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In the past decade, there has been an increasing recognition of the role of computational design optimization in early-stage performance-based architectural design exploration. However, it remains challenging for designers to apply such optimization-based design explorations in practice. To address this issue, this paper introduces a design tool, called EvoMass, and an associated design method that facilitates design exploration for building massing typologies in performance-based design tasks. EvoMass is capable of offering architects design options reflecting performance-related building massing typologies for the design task, without necessitating advanced computational design skills. More importantly, it can provide architects with insights into the underlying performance implications, thereby enhancing early-stage performance-based design exploration. EvoMass and its associated design method overcome the limitation in the conventional typology-first-optimization-second design procedure adopted by most existing tools, and it promotes a typology-oriented design exploration method of using computational optimization in performance-based architectural design. To demonstrate the efficacy of EvoMass, case studies derived from architectural design studio tasks, incorporating daylighting, solar exposure, and subjective design intents, and the result of a user survey are presented, which highlights how EvoMass and the performance-based design optimization and exploration can enable architects to achieve a more performance-aware design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite significant scientific and technological advancements in earthquake engineering, earthquakes continue to cause widespread destruction of the built environment, often resulting in numerous fatalities and substantial economic losses. Southeastern Europe, which includes Croatia, is part of the Mediterranean–Trans-Asian high-seismic activity zone. This area has recently experienced a series of earthquakes which had severe consequences for both populations and economies. Notably, the types of buildings that suffered significant damage or collapse during these events still constitute a large portion of the building stock across the region. The majority of residential buildings in Croatia and neighboring areas was constructed before the adoption of modern seismic standards, indicating that a considerable part of the building stock remains highly vulnerable to earthquakes. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to identify the building types which significantly contribute to seismic risk, with the focus on Zagreb as Croatia's largest city and the capital; collect the documentation on the structural systems and occupancy; analyze the data; and carry out the initial vulnerability assessment. This serves as a first step toward developing a new exposure and vulnerability model for Zagreb that is also applicable to all urban areas in the region with similar building stock and seismotectonic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, there has been an increasing recognition of the role of computational design optimization in early-stage performance-based architectural design exploration. However, it remains challenging for designers to apply such optimization-based design explorations in practice. To address this issue, this paper introduces a design tool, called EvoMass, and an associated design method that facilitates design exploration for building massing typologies in performance-based design tasks. EvoMass is capable of offering architects design options reflecting performance-related building massing typologies for the design task, without necessitating advanced computational design skills. More importantly, it can provide architects with insights into the underlying performance implications, thereby enhancing early-stage performance-based design exploration. EvoMass and its associated design method overcome the limitation in the conventional typology-first-optimization-second design procedure adopted by most existing tools, and it promotes a typology-oriented design exploration method of using computational optimization in performance-based architectural design. To demonstrate the efficacy of EvoMass, case studies derived from architectural design studio tasks, incorporating daylighting, solar exposure, and subjective design intents, and the result of a user survey are presented, which highlights how EvoMass and the performance-based design optimization and exploration can enable architects to achieve a more performance-aware design.

Abstract Wooden buildings represent a unique aspect of China’s architectural heritage. However, over time, these buildings have suffered varying degrees of structural damage, particularly those located in China’s mountainous regions. Frequent natural disasters and inconvenient transportation further exacerbate the vulnerability of these structures. This study focuses on the typical wooden stilt houses found in the Wuling Mountain area of southwest Hubei. The different forms of columns and beams, as well as the overall structural symmetry of the stilt houses, were classified into five common structural types. Precise digital models were established via real photos and collected dimensional data, and these five models were evaluated for static, buckling, utilization, and ultimate limit states. The results indicate that: (1) overall symmetrical structures perform better than asymmetrical ones; (2) structures where all columns are grounded and act as support columns exhibit the best overall mechanical performance; and (3) transverse-tie beams(chuanfang) primarily serve a connecting role rather than a load-bearing role, thus an excess of transverse-tie beams(chuanfang) can reduce the stability of the building structure. Based on the analysis results, targeted protective measures and recommendations were proposed and verified through structural evaluations. These initiatives provide new methods and insights for the protection of architectural heritage.

