration, but also as material for one‘s own production in comparison with that of native speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review is devoted to the analysis of the new lexicographic work of the Bulgarian dialectologists of the Prof. L. Andreichin Institute of the Bulgarian Language. BAN, – a dictionary of one archaic dialect of the Ropka region in the Western Rhodope Mountains. The book is a logical continuation of S. Keremedchieva’s 1993 monograph, which describes the grammar of this dialect. The dictionary significantly complements the understanding of it, which makes it the first comprehensive study of the Rhodope dialect at several linguistic levels: phonological, morphological and lexical. Due to its basic linguistic features, this dialect became a link between the Thracian and central Rhodope dialects, whose speakers, due to a number of geopolitical reasons and events, found themselves outside the borders of modern Bulgaria, in Greece and Turkey. The local Bulgarian population was mostly Islamized in the XVII century, and after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1879–1882 and 1912, part of the families of Bulgarian Muslims from the villages of Pavelsko, Orekhovo and Studenets were resettled to Asia Minor, Turkey. According to one of the etymological versions of the origin of the name of the village Pavelsko, the fact of the existence here in the past of adherents of the Pavlikian heresy, whose center was the village of Pavelsko, is likely. This hypothesis is supported by numerous linguistic links between the Ropkа dialect and the Pavlikian dialect in Bulgaria. The Ropka dialect has accumulated features of a certain stage in the development of the Bulgarian language, preserving a number of its archaic features, including vocabulary and morphology. Despite the modern intensive changes taking place in everyday life, culture and language, the inhabitants of the Ropka region have preserved their ancestral memory and customs, songs and legends, melodious Rhodope dialect with its ancient features and inimitable architectonics. Rich authentic dialect material is a serious lexical database and a source for scientific research in various fields, including ethnolinguistics.

The rapid development of information and communication technologies and the widespread use of the Internet has made it imperative to implement advanced user authentication methods based on the analysis of behavioural biometric data. In contrast to traditional authentication techniques, such as the simple use of passwords, these new methods face the challenge of authenticating users at more complex levels, even after the initial verification. This is particularly important as it helps to address risks such as the possibility of forgery and the disclosure of personal information to unauthorised individuals. In this study, the use of keystroke dynamics has been chosen as a biometric, which is the way a user uses the keyboard. Specifically, a number of Bulgarian-speaking users have been recorded during their daily keyboard use, and then a system has been implemented which, with the help of machine learning models, recognises certain acquired or intrinsic characteristics in order to reveal part of their identity. The results show that users can be categorised using keystroke dynamics, in terms of the age group they belong to and in terms of their educational level, with high accuracy rates, which is a strong indication for the creation of applications to enhance user security and facilitate their use of Internet services.

