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Migratory waterfowl, including geese and ducks, are indicated as the primary reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIv) which can be subsequently spread to commercial poultry. The US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) surveillance efforts of waterfowl for AIv have been largely discontinued in the contiguous United States. Consequently, the use of technologies to identify areas of high waterfowl density and detect the presence of AIv in habitat such as wetlands has become imperative. Here we identified two high waterfowl density areas in California using processed NEXt generation RADar (NEXRAD) and collected water samples to test the efficacy of two tangential flow ultrafiltration methods and two nucleic acid based AIv detection assays. Whole-segment amplification and long-read sequencing yielded more positive samples than standard M-segment qPCR methods (57.6% versus 3.0%, p

Halting the global decline of migratory birds requires a better understanding of migration ecology. Stopover sites are a crucial yet understudied aspect of bird conservation, mostly due to challenges associated with understanding broad-scale patterns of transient habitat use. Here, we use a national network of weather radar stations to identify stopover hotspots and assess multiscale habitat associations of migratory landbirds across the eastern United States during autumn migration. We mapped seasonal bird densities over 5 y (2015 to 2019) from 60 radar stations covering 63.2 million hectares. At a coarse scale, we found that landbirds migrate across a broad front with small differences in migrant density between radar domains. However, relatively more birds concentrate along the Mississippi River and Appalachian Mountains. At a finer scale, we identified radar pixels that consistently harbored high densities of migrants for all 5 y, which we classify as stopover hotspots. Hotspot probability increased with percent cover of all forest types and decreased with percent cover of pasture and cultivated crops. Moreover, we found strong concentrating effects of deciduous forest patches within deforested regions. We also found that the prairie biome in the Midwest (now mostly cropland) is likely a migration barrier, with large concentrations of migrants at the prairie--forest boundary after crossing the agricultural Midwest. Overall, the broad-front migration pattern highlights the importance of locally based conservation efforts to protect stopover habitats. Such efforts should target forests, especially deciduous forests in highly altered landscapes. These findings demonstrate the value of multiscale habitat assessments for the conservation of migratory landbirds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared predation of artificial open-cup nests baited with Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix) eggs with predation of natural open-cup nests during 1997 and 1998 in a Louisiana pine forest to assess the assumption that predation of artificial nests is an index to that of natural nests. Cameras were placed at randomly selected natural and artificial nests in shrubs to document predators. Predation at artificial-nest plots was positively correlated with predation at adjacent natural-nest plots overall, although inconsistently by year. Artificial nests were almost exclusively depredated by corvids, but quail eggs were too large to be broken by small-mouthed mammalian predators. American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) appeared to be important predators of natural nests. Predation of natural nests was independent of predation at other nests, but predation of artificial nests by crows was spatially and temporally clumped. Crows may have learned the location of artificial-nest plots, and predation of artificial nests increased significantly between years, contrary to predation of natural nests. Predation of artificial nests did not exhibit seasonal variation like that of natural nests. Overall, predation of artificial shrub nests did not accurately mimic that of natural shrub nests. Changes in procedures for artificial-nest studies that reduce spatially and temporally clumped predation and prevent the exclusion of small-mouthed predators could increase the suitability of such studies as a model for predation at natural nests. However, the difference in labor effort between studies of natural nests versus artificial nests that incorporate the changes we recommend likely would disappear, which would reduce the attractiveness of artificial-nest studies as an experimental model.

Migrating birds require en route habitats to rest and refuel. Yet, habitat use has never been integrated with passage to understand the factors that determine where and when birds stopover during spring and autumn migration. Here, we introduce the stopover‐to‐passage ratio (SPR), the percentage of passage migrants that stop in an area, and use 8 years of data from 12 weather surveillance radars to estimate over 50% SPR during spring and autumn through the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts of the south‐eastern US, the most prominent corridor for North America's migratory birds. During stopovers, birds concentrated close to the coast during spring and inland in forested landscapes during autumn, suggesting seasonal differences in habitat function and highlighting the vital role of stopover habitats in sustaining migratory communities. Beyond advancing understanding of migration ecology, SPR will facilitate conservation through identification of sites that are disproportionally selected for stopover by migrating birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operational weather surveillance radars (WSRs) are permanent radars that constantly detect precipitation at regular intervals (approx. every 4–10 min) for the purpose of weather reporting and are often part of a larger network of radars. Ecological studies using WSR to detect flying animals within the airspace have been on the rise since the early 2000s. However, the vast majority of published ecological studies (>300) have occurred in the Northern Hemisphere with only two published studies occurring in the Southern Hemisphere, both on insects. The lag in uptake of the technique in the Southern hemisphere is likely due to limited WSR coverage and the challenges of data acquisition and interpretation. However, we argue that WSRs are numerous enough in the Southern Hemisphere to offer equal opportunity to understand the movement of flying animals there. Here, we explore why that might be and present a road map so that ecological researchers in the Southern Hemisphere may take advantage of this valuable data resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the effects of using a broadcast caller during surveys and increasing survey duration to estimate northern bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus) density and occupancy. From 15 May 2009 to 15 August 2009, we conducted repeat-visit breeding bobwhite surveys at 180 sites in Delaware, USA. Increasing survey duration from 3 min to 7 min, or using a broadcast caller, improved detection probability for a single visit by 52% and 42%, respectively. However, density estimates when using a broadcast caller were biased high-≥3 times greater compared to passive-listening surveys. Density estimates for 3-min and 7-min passive surveys were not different. Additionally, bobwhite occupancy was similar among all 3 survey treatments. Use of a broadcast caller to survey for bobwhites appears to violate the assumption of distance sampling that an individual is detected prior to movement. Use of a broadcast caller is inappropriate for determining density estimates through distance sampling, but may be appropriate for determining site occupancy. © 2011 The Wildlife Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]