Wooden buildings represent a unique aspect of China's architectural heritage. However, over time, these buildings have suffered varying degrees of structural damage, particularly those located in China's mountainous regions. Frequent natural disasters and inconvenient transportation further exacerbate the vulnerability of these structures. This study focuses on the typical wooden stilt houses found in the Wuling Mountain area of southwest Hubei. The different forms of columns and beams, as well as the overall structural symmetry of the stilt houses, were classified into five common structural types. Precise digital models were established via real photos and collected dimensional data, and these five models were evaluated for static, buckling, utilization, and ultimate limit states. The results indicate that: (1) overall symmetrical structures perform better than asymmetrical ones; (2) structures where all columns are grounded and act as support columns exhibit the best overall mechanical performance; and (3) transverse-tie beams(chuanfang) primarily serve a connecting role rather than a load-bearing role, thus an excess of transverse-tie beams(chuanfang) can reduce the stability of the building structure. Based on the analysis results, targeted protective measures and recommendations were proposed and verified through structural evaluations. These initiatives provide new methods and insights for the protection of architectural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban development of Tirana during the last few years is characterized by significant expansion, population growth and intensive residential construction. The post-socialist city became much denser, more diverse in terms of building types, taller, and relatively lacking in public space. This study is focused on the evaluation of in-between open public spaces, which are specific for different urban settings. The spatial configuration of in-between spaces is analyzed in relation to the level of social interaction and the presence of economic activities. Six neighborhoods, which belong to socialist and post-socialist tower, slab, and courtyard building typologies, are selected as case studies. Research methodology includes Space Syntax analysis, site surveys, and observations aiming to comprehend the socioeconomic performance and spatial organization of the neighborhoods. The overlap of the activity pattern, human behavior mapping, syntactic measurements, and site survey allows understanding the performance of different types of open spaces and to find the in-between space that facilitates the development of social and economic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite significant scientific and technological advancements in earthquake engineering, earthquakes continue to cause widespread destruction of the built environment, often resulting in numerous fatalities and substantial economic losses. Southeastern Europe, which includes Croatia, is part of the Mediterranean–Trans-Asian high-seismic activity zone. This area has recently experienced a series of earthquakes which had severe consequences for both populations and economies. Notably, the types of buildings that suffered significant damage or collapse during these events still constitute a large portion of the building stock across the region. The majority of residential buildings in Croatia and neighboring areas was constructed before the adoption of modern seismic standards, indicating that a considerable part of the building stock remains highly vulnerable to earthquakes. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to identify the building types which significantly contribute to seismic risk, with the focus on Zagreb as Croatia’s largest city and the capital; collect the documentation on the structural systems and occupancy; analyze the data; and carry out the initial vulnerability assessment. This serves as a first step toward developing a new exposure and vulnerability model for Zagreb that is also applicable to all urban areas in the region with similar building stock and seismotectonic conditions.

Copyright of New Architecture is the property of New Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cities, Communities & Territories / Cidades, Comunidades e Territórios is the property of Instituto Universitario de Lisboa, DINAMIA-CET and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to illustrate the formation of the urban tissue over the Roman theatre in the walled core of Zaragoza. Within the scope of the study, the typological plan of the city was prepared using the building surveys taken in 1911, and the plan was interpreted as a historical organism. The basic types in the city are determined, and methods of the process-based typology are used to reveal the formation process of a selected urban tissue that is an example of the rebasification of a specialized building. In this example, a Roman theatre was repurposed as a foundation for constructing residential buildings and affected the formation process of the urban block until its discovery.

Buildings in rural Central Asia have unique characteristics as they were built during the Soviet era (during 1950–1960) without any energy efficiency measures. The special and aged building stock pose a crucial challenge on energy security and energy supply. However, accurate scientific data on their energy usage is lacking, highlighting a research gap about robust and validated methodology to determine the energy use of rural Central Asian buildings. In response to this need, this research paper proposes a set of generalised residential building typologies for rural Central Asia, with a focus on Kyrgyzstan. The study combines quantitative and qualitative methods, including household surveys, energy demand modelling, EnergyPlus simulations, and result validation. It derives energy-based building typologies from construction year and building envelope characteristics. Through numerous validated simulations, it was identified that the heat demand for rural Kyrgyz houses is 3–5 times here compared to European houses (250–400 kWh/m2). The study revealed the estimated heat demand for homes in rural Kyrgyzstan, indicating a significant potential for improving building energy efficiency in the region. These results can inform specific approaches, such as building renovation plans, energy certification, and renovation strategies. Furthermore, the validated methodology introduced offers opportunities for researchers in the field of building energy efficiency and can be applied to similar regions in Central Asia with comparable building stocks and climates.Article highlights: Novel energy-based building typologies for Kyrgyztsna, using quantitative & qualitative methods. Valuable insights from energy modelling & simulation using EnergyPlus. Significant potential for improving building energy efficiency in rural Kyrgyzstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to illustrate the formation of the urban tissue over the Roman theatre in the walled core of Zaragoza. Within the scope of the study, the typological plan of the city was prepared using the building surveys taken in 1911, and the plan was interpreted as a historical organism. The basic types in the city are determined, and methods of the processbased typology are used to reveal the formation process of a selected urban tissue that is an example of the rebasification of a specialized building. In this example, a Roman theatre was repurposed as a foundation for constructing residential buildings and affected the formation process of the urban block until its discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban building energy modeling (UBEM) seeks to evaluate strategies to optimize building energy use at urban scale to support a city's building energy goals. Prototype building models are usually developed to represent typical urban building characteristics of a specific use type, construction year, and climate zone, as detailed characteristics of individual buildings at urban scale are difficult to obtain. This study investigated the Italian building stock, developing 46 building prototypes, based on construction year, for residential and office buildings. The study included 16 single-family buildings, 16 multi-family buildings, and 14 office buildings. Building envelope properties and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system characteristics were defined according to existing building energy codes and standards for climatic zone E, which covers about half the Italian municipalities. Novel contributions of this study include (1) detailed specifications of prototype building energy models for Italian residential and office buildings that can be adopted by UBEM tools, and (2) a dataset in GeoJSON format of Italian urban buildings compiled from diverse data sources and national standards. The developed prototype building specifications, the building dataset, and the workflow can be applied to create other building prototypes and to support Italian national building energy efficiency and environmental goals.

