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Additional file 1: Table S1. Primer sequences ex vivo experiments. Table S2. Primary antibodies for western blot. Table S3. Secondary antibodies for western blot. Figure S1. mRNA expression of genes in the TGF-β signalling pathway in adherent monocytes treated with urate in vitro. PBMCs of healthy volunteers were isolated, adhered to a flat-bottom plated and cultured in medium supplemented with 10% HPS with dose-ranging concentrations of urate. mRNA was isolated after 24h and compared to control condition by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Figure S2. Urate does not increase TGF-β release of human monocytes. PBMCs were isolated from healthy volunteers and adherent monocytes were primed for 24 hours in RPMI supplemented with 10% human pool serum with or without urate. TGF-β was measured in the supernatant by ELISA (R&D standard). Figure S3. Urate does not affect TGF-β bioactivity. PBMCs were isolated from healthy volunteers and adherent monocytes were primed for 24 hours in RPMI supplemented with 10% human pool serum with or without urate. Supernatant was used in a CAGA12-luciferase bioassay.