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Introduction A considerable amount of immunization coverage and surveillance data are available nationally, regionally and globally. (1) Often, however, these data could be better used to aid decision-making on national [...], Objective To illustrate how data triangulation involving routine data sources can optimize data usage and provide insights into vaccine programme effectiveness by considering measles vaccination and disease incidence data in England. Methods We obtained data on measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine coverage in birth cohorts from 1985 to 2016 from child health records and adjusted for under-ascertainment and catch-up campaigns. We assumed that the population had no natural immunity and that vaccine effectiveness was 95% for one dose and 99.75% for two doses. Vaccinations done outside the routine schedule and in people who entered England after the age of immunization were identified from primary care records. Measles susceptibility was defined as the percentage of individuals who were not immune despite all vaccination activities. We triangulated measles susceptibility and incidence data. Findings Median susceptibility was 4.6% (range: 1.2--9.2). Among cohorts eligible for two MMR vaccine doses, those born between 1998 and 2004 were most susceptible. Measles incidence was highest in these cohorts. Data from primary care and child health records were comparable for cohorts after 2000, suggesting that little supplementary vaccination took place. For cohorts before 2000, primary care data quality was insufficient for accurately estimating coverage. Conclusion Triangulating routine data on measles vaccination coverage and disease surveillance provided new insights into population immunity and helped identify vulnerable groups, which was useful for prioritizing public health actions to close gaps in immunity. This approach could be applied in any country that routinely records vaccine coverage and disease incidence. Objectif Illustrer comment la triangulation des donnees incluant des sources de donnees ordinaires peut optimiser l'utilisation des donnees et donner une idee de l'efficacite du programme de vaccination en considerant des donnees relatives a la vaccination contre la rougeole et a l'incidence de la maladie en Angleterre. Methodes Nous avons obtenu des donnees sur la couverture vaccinale contre la rougeole, les oreillons et la rubeole dans les cohortes de naissances de 1985 a 2016 a partir des dossiers medicaux des enfants et nous les avons ajustees en fonction de la sous-determination et des campagnes de rattrapage. Nous sommes partis du principe que la population n'avait pas d'immunite naturelle et que l'efficacite du vaccin etait de 95% pour une dose et de 99,75% pour deux doses. Les vaccinations pratiquees en dehors du calendrier habituel et chez des personnes entrees en Angleterre apres l'age de vaccination ont ete identifies a partir des dossiers relatifs aux soins primaires. La sensibilite a la rougeole a ete definie comme le pourcentage d'individus qui n'etaient pas immunises malgre toutes les activites de vaccination. Nous avons triangule les donnees relatives a la sensibilite a la rougeole et a l'incidence de la rougeole. Resultats La sensibilite mediane etait de 4,6% (etendue: 1,2-9,2). Parmi les cohortes pouvant beneficier de deux doses de vaccins ROR, celles nees entre 1998 et 2004 etaient les plus sensibles. Lincidence de la rougeole etait plus elevee dans ces cohortes. Les donnees tirees des dossiers relatifs aux soins primaires et des dossiers medicaux des enfants etaient comparables pour les cohortes ulterieures a 2000, ce qui laisse entendre que peu de vaccinations supplementaires ont ete pratiquees. Dans le cas des cohortes anterieures a 2000, la qualite des donnees sur les soins primaires etait insuffisante pour permettre une estimation precise de la couverture. Conclusion La triangulation des donnees ordinaires sur la couverture vaccinale antirougeoleuse et la surveillance de la maladie a jete une lumiere nouvelle sur l'immunite de la population et aide a identifier les groupes vulnerables, ce qui a permis d'etablir l'ordre de priorite des actions de sante publique destinees a combler les lacunes en matiere d'immunite. Cette approche pourrait etre appliquee dans tous les pays qui enregistrent systematiquement la couverture vaccinale et l'incidence de la maladie. Objetivo Ilustrar como la triangulacion de datos con fuentes rutinarias de datos puede optimizar el uso de los mismos y proporcionar informacion sobre la eficacia de los programas de vacunacion al considerar la vacunacion contra el sarampion y los datos de incidencia de la enfermedad en Inglaterra. Metodos Se obtuvieron datos sobre la cobertura de la vacuna contra el sarampion, las paperas y la rubeola (SPR) en las cohortes de nacimiento de 1985 a 2016 a partir de los registros de salud infantil y se ajustaron para tener en cuenta las campanas de recuperacion y de los errores por la falta de observaciones. Se asumio que la poblacion no tenia inmunidad natural y que la efectividad de la vacuna era del 95 % para una dosis y del 99,75 % para dos dosis. Las vacunas realizadas fuera del horario de rutina y en personas que ingresaron a Inglaterra despues de la edad de vacunacion fueron identificadas en los registros de atencion primaria. La susceptibilidad al sarampion se definio como el porcentaje de individuos que no eran inmunes a pesar de todas las actividades de vacunacion. Se triangularon los datos de susceptibilidad e incidencia del sarampion. Resultados La mediana de susceptibilidad fue de 4,6 % (rango: 1,29,2). Entre las cohortes elegibles para dos dosis de la vacuna triple viral, las que nacieron entre 1998 y 2004 fueron las mas susceptibles. La incidencia de sarampion fue mayor en estas cohortes. Los datos de los registros de atencion primaria y de salud infantil fueron comparables para las cohortes despues de 2000, lo que sugiere que se realizo muy poca vacunacion suplementaria. Para las cohortes anteriores a 2000, la calidad de los datos de atencion primaria fue insuficiente para estimar con precision la cobertura. Conclusion La triangulacion de los datos de rutina sobre la cobertura de la vacunacion contra el sarampion y la vigilancia de las enfermedades proporciono nueva informacion sobre la inmunidad de la poblacion y ayudo a identificar a los grupos vulnerables, lo que resulto util para establecer prioridades en las medidas de salud publica a fin de subsanar las deficiencias en materia de inmunidad. Este enfoque podria aplicarse en cualquier pais que registre de forma rutinaria la cobertura de la vacuna y la incidencia de la enfermedad.