Architectural structures, the basic elements of the urban web, are an aggregation of buildings that have been built at different times, with different materials, and in different styles. Through research, they can be divided into groups that present common morphological attributes and refer to different historical periods with particular social, economic, and cultural characteristics. The identification of these common repeating elements and organizational construction structures leads to the identification of the “type” of the building, which until now has required specialized knowledge, time, and customized proof checking. Recent developments in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and, more specifically, in deep learning (DL) appear to contribute gradually to the study of the typological evolution of buildings, especially those of cultural heritage (CH). In this paper, we present a deep-learning-based method for the classification of modern Athenian architecture (since 1830) using the YOLO algorithm. This research work can contribute to the digital management of the existing urban building stock, the autonomous large-scale categorization of data that are available from street view images, and the enhancement of the tangible CH.

The increase in the rate of environmental certification of buildings in foreign countries and Russia makes it necessary to study the role of environmental certification in construction, to highlight the degree of influence of environmental standards on architectural space. Consider the features of architectural shaping of buildings certified according to international and Russian environmental standards, and determine their new typology. In the conducted research, the percentage of architectural and technological requirements of foreign and Russian environmental standards in construction is presented. For the analysis of more than eighty environmentally certified buildings, a graph-analytical tabular form using an assessment matrix is used. The characteristic features of the objects of research are identified, similar features are generalized into groups and systematized. Typical architectural planning and engineering measures that are most often used to improve the environmental friendliness rating are identified. The impact of environmental standards requirements on spatial planning solutions is assessed. Identification of the share of architectural and engineering requirements in the assessment of objects according to environmental standards with the definition of a new typology of environmentally certified buildings is important for further improvement of the national environmental standard and the architectural space of Russian cities.

This paper presents fragility functions for clay brick unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings that were developed using the data of damage and earthquake intensity by the September 24, 2019, Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir earthquake. These data were collected through reconnaissance surveys in the affected region. The intensity of the earthquake ranged from V to VII on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale in the surveyed areas. The damage to clay brick piers of bridges was caused by compression or shear-compression forces applied by the vertical seismic forces. Most of the damaged URM buildings showed in-plane wall cracking with very few cases of out-of-plane wall failure. The damage in these buildings was influenced by both the ground motion's horizontal component and ground motion amplification due to site conditions. The damage types to the URM buildings in the surveyed areas were classified into five damage grades and these data were employed to propose fragility curves for clay brick URM buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banjarmasin, known as the city of a thousand rivers, is an accumulation of multi-deltas sedimentation, located -0.16 meters below sea level and 23 km from the estuary of the Barito river. The city embryo, which acts as the western boundary between the Martapura river and tributary regions, is influenced by daily tides from the Java sea. The morphological structure and building typology formation of tidal hydrodynamics influence the characteristic of the environmental context identity. Furthermore, the life adaptation to the natural context identity is a unique traditional water-based culture on the physical, territorial, and cultural order, characterized by the physical, functional, and normative attributes from the pre-colonial to the colonial era. Therefore, this study aims to identify the architectural identity of Banjarmasin's tidal river city and its forming elements through a morpho-typological approach using an interpretive-descriptive-retrospective method. The results showed that the structural identity of the architecture of Banjarmasin environment, as a tidal river city, is fragmented in the form of many deltas, thereby leading to sedimentation from river tributary in dendritic and meander patterns. In conclusion, the people's life adaptation to the natural environment created a traditional water culture with four contextual building typologies of the tidal river, namely raft, water stilt, land stilt, and landed houses with underground reservoir.