The current article examines constructions for which various terms are used in linguistic practice (e.g., stable, traditional, figurative, etc.). The study also covers whether “as X as Y” units fall within the scope of phraseology or cognitive linguistics. Opinions of prominent specialists are traced regarding whether or not all comparisons fall within the framework of phraseology, as well as the traditional understanding in linguistics of the boundaries and scope of stable/figurative comparisons. There is also a special focus on two main features in comparative structures, namely their figurativeness and stability. The images that take on the role of comparatum are investigated, with emphasis on their potential innovation, as it is the components on the right side of the comparison that account for its figurativeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article adopts a sociolinguistic approach to multilingualism within James Joyce's Finnegans Wake (1939), paying attention to how, in Book 2, Chapter 3, two Irish soldiers called Butt and Taff extensively code-switch into numerous Slavonic languages (for which Bulgarian serves as the focus of this study), and how they do so for the purposes of bonding (through humour) and expressing their complex identities as 'Slavic Irishmen'. The study looks in depth at the Wake 's extreme levels of multilingualism (with more than 70 languages present within the work) and how a sociolinguistic approach to reading it – one which specifically employs terminology and research drawn from the academic field of sociolinguistics – can provide fresh and intriguing academic perspectives on it. Within this article, I argue that this unique approach may 'humanize' Butt and Taff for the reader and that these figures may even be seen to acquire identities akin to 'real-life' personas through their use of code-switching. This makes them unlike the 'avatars' or 'siglas' that critics in Wake studies normally identify in the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of information and communication technologies and the widespread use of the Internet has made it imperative to implement advanced user authentication methods based on the analysis of behavioural biometric data. In contrast to traditional authentication techniques, such as the simple use of passwords, these new methods face the challenge of authenticating users at more complex levels, even after the initial verification. This is particularly important as it helps to address risks such as the possibility of forgery and the disclosure of personal information to unauthorised individuals. In this study, the use of keystroke dynamics has been chosen as a biometric, which is the way a user uses the keyboard. Specifically, a number of Bulgarian-speaking users have been recorded during their daily keyboard use, and then a system has been implemented which, with the help of machine learning models, recognises certain acquired or intrinsic characteristics in order to reveal part of their identity. The results show that users can be categorised using keystroke dynamics, in terms of the age group they belong to and in terms of their educational level, with high accuracy rates, which is a strong indication for the creation of applications to enhance user security and facilitate their use of Internet services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article focuses on a descriptive analysis of the translation techniques employed in the rendering of the titles of Walt Disney Animation Studios feature films from English into Bulgarian and Russian, respectively. Titles have been selected as an appropriate subject for research due to the integral role they play in the initial presentation of film products and the first impression audiences receive. The fact that feature films are marketing products intended to sell internationally and bring in profit based on the interest of the public is also relevant here - it underscores the importance of making adequate choices in selecting a title and, subsequently, in rendering that very title into a number of foreign languages in order to reach the widest possible audience, while still remaining on-brand and recognizable. It is considered as potentially beneficial to study the practices of the most popular and successful production studios and their approach to dealing with the translation of titles into various languages as it may point out particular meaningful tendencies and elucidate the process of translation through an analysis and observation of the product it has rendered. The present article acknowledges the existing incongruence in matters of terminology and approach between the different schools of translation as outlined by Sirakova and Michev (2015), Harmon (2019) and Gambier (2018), to name but a few. This ambiguity does not only exist between the Western-centered (European and American, represented by scholars such as Vinay and Darbelnet, Urtado Albir and Molina Martinez, Nida, Newmark, Chesterman, etc.) tradition and the Russian-centered one (represented by theoreticians such as Retsker, Barhudarov, Komissarov, Latishev, Alekseeva etc.), but is also visible in the terminological differences existing among the works of authors seemingly belonging to the same school or tradition. In light of this multitude of theoretical framework and apparatus options and the existing limitations in terms of time and volume, the present paper offers an observation and analysis based on the propositions of Albir and Molina who distinguish clearly between translation strategies and translation techniques. According to this framework, translation strategies are employed in the translation process and are therefore not directly observable in research based on corpus data, whereas translation techniques are the visible result of the translation process and can be identified in the product of translation, i.e., in the titles comprising the corpus. The study itself is based on a specially-created corpus encompassing the 45 titles (original and translated) of all 15 full-length animated feature films produced by the Walt Disney Animation Studios which have been presented in cinemas in Bulgaria and Russia since 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid scientific and technological progress has enriched the lexical stores of languages. The aim of the present study is to present some changes that occur in the Bulgarian lexicon caused by the scientific or technological achievements. One of the tendencies characteristic of contemporary Bulgarian is the abundance of neologisms, more specifically, neologisms borrowed from English or created due to the impact of the English language. The assimilation of loans differs from language to language. The richer and more varied the word-forming potential of a language, the stronger the assimilation processes. A good example of this are the newly borrowed words in modern Bulgarian adopted from English. Conversion is a way of word-formation widely used in coining neologisms, in which they shift from one part of speech into another, most frequently a borrowed noun turns into a verb as in лайк (noun) ‘like’ – лайквам (verb) ‘like’. This process involves not only grammatical but also semantic change. For the purpose of assimilation of the loans, the language applies other means of word-formation like affixation and compounding. Some neologisms obtained from English give rise to whole word families, e.g., from the abbreviation PR were formed пиараджийски, пиарменски, пиарменство, пиаролог, пиарология, пиарщина, пиаря/пиаря се, etc. We use several methods for the research, namely, the descriptive method, the method of analytical comparison and the method of immediate constituents. The article analyses neologisms of the modern Bulgarian language according to the way of coinage and semantic characteristics. New words are discussed which have arisen during the last ten years. Due to the research we clarify that in the newest tendencies of modern Bulgarian the influence of neologisms is clearly revealed. The study is based on two corpora compiled from online and printed dictionaries. The English corpus contains 370 new words, while the Bulgarian corpus comprises 320 new words. The greatest share among the investigated neologisms is taken by nouns that denote entities and phenomena important for the present-day society. Word building patterns with one or two English constituents are frequent and certain neologisms are borrowed from English without any changes. In terms of frequency, the next most frequent are adjectives, and verbs are the ones that occur least frequently. In the course of time, the newly-coined words either become part of the lexical stock of the language and stop being considered as neologism or are no longer used and gradually forgotten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the use of linguistic didactic case studies in the teaching of students of pedagogy at Trakia University – Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. The specificity of their educational content is tied to the application of the communicative approach to the text. Qualitative analysis of the created texts as well as descriptive statistics is applied. A high level of solving the cognitive task (dimension of goal-setting conceptual knowledge) by the future teachers was found. The trend is also maintained at the other three dimensions, with nearly two-thirds of the surveyed persons dealing with case studies – part of their language-didactic training, linked to textological issues in the pedagogical interaction with children aged 3 to 7. Educational tasks aimed at a procedural dimension were the most difficult for a relative proportion of students (29%), followed by those related to remembering and understanding factual knowledge (18%), as well as case studies related to metacognitive knowledge (15%). This way of working primarily aims at the creative application of competences for planning pedagogical interaction in the educational environment of the kindergarten in the field of linguistic-literary discourse.

