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Background: The orbital glands, viz. lacrimal gland, superficial and deep gland of third eyelid (LG, SGT and HG), are important for normal eye functions. These glands have different functions in various animals. The information about the enzyme histochemical nature of prenatal orbital glands in Indian buffalo seems to be unavailable. Therefore, the study was planned on orbital glands of six full term recently died fetuses from animals with dystocia. Methods: The frozen sections of all these glands were subjected to standard localization protocols for Alkaline Phosphatase (AKPase), Glucose 6 phosphatase (G-6-Pase), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrogen Diaphorase (NADHD), Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Hydrogen diaphorase (NADPHD), Dihydroxy phenylalanine oxidase (DOPA-O), Tyrosinase, non-specific esterase (NSE) and Carbonic anhydrase (CAse). Results: The results revealed a mixed spectrum of reaction for the above enzymes in LG, SGT and HG which ranged from moderate (for LDH in SGT) to intense (for most of the enzymes in all three glands). However, DOPA-O, Tyrosinase and CAse did not show any reaction. From the present study, it can be postulated that the orbital glands of fetus have a high activity of metabolism as it has many developmental and functional activities which were mediated with the higher activity of the enzymes involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The orbital glands, viz. lacrimal gland, superficial and deep gland of third eyelid (LG, SGT and HG), are important for normal eye functions. These glands have different functions in various animals. The information about the enzyme histochemical nature of prenatal orbital glands in Indian buffalo seems to be unavailable. Therefore, the study was planned on orbital glands of six full term recently died fetuses from animals with dystocia. Methods The frozen sections of all these glands were subjected to standard localization protocols for Alkaline Phosphatase (AKPase), Glucose 6 phosphatase (G-6-Pase), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrogen Diaphorase (NADHD), Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Hydrogen diaphorase (NADPHD), Dihydroxy phenylalanine oxidase (DOPA-O), Tyrosinase, non-specific esterase (NSE) and Carbonic anhydrase (CAse). Results The results revealed a mixed spectrum of reaction for the above enzymes in LG, SGT and HG which ranged from moderate (for LDH in SGT) to intense (for most of the enzymes in all three glands). However, DOPA-O, Tyrosinase and CAse did not show any reaction. From the present study, it can be postulated that the orbital glands of fetus have a high activity of metabolism as it has many developmental and functional activities which were mediated with the higher activity of the enzymes involved.

An umbilical approach was adopted to embalm and preserve an aborted buffalo fetus. The principle behind the present approach was to follow the natural course of fetal circulation. 10 % neutral buffered formalin was injected into the umbilical vein using a syringe. The umbilical arteries were ligated when the blood and interstitial fluid started to drain out. An incision was then made on the dorsal pedal artery as an exit for circulation. The fetus was tilted upside down to enable the distribution of formalin throughout the body by reaching the extremities due to gravitation. After ensuring complete perfusion of formalin, the umbilical vein and the dorsal pedal artery were ligated and the fetus was kept at room temperature for three days. The left body wall was reflected dorsally after a mid-ventral incision to expose the internal organs. All the organs were normal in color and consistency without any foul odor. The specimen was later stored in a cooler at 4°C, to avoid prolonged storage in formalin. Routine histological examination was also performed to ascertain the effect of fixation in different body organs which revealed normal histoarchitecture. The present approach of embalming ensured adequate fixation of the fetus.

The present study was conducted on testis of 20 buffalo fetuses ranging from 2.5 cm to 20 cm curved crown rump length (CVRL). The tissues were processed for light and transmission electron microscopic study. The intertubular tissue was filled with primitive mesenchymal cells, developing Leydig cells and blood vessels. At 7.5 cm CVRL, some of the interstitial mesenchymal cells started developing into foetal Leydig cells and were androgen positive. These cells were characterized by their polygonal shape, eosinophilic cytoplasm and darkly stained spherical nucleus with prominent nucleoli at 9.5 cm CVRL. At 15.5 cm CVRL, the fetal Leydig cells were present in groups around the interstitial blood vessels, which increased in number and size at 20 cm CVRL and decreased afterwards. By TEM, three types of Leydig cells were observed at 14.5 cm CVRL as stem Leydig cells (Leydig cell A), progenitor Leydig cells (Leydig cell B) and immature Leydig cells (Leydig cell C). Leydig cell A had elongated nucleus with a very thin rim of cytoplasm. Leydig cell B had oval nucleus with comparatively larger amount of cytoplasm. Leydig cell C had adult Leydig cell like features and had round to oval nucleus with lager amount of cytoplasm. The cytoplasm of these cells contained mitochondria with elongated cristae, Golgi apparatus and very few lipid inclusions. The number and size of Leydig cells increased during early prenatal life.

An umbilical approach was adopted to embalm and preserve an aborted buffalo fetus. The principle behind the present approach was to follow the natural course of fetal circulation. 10 % neutral buffered formalin was injected into the umbilical vein using a syringe. The umbilical arteries were ligated when the blood and interstitial fluid started to drain out. An incision was then made on the dorsal pedal artery as an exit for circulation. The fetus was tilted upside down to enable the distribution of formalin throughout the body by reaching the extremities due to gravitation. After ensuring complete perfusion of formalin, the umbilical vein and the dorsal pedal artery were ligated and the fetus was kept at room temperature for three days. The left body wall was reflected dorsally after a mid-ventral incision to expose the internal organs. All the organs were normal in color and consistency without any foul odor. The specimen was later stored in a cooler at 4°C, to avoid prolonged storage in formalin. Routine histological examination was also performed to ascertain the effect of fixation in different body organs which revealed normal histoarchitecture. The present approach of embalming ensured adequate fixation of the fetus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of dystocia due to a buffalo fetus with multiple congenital abnormalities like prognathia, contracture of limb joints, cleft palate and aplasia cutis has been described here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on morphology and biometry on the growth of the testes in buffalo fetuses aged 65 to 277 days. At an early stage, the right testis is bigger than the left testis then become similar at a later stage. Their shapes vary from round, oval and elongated. The testicles are both connected first to the kidneys, then migrate later to the inguinal region before finally descending to the scrotal sac.