It is important to determine typical layouts of residential buildings, even in developing countries for standardization towards a zero-carbon society. In Indonesia, housing development in cities continues rising in parallel with high urbanization rates. This study aims to determine the typical layouts of apartments in Indonesia through qualitative and quantitative building typological analyses. A hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted using the building drawing information constructed across Indonesia from 1986 to 2021. A total of 268 public apartments and 268 private apartments from several major cities were included in the datasets, respectively. As a result, six typical layouts for public apartments and thirteen typical layouts for private apartments were determined for both 1BR and 2BR units. Furthermore, four typical unit layouts from public and private apartments associated with building-scale classifications were proposed, respectively, as the base models for the current typical apartments in Indonesia. The results showed that Indonesian public apartments tended to sacrifice semi-open spaces, such as a wide corridor and an internal void space, to increase the size of units and the number of rooms. Meanwhile, most private apartments were constructed with double-loaded corridor systems without internal voids, which potentially cause poor natural ventilation. The proposed typical layouts will be useful for further building simulations as standard testing models, such as to determine the appropriate cooling techniques for low-carbon apartments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lima metropolitan area is in a prone earthquake zone, which is exposed to a seismic gap; this can result in Mw 8.9 megathrust earthquake in the central Peru. After the Pisco earthquake in 2007, risk management policies changed in Peru and are improving annually. Thus, more resources are destinated to assessing earthquake hazard, vulnerability, and risk in districts of the Lima metropolitan area mainly; nevertheless, they are limited to cover in detailed the whole extension of probable affected area after this potential megathrust earthquake. Data of buildings in the Lima metropolitan area were analyzed in this paper, to provide useful information in the development of rapid methodologies of identification of buildings. The Japan Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation (CISMID) gathered these data from 2010 to 2021 in field surveys to conduct vulnerability and risk studies; the survey of building characteristics consisted of obtain mainly the number of stories, predominant material, structural systems, type of occupancy, and state of conservation. Vulnerability and risk studies for districts of the Lima metropolitan area were conducted by considering one representative building in one block. Results showed that the predominant material in the Lima metropolitan area is masonry, used in different structural systems, such as confined masonry and other which are nonengineered structures. Also, two-story buildings are predominant in the target area, followed by one and three-stories buildings. Risk assessment for the Lima metropolitan area and the study area were conducted using the data from the characterization of structural typologies obtained in this study. Approximately, 47.72% and 58.67% of buildings presented a very high-risk level in the Lima metropolitan area and the study area, respectively, under the expected earthquake scenario due to the seismic gap in the central Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architectural structures, the basic elements of the urban web, are an aggregation of buildings that have been built at different times, with different materials, and in different styles. Through research, they can be divided into groups that present common morphological attributes and refer to different historical periods with particular social, economic, and cultural characteristics. The identification of these common repeating elements and organizational construction structures leads to the identification of the "type" of the building, which until now has required specialized knowledge, time, and customized proof checking. Recent developments in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and, more specifically, in deep learning (DL) appear to contribute gradually to the study of the typological evolution of buildings, especially those of cultural heritage (CH). In this paper, we present a deep-learning-based method for the classification of modern Athenian architecture (since 1830) using the YOLO algorithm. This research work can contribute to the digital management of the existing urban building stock, the autonomous large-scale categorization of data that are available from street view images, and the enhancement of the tangible CH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on electricity consumption is crucial for assessing and modeling energy systems, making it a key element of sustainable urban planning. However, many countries in the Global South struggle with a shortage of statistically valid, geocoded, and disaggregated household-level data. This paper aims to develop a generic methodology for the generation of such a database in terms of electricity consumption. The methodology was tested in Kigali, the capital city of Rwanda, with a focus on all single-family residential building types of the inner city. Discrete data on buildings is obtained through combined information products derived from very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery, field surveys, and computer assisted personal interviewing. In total, 509 valid geocoded survey datasets were used to evaluate and model household electricity consumption, as well as electrical appliance ownership. The study's findings reveal that the arithmetic mean of specific electricity consumption was 3.66 kWh per household per day and 345 kWh per capita per year in 2015. By subdividing the data into distinct building types as well as their spatial location, and weighting the specific values according to their proportion in the study area, a more accurate mean value of 1.88 kWh per household per day and 160 kWh per capita per year was obtained. Applying this weighted mean to extrapolate household electricity consumption for the study area, in conjunction with the sample's precision level, resulted in an estimate of 126–137 GWh for the year 2015. In contrast, using the arithmetic mean would have led to values twice as high, even exceeding the total electricity consumption of the entire city, including multi-family and non-residential buildings. The study highlights the significance of on-site data collection combined with geospatial mapping techniques in enhancing of understanding of residential energy systems. Using building types as indicators to distinguish between households with contrasting electricity consumption and electrical appliance load levels can address the challenges posed by rapid urban growth in the Global South. This proposed method can assist municipal administrations in establishing a database that can be updated resource-efficiently at regular intervals by acquiring new satellite images.