Once Again on Tertium Comparationis in the Confrontative Study of Linguistic Images of the World The work contains a preliminary proposal for fulfilling the demands placed before the tertium comparationis in linguistic confrontation, especially those related to the preparation of operational steps for building a basis for comparing concepts in different languages so that parallel (and de facto monolingual) descriptions can be replaced by sensu stricto comparisons. According to the authors, the application of the basic theoretical assumptions of linguistic confrontation will make it possible to create tools for comparing linguistic images of the world. The proposal is supported by the results of a preliminary comparative analysis of the concept of ‘faith’ in Polish and Bulgarian. Jeszcze raz o tertium comparationis w konfrontatywnym badaniu językowych obrazów świata Praca zawiera wstępną propozycję spełnienia postulatów stawianych przed tertium comparationis w konfrontacji językowej, zwłaszcza tych związanych z opracowaniem operacjonalnych kroków budowania podstawy porównania konceptów w różnych językach tak, żeby paralelne (i de facto jednojęzyczne) opisy zastąpić porównaniem sensu stricto. W opinii jej autorów zastosowanie podstawowych teoretycznych założeń konfrontacji językowej pozwoli stworzyć narzędzia do porównania językowych obrazów świata. Propozycja jest poparta wynikami wstępnej porównawczej analizy pojęcia ‘wiara’ w języku polskim i bułgarskim.

Semantic Structure of the Sentence and its Realisations (Bulgarian Аха and its Polish Equivalents) The aim of the paper is to establish the relevant semantic features of the Bulgarian particle аха in the predicative function. It is thought that its semantic structure includes a potential and a temporal component. Hence, the function of the analysed particle is a specific result of semantic condensation. Possibilities to form Polish semantic equivalents of Bulgarian sentences with аха are indicated. Polish language does not have any synonymous lexical unit with the Bulgarian аха, so equivalent sentences have the form of an analytical paraphrase. According to the model of semantic syntax, the categories of modality (M) and temporality (T) are not parts of the Dictum (D), which dominates the predicate (P) and its arguments (in the model of the elementary sentence structure). Therefore, the same semantic structures are realized as different formal structures in both languages. Struktura semantyczna zdania i jej realizacje (bułg. аха i polskie ekwiwalenty) Celem artykułu jest ustalenie relewantnych cech semantycznych partykuły bułgarskiej аха о funkcji orzeczenia. Przyjęto, że struktura semantyczna zawiera element potencjalności oraz decydujący o znaczeniu leksemu element temporalny. Funkcja badanej partykuły jest więc specyficznym efektem kondensacji semantycznej. Wskazano możliwości tworzenia semantycznych ekwiwalentów zdań bułgarskich w języku polskim. W polskim brak tożsamego odpowiednika leksykalnego, więc struktura synonimicznych zdań ma cechy parafrazy analitycznej. W semantycznym modelu struktury zdań elementarnych komponenty M (modalność) i L (lokalizacja) nie należą do Dictum, które dominuje nad P – predykatem i jego argumentami. Tak więc w obu językach strukturze semantycznej omawianych jednostek odpowiadają odmienne realizacje formalne.