Background: COVID-19 vaccines are protective against disease. Pregnant women benefit from vaccination as they are at higher risk of poor maternal and neonatal outcomes following infection. Methods: Following regulatory approval of two COVID-19 vaccines in the United Kingdom, a rapid national study of vaccination in pregnancy was instituted using three existing safety surveillance platforms: UKOSS, UKTIS and VIP. This preliminary report describes the data collected up to the 15th June 2021. Results: There were 971 reports of COVID-19 vaccination in the UKOSS/UKTIS (n = 493) and VIP (n = 478) monitoring systems describing 908 individual pregnancies. Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccination was most common (n = 501, 55.2%), most women were vaccinated in their second or third trimester (n = 566, 62.3%), and were mainly vaccinated due to occupational infection risk (n = 577, 63.5%). Conclusion: Obstetric outcome data will be obtained by December 2021. However, women should not delay vaccination whilst awaiting further safety data to emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mumps is an acute viral infection that is asymptomatic in -30% of children (1). Symptoms and signs include fever, headache, and swelling of the parotid glands, which may be unilateral [...]

In 1970, rubella vaccination was introduced in the United Kingdom for prepubertal girls and nonimmune women of childbearing age to protect them from the risks for rubella during pregnancy. Although [...]

The duration of immunity after first severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the extent to which prior immunity prevents reinfection is uncertain and remains an important question within the context of new variants. This is a retrospective population-based matched observational study where we identified the first polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive of primary SARS-CoV-2 infection case tests between 1 March 2020 and 30 September 2020. Each case was matched by age, sex, upper tier local authority of residence and testing route to one individual testing negative in the same week (controls) by PCR. After a 90-day pre-follow-up period for cases and controls, any subsequent positive tests up to 31 December 2020 and deaths within 28 days of testing positive were identified, this encompassed an essentially vaccine-free period. We used a conditional logistic regression to analyse the results. There were 517 870 individuals in the matched cohort with 2815 reinfection cases and 12 098 first infections. The protective effect of a prior SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive episode was 78% (odds ratio (OR) 0.22, 0.21–0.23). Protection rose to 82% (OR 0.18, 0.17–0.19) after a sensitivity analysis excluded 933 individuals with a first test between March and May and a subsequent positive test between June and September 2020. Amongst individuals testing positive by PCR during follow-up, reinfection cases had 77% lower odds of symptoms at the second episode (adjusted OR 0.23, 0.20–0.26) and 45% lower odds of dying in the 28 days after reinfection (adjusted OR 0.55, 0.42–0.71). Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection offered protection against reinfection in this population. There was some evidence that reinfections increased with the alpha variant compared to the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 variant highlighting the importance of continued monitoring as new variants emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed data from hospital admissions and enhanced mumps surveillance to assess mumps complications during the largest mumps outbreak in England and Wales, 2004-2005, and their association with mumps vaccination. When compared with nonoutbreak periods, the outbreak was associated with a clear increase in hospitalized patients with orchitis, meningitis, and pancreatitis. Routine mumps surveillance and hospital data showed that 6.1% of estimated mumps patients were hospitalized, 4.4% had orchitis, 0.35% meningitis, and 0.33% pancreatitis. Enhanced surveillance data showed 2.9% of mumps patients were hospitalized, 6.1% had orchitis, 0.3% had meningitis, and 0.25% had pancreatitis. Risk was reduced for hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43-0.68), mumps orchitis (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.56-0.93) and mumps meningitis (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.14-0.56) when patient had received 1 dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. The protective effect of vaccination on disease severity is critical in assessing the total effects of current and future mumps control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]