The increase in the rate of environmental certification of buildings in foreign countries and Russia makes it necessary to study the role of environmental certification in construction, to highlight the degree of influence of environmental standards on architectural space. Consider the features of architectural shaping of buildings certified according to international and Russian environmental standards, and determine their new typology. In the conducted research, the percentage of architectural and technological requirements of foreign and Russian environmental standards in construction is presented. For the analysis of more than eighty environmentally certified buildings, a graph-analytical tabular form using an assessment matrix is used. The characteristic features of the objects of research are identified, similar features are generalized into groups and systematized. Typical architectural planning and engineering measures that are most often used to improve the environmental friendliness rating are identified. The impact of environmental standards requirements on spatial planning solutions is assessed. Identification of the share of architectural and engineering requirements in the assessment of objects according to environmental standards with the definition of a new typology of environmentally certified buildings is important for further improvement of the national environmental standard and the architectural space of Russian cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single‐family house? You may The typology of the compact courtyard house enables private forms of living on one's own land with a high urban density. The so‐called compact courtyard house was developed and examined as a new type of courtyard house at the Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences (HFT Stuttgart). Added to neighbourhoods, it provides residents with urban living spaces reducing land consumption and can combine high density, diversity of use and a high degree of privacy and residential quality in both indoor and outdoor spaces – in both new and existing situations. By definition, this is achieved by integrating courtyards/outdoor spaces into the building structure as exclusively private usable areas that can not be looked into (instead of exposed distance areas with lower usable value outside the building) and by providing lighting and ventilation via these areas. Indoor and outdoor spaces can thus merge into a protected and closely interlinked living space. The results to date of the interdisciplinary DFG‐funded research work, which has been ongoing since 2017, demonstrate with an extensive typology, generally valid solution strategies and many individual investigations that this approach already works on unusually small plots (approx. 60–200 m2) of varying proportions with up to five‐storey buildings for one or more parties. Some of the variants that emerge from different basic types are suitable as single‐family houses on their own land and can thus enable this form of housing sought by the majority in a sustainable urban environment of high density and heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy efficiency of residential buildings is a critical concern, especially in regions with challenging climatic conditions like the Mediterranean. Despite numerous studies on energy-efficient design, there is a lack of specificity in how building typology, orientation, and Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPVs) interact to influence energy performance. This study addresses this gap by conducting a parametric investigation of single-family houses, focusing on variations in building typology and orientation, both with and without BIPV integration. The parameters evaluated include energy consumption for heating, cooling, lighting, and domestic hot water, using simulations performed with iSBEM-Cy, the official tool for energy performance calculations in Cyprus. The results reveal that building orientation can reduce energy consumption, while BIPV integration contributes additional energy savings. Terraced houses with only Building-Applied Photovoltaics (BAPVs) showed the best energy balance (−38.20 kWh/m2/yr), while detached houses had the highest energy consumption (71.24 kWh/m2/yr). With BIPVs, energy balances improved significantly across all typologies, with terraced houses reaching −78.20 kWh/m2/yr, demonstrating the strong potential of BIPV integration. These findings highlight the importance of considering context-specific factors when integrating renewable energy systems, offering insights for architects and urban planners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book on the Basque cities by José Ignacio Linazasoro was conceived in a cultural climate with a strong pres-ence of the Italian morpho-typological discourse; however, in it the autor did not limited himself to applying a gen-eral theory to a particular case. In addition to deepening the knowledge of the urban and territorial evolution of a group of towns of medieval foundation on which the system of cities of the Basque Country is largely based, Lina-zasoro laid with him the bases of certain aspects that he would develop in his career later as an architect; special-ly, the work with the preexistences, the attention to the way in which the old is related to the new, and the interest in material questions. This paper focuses, on the one hand, on the cultural and profesional context in which the book arose and, on the other, on its significance for the later constructed work of Linazasoro.