Bulgarian Evidential Forms and Wierzbicka’s NSM Our focus in this paper is on the semantics of a particular grammatical category of Bulgarian, namely evidentiality. Our starting point is the account of evidentiality in Macedonian and Bulgarian in Wierzbicka (in Semantics: Primes and Universals. Oxford: 1996). We elaborate and expand on this proposal by suggesting semantic formulae for the renarrative, dubitative, inferential, and mirative forms, incorporating Wierzbicka’s universal semantic primitives know and think. Our aim is to provide a stepping stone towards precise intra- and inter-linguistic comparisons. Bułgarskie formy ewidencjalne i naturalny metajęzyk semantyczny A. Wierzbickiej Artykuł skupia się na semantyce specyficznego obszaru gramatyki języka bułgarskiego, znanego jako ewidencjalność. Wywód opiera się na dyskusji z koncepcją Anny Wierzbickiej dotyczącą ewidencjalności w językach bułgarskim i macedońskim (w: Semantics: Primes and Universals. Oxford: 1996). Autorki próbują określić znaczenie bułgarskich form renaratywnych, dubitatywnych, inferencjalnych i miratywnych, korzystając z proponowanych przez Wierzbicką uniwersalnych jednostek semantycznych ‘wiem’ i ‘myślę’. W rezultacie artykuł rewiduje oraz weryfikuje metodologię Wierzbickiej, ukazując jej przydatność w opisie kategorii gramatycznych oraz w badaniach międzykulturowych.

The rapid development of information and communication technologies and the widespread digitization in all aspects of our lives motivate us to conduct a study among certain groups of students regarding the spelling of certain complex words -- part of computer terminology. The groups of students we are targeting are those currently studying the Bulgarian language and others for whom such a discipline is absent from the curriculum in their respective higher education institutions. Our goal is to investigate whether students spell these words correctly (primarily derived from the English language), i.e., whether they are familiar with the literary norm concerning this spelling issue, or if they are influenced by the way these words are spelled in the language from which they are borrowed, or if they have another motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to trace the impact of the studies and ideas from the works of Prof. A. M. Selishchev in the publications and research directions of Bulgarian linguists. Attention is paid to his monographs and to articles devoted to the language and history of the population in the geographical area of Macedonia. The merits of the descriptions of the phonetic and morphological system of the territorial dialects, accompanied by the tracing of the parallels of the phenomena in Bulgarian dialects, are indicated. The article highlights the professor’s studies of vocabulary and toponymy. Prof. Selishchev paid special attention to the mutual influence of different languages (for example, Albanian and Bulgarian), studying not only the history of the given region and its dialectological specifics, but also the bilingualism of the population. The article also traces Selishchev’s interest in the historical facts that illustrated the issue of ethnic affiliation of the population of different zones in the Bulgarian language area. The historical facts described by Selishchev about the nationality of the population are described. The role of the subject’s research is considered in relation to the general state of Bulgarian linguistic science during the Renaissance, when the Bulgarian sources for the spread of knowledge and enlightenment were limited and were usually published outside the borders of the Ottoman Empire (of which Bulgaria was a part). The works of Selishchev should not be considered an isolated phenomenon, but part of a general trend, which is demonstrated by the works of V. Grigorovich, Al. Duvernoy, and so on. Examples are cited from the works of prominent Bulgarian scientists such as L. Miletich, B. Tsonev, St. Mladenov, and J. Zaimov, which testify to the deep impact left by the work of Prof. Selishchev.

The essay was written on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the Bulgarian Language Institute. prof. Lyubomir Andreichin BAN (Sofia), which was created in 1942 to form an explanatory dictionary of the Bulgarian literary language. The article acquaints the reader with the main milestones in the formation and development of the Institute, with the areas of scientific research, and individual significant works. The Institute is famous for outstanding achievements in the field of Paleo-Slavistics, Dialectology, Linguogeography, Grammar, Lexicology and Lexicography, Etymology, Ethnolinguistics.