This paper addresses a challenging global problem, insufficient accessible urban public green space, based on building typology. Offering sufficient public green spaces and maintaining the equalities of citizens' accessibility in high-intensity urban cities has been increasingly challenging. Thus, providing adequate and accessible green public spaces by 2030 is a sub-goal of SDGs No. 11. Solving this urban problem is commonly considered the responsibility of urban planning; however, the potential of buildings is scarcely discussed in academia. Luckily, in the industry, many top architecture firms (studios) have tapped the particular potential of buildings via design practice. This practice-led research aims to understand the efforts made by industrial circles. Based on the fieldwork worldwide, this study proposes a 'spiral space' building typology to work as a conceptual framework for this emerging field. The key benefit of this building typology—incremental production of public green spaces—is qualitatively verified, and the good flexibility and international acceptance of this building typology are demonstrated based on global cases. This work could serve as a basis for future research on how buildings could play a greater role in supporting urban sustainability, such as enhancing the residents' accessibility to public green space in metropolises. In addition, the building typology and corresponding design strategies discussed herein could also serve as references for future design practice for architects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ZARCH: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Architecture & Urbanism is the property of Universidad de Zaragoza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is important to determine typical layouts of residential buildings, even in developing countries for standardization towards a zero-carbon society. In Indonesia, housing development in cities continues rising in parallel with high urbanization rates. This study aims to determine the typical layouts of apartments in Indonesia through qualitative and quantitative building typological analyses. A hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted using the building drawing information constructed across Indonesia from 1986 to 2021. A total of 268 public apartments and 268 private apartments from several major cities were included in the datasets, respectively. As a result, six typical layouts for public apartments and thirteen typical layouts for private apartments were determined for both 1BR and 2BR units. Furthermore, four typical unit layouts from public and private apartments associated with building-scale classifications were proposed, respectively, as the base models for the current typical apartments in Indonesia. The results showed that Indonesian public apartments tended to sacrifice semi-open spaces, such as a wide corridor and an internal void space, to increase the size of units and the number of rooms. Meanwhile, most private apartments were constructed with double-loaded corridor systems without internal voids, which potentially cause poor natural ventilation. The proposed typical layouts will be useful for further building simulations as standard testing models, such as to determine the appropriate cooling techniques for low-carbon apartments.

This study's scope is to collect and analyze all the needed information related to the residential building stocks in Mediterranean countries, especially those that participated in the framework of the HAPPEN project (Greece, Croatia, Cyprus, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, and France). A specific procedure was followed in order to conduct a coordinated evaluation of the residential building stock. The most important variables for a statistical examination of the building stock are outlined, as well as an approach for establishing reference buildings. National data for the seven participating nations were collected and evaluated using the prescribed methodology. The research findings identify six distinct reference buildings in each nation. More specifically, the most representative buildings were distinguished through a cross-country comparison of the obtained data, after classifying the buildings into different classes to which the same approach for deep renovation/refurbishment can be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architectural Project is a capstone project of the five-year course in undergraduate education in architecture and it gives an opportunity for the students to demonstrate the application of the learning in various subjects in the course. Choice of the topic of project is generally left to the student. The article investigates the reasons for the choice of the project. Initial exploratory qualitative interviews with the project guides, senior teachers and few students led to identification of various reasons for choosing a topic. A structured interview schedule was prepared based upon the findings of the exploratory interviews. The research was carried out in sampled institutes affiliated to the Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, by interviewing seventy-four students. The predominant reasons of topic selection were: topic with strong social/contemporary relevance, projects offering flexibility and freedom for experimenting with form. Almost 58 percent of the projects fell in the category of commercial and institutional buildings. While sports buildings were the least chosen topic. Apart from shedding light on to the students’ choice of projects and reasons behind it, the findings bring forth the hesitance of students to choose projects with intense functional requirements such as the hospitals and services-oriented projects. These areas need attention from the point of view of teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study proposes a statistical methodology to rate the habitability of different types of buildings after an earthquake. The first step was to rank variables that affect the vulnerability of a building and formulate a statistical study with a discrimination index that makes it possible to identify buildings as habitable or non-habitable. This ranking applied the criteria established in various international guidelines that are used to distinguish between habitable (undamaged/no structural damage) and non-habitable buildings (structural damage). The proposed