A review of: Sosnowski, Wojciech. A Comparative Study of Bulgarian, Polish and Ukrainian Phraseology (Studium konfrontatywne frazeologii bułgarskiej, polskiej i ukraińskiej). Warsaw: Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences & Slavic Foundation, 2021 (series: Slavic Studies Works. Slavica 152). [In Polish: Sosnowski, Wojciech. Studium konfrontatywne frazeologii bułgarskiej, polskiej i ukraińskiej. Warszawa: Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk & Fundacja Slawistyczna 2021 (seria: Prace Slawistyczne. Slavica 152).] ISBN 978-83-66369-45-0, 216 pp.

A review of: Długosz, Natalia & Andreana Eftimova. Postcovid Syndrome in the Language. A Polish-Bulgarian Case Study (Experimental Research Report) [original title in Polish: Syndrom postcovidowy w języku. Polsko-bułgarskie studium przypadku (raport z badań eksperymentalnych)]. Poznan: Adam Mickiewicz University Press, 2023. ISBN: 9788323242062, 9788323242079 (pdf), 140 pp.

A review of: Hamze, Dimitrina. The Culture of Gender in Proverbs (on Material from Polish and Bulgarian Paroemiaе). Plovdiv University Press, 2023. 248 pp. ISBN 978-619-7663-47-1. [In Bulgarian: Хамзе, Димитрина. Културата на пола в пословиците (върху материал от полската и българската паремиология). Пловдив: УИ, 2023.]

Polish and Bulgarian Phrasemes with a Nominal Component ‘Ucho – Uszy’ / ‘Ухо – Уши’ [‘Ear – Ears’]: The paper analyzes Polish and Bulgarian phrasemes with the nominal component ‘ucho – uszy’ / ‘ухо – уши’ [‘ear – ears’]. Based on motivation, they form three internally different groups. The first group includes phrasemes whose meaning reveals functional, anatomical and spatial slogans inherent in the semantic structure of the lexeme ‘ear’ naming a part of the body. The second group consists of phraseological compounds with cultural motivation, and the third group includes units with the lexeme ‘ear’ used in figurative meanings. Most of the symbolic meanings attributed to the ear have been fixed in both Polish and Bulgarian phraseological compounds. The compounds that differ in meaning in the two languages are few; more common is the expansion of meaning in one of the languages. In both Polish and Bulgarian data, there are units that have no equivalent in the other language.

The article proposes the following hypothesis: the examined Kefalenian toponyms are a product of the language of an old local dialect, grammatically related to the "Thraco-Pelasgian" dialects, which had a strong influence (including grammatically) on today's Bulgarian language.

This research represents a group of phraseological constructions with predicatives expressing the meaning of state in the Bulgarian language. It is a stage of the work on the study of the syntactic and semantic structure of the predicates for state in Bulgarian with a view to ontological presentation of the meanings of state. The interest is focused on the description of the varieties and characteristics of phraseological constructions with predicatives expressing state semantics, their functions and specifics through the prism of the mutual overflow between the free constructions and idioms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published first in 1969, Diary by E. B. B. (1831–1832) has been an intersection of scholarly debates on nineteenth-century English literature, femininity, diurnal narrative, and aesthetic experience. A confessional document of the last two years of Elizabeth’s life at the family estate of Hope End, the diary throws her unique self-creationist and self revisionary impulses into relief. It is an outstanding prose-fiction piece of evidence of her overall penchant for self-acclaim by way of self-denial. This paper aims at tracing the development of the woman writer in view of the immediacy and ontological priority of an implied Other found at the core of self-writing, as Elizabeth’s diary signals. A modicum of contextual references to some of E. B. Browning’s poetical works brings out her self reflexive leanings. Finally, it could be argued that self-questioning distinguishes Elizabeth Barrett Browning as a polemicist whose private diary identifies the concept of time as the kernel of her perception of identity as responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the issue of a specific discourse category, that of verbs expressing authorial stance in the context of the medical research article. A contrastive study is performed based on two corpora comprising original medical research articles in Bulgarian and English languages, respectively. All the articles have been excerpted from journals with high impact factors covering almost every field of medicine. All data have been processed with the help of word processing programmes to achieve a high level of accuracy. The paper looks into the most frequently used verbs both in the Bulgarian articles and the English ones. The analysis rests on a division of three types of verbs – factive, non-factive and counterfactive ones. Each of the presented verbs is analyzed in the light of this division supported by a number of exemplar sentences extracted from the corpora. One corollary that could be drawn is the fact that Bulgarian authors refrain to a large extent from expressing categorical disagreements which is not so characteristic of the authors in the English-language medical research articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of: Arikova, Akulina & Anastasia Novikova & Vyara Mihaylova & Eslitsa Popova. We Read with Asya and Yavor. Sofia: Zaedno v chas, 2021. ISBN 978-619-90595-5-5, 100 pp. Appendix: Primer with Guidelines. ISBN 978-619-90595-4-8, 196 pp.; Appendix: My Letters. ISBN 978-619-90595-6-2, 22 pp. [In Bulgarian: Арикова, Акулина & Анастасия Новикова & Вяра Михайлова & Еслица Попова. Четем с Ася и Явор. София: Заедно в час, 2021.]

The article examines the use of linguistic didactic case studies in the teaching of students of pedagogy at Trakia University - Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. The specificity of their educational content is tied to the application of the communicative approach to the text. Qualitative analysis of the created texts as well as descriptive statistics is applied. A high level of solving the cognitive task (dimension of goal-setting conceptual knowledge) by the future teachers was found. The trend is also maintained at the other three dimensions, with nearly two-thirds of the surveyed persons dealing with case studies - part of their language-didactic training, linked to textological issues in the pedagogical interaction with children aged 3 to 7. Educational tasks aimed at a procedural dimension were the most difficult for a relative proportion of students (29%), followed by those related to remembering and understanding factual knowledge (18%), as well as case studies related to metacognitive knowledge (15%). This way of working primarily aims at the creative application of competences for planning pedagogical interaction in the educational environment of the kindergarten in the field of linguistic-literary discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the role of the language situation in the classroom for learning the Bulgarian language. The characteristics of a bilingual and multilingual classroom are indicated, which have a key role in planning and organizing the language learning. Various normative documents are presented, which provide support for a smooth transition to Bulgarian language learning at the primary stage for students with a different native/family language, and possibilities for implementing different models for language learning in a bilingual and multilingual classroom are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the text is to point out the different attitudes towards mastering the first language in the Bulgarian diaspora in Czechia and the degree of awareness of the need for teaching of Bulgarian in the society where the main language is different from Bulgarian. The results of a longitudinal study, including dozens of respondents from different social strata of the diaspora, are presented and their language attitudes are analyzed. The text shows different points of view regarding bilingualism, bilingual education and the maintenance and development of the native Bulgarian language in a foreign language environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article depicts the scientific path of the corresponding member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Professor Todor Boiadzhiev, who, on 11 November 2021, celebrated his 90th birthday. His academic life is mostly associated with Sofia University, “St Kliment Ohridski”. The major publications in dialectology, phonetics, grammar studies, lexicology, and stylistics by T. Boiadzhiev are outlined. Of special value are his books on the grammar of the Thracian dialects and his dialectal dictionaries. “The Ideographic Dialectal Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language”, which was compiled by T. Boiadzhiev with a team of Bulgarian linguists, was a monumental project of great significance. He authored several classical textbooks on the phonetics, morphology, stylistics, and lexicology of the Bulgarian language and many workbooks for school education. A prominent scholar, he gives his time and effort to academic and organizational activities, while also working to popularize science. T. Boiadzhiev is a gifted lecturer, teaching at the universities of Sofia, Veliko Tarnovo, Plovdiv, Burgas, and Lomonosov Moscow State University, amongst others, thus educating his successors in Bulgarian linguistics.