methodology was applied to a database with information about buildings and damage grade experienced following the 2011 earthquake in Lorca. The approach presented could be extended to other regions where neccessary data are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK has one of the least energy-efficient housing stocks in Europe. By 2030, the emissions from UK homes need to fall by at least 24% from 1990 levels to meet the UK's ambitious goal, which is reaching net-zero emissions. The originality of this paper is to apply the building typology approach to predict energy savings of the UK housing stock under a step-by-step energy retrofit scenario, targeting the Passive House Standard for refurbishments of existing buildings, namely the EnerPHit "Quality-Approved Energy Retrofit with Passive House Components." The typologies consist of twenty reference buildings, representative of five construction ages and four building sizes. The energy balance of the UK residential buildings was created and validated against statistical data. A building stock retrofit plan specifying the order in which to apply energy efficiency measures was elaborated, and energy savings were calculated. The predicted total energy demand for the UK residential building stock for the year 2022 is 37.7 MTOE, and the carbon emissions estimation is 65.33 MtCO2e. The energy-saving potential is 87%, and carbon reductions are about 76%, considering all the steps of renovation applied. It has been demonstrated that the step that provides the biggest savings across the housing stock is the one that involves replacing windows, draught-proofing, and installing mechanical ventilation with heat recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work at home and work from home are becoming the subject of interdisciplinary research in the current social conditions. Slovenia, as a post-transition country, has specific experience in terms of its regulation, as the former socialist and later transition period were relatively tolerant of various forms of work at home. The article presents the results of research aimed at studying current normative provisions for the organization of work at home, its actual spatial and program scope, and its correlation with building typology and morphology. Using a descriptive research method and by analyzing existing databases in the GIS environment, we found that work at home is a very extensive phenomenon in Slovenia. Despite the effective instruments in the fields of spatial planning, public administration, tax system, and employment legal relationships, its scope is mainly a consequence of historical tolerance, as this form of work has been legally organized and desirable for decades. We found that various urban characteristics did not significantly affect its occurrence in the past. The differences are reflected only in the extent of business activities that can be carried out in residential areas and differ according to the distance from urban centers. In order for the regulation of work at home to become even more efficient in the future, it is necessary to define more detailed criteria, especially in terms of its program regulation and monitoring of the spatial situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buildings have a significant energy and environmental footprint. In Greece, there are about 4.1 million buildings, a quarter of which are exclusive-use nonresidential buildings. The aim of this work is to define the average construction and technical characteristics of the existing Hellenic nonresidential buildings, and to assess their energy performance, responding to the need for more information and insight on this sector. The work exploits data from about 2400 building energy audits that include general information as well as specific characteristics on the envelope construction and the electromechanical installations. The information were first screened by a data quality control and were then organized into 239 classes that correspond to the Hellenic nonresidential building typology, defined in terms of building use, vintage, and location. The analysis revealed that there is a great potential for upgrading the existing building stock, since only 4% of the audited buildings meet the current minimum thermal envelope code requirements and 15% are in compliance with code recommendations for the technical installations. Overall, only 1% of the buildings have fully compliant envelope and technical installations. The calculated total final energy use averages 217.5kWh/m2 for the entire NR sector, ranging between 89.0kWh/m2 and 530.0kWh/m2 among the different building uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract For over 40 years, I have been conducting research from a variety of perspectives in the somewhat complex and difficult‐to‐read megacity of Tokyo. In this paper, I consider the characteristics of urban space in Tokyo and present an overview of my research objectives, methods, and the results obtained at each stage. The architectural typology methods to which I was introduced in Italy formed the basis for my Tokyo studies. However, as this methodology was established for Italian cities, which were designed artificially around architecture, it has limitations in exploring Tokyo, a Japanese city that was created in harmony with nature. Therefore, I have adopted the concept of "spatial anthropology" in my research, which makes it possible to identify the characteristics of Japanese cities that make them significantly different from western cities. Furthermore, the concept of eco‐history, which aims to enable new research on cities and territories by integrating history and ecology, allowed for a different perspective of Tokyo as a “water city.” This research illuminates a true affluent city that coexists with an environment suitable for the 21st century, which differs from the urban model of the modern Western development type.

The article presents the spatial distribution of business entities in Slovenia from locations in business zones and the areas of community, commerce and business services to work at home. The study uses the comparative method to determine their size, location and building typology. It was concluded that the structure is quite diversified and that most of the entities are located in residential areas. This field of study requires a further comprehensive treatment and regulation.

Purpose: To accomplish the national and international climate goals, building renovation and optimisation of their energy and resource efficiency are essential. Thus, reliable information on the building stock (BS) is necessary. Most previous building typologies are focussing on residential buildings and the operational phase. This paper shows the development of a methodology for generating non-residential building (NRB) typologies for life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) of building constructions. Hereby, archetypes of office, administration and department (OAD) buildings are developed, exemplarily for the German NRB stock. The methodology can further be utilised for quantity surveying of urban material stocks, related recycling scenarios and waste management. Furthermore, the exemplarily generated archetypes provide necessary information for the estimation of realistic refurbishment scenarios. Methods: Approaches for the development of NRB archetypes, the descriptions of associated building materials and the LCI of BS were analysed and integrated into a methodology. It provides a clear path on the classification in building usage categories and determination of relevant building parameters for conducting LCI studies. Its aim is the creation of NRB typologies, presenting construction materials and building geometry in a useful way for life-cycle assessments (LCA). To demonstrate the methodology's usability, it is applied to a case study with the sample of 161 OAD buildings, provided by the German NRB database ENOB:dataNWG. In combination with relevant literature on BS archetypes and materials, a sample OAD building typology has been created. Results and discussion: Minimum data requirements for conducting simplified LCI calculation of BSs were identified by analysing existing LCA methods, like the German BNB system. Important clusters for developing NRB archetypes were determined: building usage category, building construction types and building age. These data gaps between required information for simplified LCA studies and available information in ENOB:dataNWG were identified, and solutions for closing these data gaps were proposed and tested. Since building archetypes must reflect the overall BS, uncertainties were discussed. The ENOB:dataNWG database was not completed at the time this paper was written, so comprehensive uncertainty analyses are important next steps. Conclusions: This methodology development forms the groundwork for creating LCI building typologies for simplified LCA studies. It shows practically how to deal with a BS database and illustrates which typical values can be chosen for closing data gaps. The methodology was tested on an exemplary sample of OAD buildings. Based on this case study, the methodology concept was proven useful for the generation of a NRB typology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-residential building stock in Germany, as in many other countries, is not fully represented in any official statistics, in contrast to residential buildings. This is surprising given the economic significance of this asset and its importance as a source of greenhouse gases. The knowledge gap was closed in a representative sample survey providing statistically valid data on structural parameters and energy-related characteristics of the non-residential building stock in Germany. This became possible because by December 2014 authoritative building polygons from all German cadastres were available in a national database for the first time. These geospatial data, adjusted for topological inconsistencies and supplemented with owner information in an on-site screening, were used as a sampling frame in the previously unknown population of the non-residential buildings, a new approach in building stock statistics worldwide. While the geometry of all buildings can be derived from the geospatial data, energy-related characteristics and renovation activities have to be obtained by interviews with the owners of the relevant non-residential buildings in the sample. With this methodology, regular monitoring of building stocks at reasonable costs becomes possible. It also can be transferred to other states with similar geospatial data infrastructure, in particular to other EU Member States. • A representative sample survey was carried out in the NRBS in Germany. • Authoritative cadastral geodata was used as a sampling frame. • Structural parameters of the NRBS were quantified. • Modernization rates of building components were determined. • The methodology is a model for other EU Member States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses a challenging global problem, insufficient accessible urban public green space, based on building typology. Offering sufficient public green spaces and maintaining the equalities of citizens’ accessibility in high-intensity urban cities has been increasingly challenging. Thus, providing adequate and accessible green public spaces by 2030 is a sub-goal of SDGs No. 11. Solving this urban problem is commonly considered the responsibility of urban planning; however, the potential of buildings is scarcely discussed in academia. Luckily, in the industry, many top architecture firms (studios) have tapped the particular potential of buildings via design practice. This practice-led research aims to understand the efforts made by industrial circles. Based on the fieldwork worldwide, this study proposes a ‘spiral space’ building typology to work as a conceptual framework for this emerging field. The key benefit of this building typology—incremental production of public green spaces—is qualitatively verified, and the good flexibility and international acceptance of this building typology are demonstrated based on global cases. This work could serve as a basis for future research on how buildings could play a greater role in supporting urban sustainability, such as enhancing the residents’ accessibility to public green space in metropolises. In addition, the building typology and corresponding design strategies discussed herein could also serve as references for future design practice for architects.

After the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake, the Government of Nepal founded the National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) which is dedicated to the reconstruction of buildings and infrastructures in the earthquake. The NRA developed a policy to provide three-stage grants to the house owners to reconstruct their damaged house in owner-driven principle. To receive the grant, a building should be seismic resistant complying with building code NBC 105. Based on NBC 105, various prototype model buildings, minimum requirements and guidelines were formed. However, due to the lack of availability of expert engineers for designing the buildings, the owner built the houses according to their style and requirement. From the investigation of houses built in Dhading district, out of a total of 53109 houses reconstructed, 4.01% of buildings were constructed without following the minimum requirements and mandatory rule of thumb. Those buildings were required to check against NBC 105 with structural analysis. Structural engineers were deployed to assist the house owners to check the seismic capacity of buildings. The research presents the existing scenario of reconstructed building typology and discusses the major non-compliance issues prevalent in load-bearing and frame structures. A comparison of pre-and post-Gorkha earthquake housing typology is made by qualitative analysis of field data and an evaluation of the inspection level at which noncompliance mostly occurs is also illustrated in this research. The research shows out of the total buildings about 15.2 % of buildings are non-compliant according to the building code and could not be recommended for tranches.