The aim of the paper is to establish the relevant semantic features of the Bulgarian particle аха in the predicative function. It is thought that its semantic structure includes a potential and a temporal component. Hence, the function of the analysed particle is a specific result of semantic condensation. Possibilities to form Polish semantic equivalents of Bulgarian sentences with аха are indicated. Polish language does not have any synonymous lexical unit with the Bulgarian аха, so equivalent sentences have the form of an analytical paraphrase. According to the model of semantic syntax, the categories of modality (M) and temporality (T) are not parts of the Dictum (D), which dominates the predicate (P) and its arguments (in the model of the elementary sentence structure). Therefore, the same semantic structures are realized as different formal structures in both languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the language of the security service employees in the Polish People's Republic and the People's Republic of Bulgaria, made on the basis of the CHS "Bolek" and the CHS "Sabina" files, showed that there is a certain feature that appears extremely often in the examined files, even though its occurrence in administrative and legal texts should be pretty sporadic. It is a very high frequency of using forms that express the veracity reserve. This shows how much the authors of the notes wanted to emphasise their own reserve to the truthfulness of the content provided by the confidential human sources (CHS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the study is Bulgarian, Polish and Ukrainian syntactic constructions in which the position of the clausal complement is realized in an asyndetic manner. The analysis of language material is based on the theory of explicative syntax, the foundations of which were developed by S. Karolak. The author shows that the asyndetic complement is one of the forms of realization of the propositional argument that is conditioned by the valence of the matrix verb. A given syntactic form is a valence characteristic of a limited group of semantic classes of verb, namely mental, emotive, perceptive and deliberative verbs. The author also shows that there are other factors that favor or, conversely, do not favor the use of conjunctionless sentences, such as negation, ellipsis, coreference, and others. The author concludes that the frequency of asyndetic constructions in Slavic languages can vary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our focus in this paper is on the semantics of a particular grammatical category of Bulgarian, namely evidentiality. Our starting point is the account of evidentiality in Macedonian and Bulgarian in Wierzbicka (in Semantics: Primes and Universals. Oxford: 1996). We elaborate and expand on this proposal by suggesting semantic formulae for the re-narrative, dubitative, inferential, and mirative forms, incorporating Wierzbicka's universal semantic primitives know and think. Our aim is to provide a stepping stone towards precise intra- and inter-linguistic comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work contains a preliminary proposal for fulfilling the demands placed before the tertium comparationis in linguistic confrontation, especially those related to the preparation of operational steps for building a basis for comparing concepts in different languages so that parallel (and de facto monolingual) descriptions can be replaced by sensu stricto comparisons. According to the authors, the application of the basic theoretical assumptions of linguistic confrontation will make it possible to create tools for comparing linguistic images of the world. The proposal is supported by the results of a preliminary comparative analysis of the concept of 'faith' in Polish and Bulgarian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to formulate a cognitive definition of the meaning of the concept of the Polish compositum koronaturystyka and the Bulgarian word ковидтуризъм. The research results are based on survey data collected from 50 Polish and 50 Bulgarian students in accordance with the main methodological assumptions of the Lublin cognitive ethnolinguistics school. The basic stabilizing features of the koronaturystyka/ковидтуризъм concept are the same for both languages. Polish and Bulgarian respondents attribute the physical feature of temporality to koronaturystyka/ковидтуризъм, defining it as tourist activity taking place during a pandemic. The conservatism and risk traits are also dominant in the picture of koronaturystyka/ковидтуризъм in both languages: tourism that takes pandemic restrictions into account vs. tourism despite these restrictions. The extent to which the concept is stereotyped is very high for both languages: 67.3% in Polish; 57.69% in Bulgarian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internal structure of the situations described by verbs or verbal phrases determines the lexical aspect (or Aktionsart) of the particular predicate. The main topic of our study is the syntactic structure of verbal predicates denoting perceptions, emotions and mental states, e.g. гледам (see), чувам (hear); обичам (love), обожавам (adore), радвам се (be happy/glad), безпокоя се (worry), плаша се (be afraid/scared); желая (desire), вярвам (believe). The objectives of our study are to propose syntactic model of state predicates represented by verbs of perception, emotions and mental states and to determine the number, type and semantics of their arguments (subject, direct and indirect objects). Our aim is also to test the hypothesis of dependence between lexical semantics and syntactic realizations of state predicates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review presents the results of a Bulgarian-Russian project in the field of status situations in the Bulgarian and Russian languages. The monograph, the work of the scientific team, is also presented, emphasizing the main contributions of the individual studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article aims at analysing the cases of terminological polysemy in the field of marine engineering both in the English and the Bulgarian terminological systems. Although it has generally been assumed that a single term should correspond to a single concept, so that a clear and unambiguous communication is ensured, the research results prove that in practice this is far from being the case. The instances analysed are excerpted from corpus materials consisting of specialized and general language dictionaries as well as specialized scientific texts intended for students and professionals in the field. The comparative study results show that in both languages polysemantic terms can arise as a result of their interaction with words belonging to the general language or they can be motivated by a metonymic or metaphoric transfer within the given specialized language. A broad-based theoretical background has been presented and instantiations of all these types of polysemantic terms as well as their explanations have also been included in order to reveal a detailed account on the particularities of terminological polysemy in the field of marine engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]