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The Mesolithic-Neolithic transformation was far more complex and variable process than previously hypothesised. The introduction of ceramic technology and initial pottery distributions in Eurasia show a wide-spread appearance of different pottery-making techniques and ornamental principles in different cultural and chronological contexts. The pattern cannot be explained by way of a narrow and gradual southeast north west oriented spread of both people and vessels across Europe in the context of demic diffusion migratory model. The data indicate that ceramic technology was invented and reinvented more than once in different Palaeolithic and Neolithic contexts, and that hunter-gatherer communities made ceramic vessels elsewhere in Eurasia. Archaeogenetic data suggest that the processes of peopling Europe in prehistory were far more complex and variable than was first thought. The analyses of palimpsest of Ychromosomal paternal and mitochondrial maternal lineages in modern populations and of ancient DNA and palaeodemographic reconstructions show a complex picture of varied population trajectories elsewhere in Europe. Archaeological and biochemical data suggest that dairying and fermented milk consumption in Europe in Neolithic emerged before the genetic adaptation to milk culture.

U ovom se radu razmatra neolitički prijelaz na zemljoradnju na sjevernom Jadranu, tolerancija laktoze, mljekarstvo i lipidni biomarkeri na keramici. Iako arheološki i biokemijski podaci ukazuju da je mljekarstvo bilo prihvaćeno u neolitiku u Europi, arheogenetički podaci otkrivaju nedostatak alelske varijante –13910*T i nultu perzistenciju kod europskih neolitičkih populacija. Istraživanje na primjeru Male Triglavce pokazuje da je ranoneolitička privreda bila miješanog tipa u prostoru Caput Adriae. Sastojala se od mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda, životinjskih mesnih proizvoda, slatkovodne ribe raznih biljaka. Stočari vlaške kulture su raspolagali širim spektrom resursa osim ovaca i koza i mogli su fermentiranjem mlijeka proizvesti niz trajnih proizvoda s malim udjelom laktoze., In this paper, we discuss the Neolithic transition to farming in Northern Adriatic, lactose tolerance, dairying and lipid biomarkers on pottery. While archaeological and biochemical data suggest that dairying was adopted in the Neolithic in Europe, archaeogenetic data show the absence of the allelic variant –13910*T and zero persistence in Neolithic populations in Europe. The Mala Triglavca case study shows that the Early Neolithic economy in the Caput Adriae region was mixed. It consisted of milk and processed milk, meat animal products, freshwater fish and various plants. The Vlaška group herders managed a broader spectrum of resources than exclusively ovicaprids, and were able to produce a wide range of low-lactose, storable products by fermenting milk.

The pottery assemblage from the Maharski prekop site was analysed to obtain insights into vessel use and husbandry practices. Total lipid extracts of pottery samples were subjected to gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-combustion- isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) and soft ionisation electrospray mass spectrometric techniques ESI Q-TOF MS and ESI Q-TOF MS/MS. The charred organic deposits on vessels were AMS 14C dated. The results show that some vessels were used for cooking ruminant meat, while in other traces of mixed non-ruminant and ruminant meat or plants and animal meat cooking were identified. Some vessels were used for milk processing. Analizirali smo ostanke keramičnih posod z Maharskega prekopa, da bi dobili dodatne informacije o uporabi keramičnih posod in zgodnji živinoreji. Lipide, ekstrahirane iz ostankov keramičnih posod, smo analizirali s pomočjo plinske kromatografije (GC), plinske kromatografije sklopljene z masno spektrometrijo (GC-MS), plinske kromatografije sklopljene z masnim spektrometrom za analizo stabilnih izotopov lahkih elementov preko sežigne enote (GC-C-IRMS) in masnim spektrometrom z analizatorjem na čas preleta ionov (TOF) z elektrosprej ionizacijo (ESI Q-TOF MS in ESI Q-TOF MS/MS). Karbonizirani ostanki na posodahso AMS radiokarbonsko datirani. Rezultati kaŽejo, da so nekatere posode uporabljali za kuhanje mesa prežvekovalcev. V drugih posodah zasledimo ostanke kuhanja mešanega mesa prežvekovalcev in neprežvekovalcev ali ostanke kuhanja mešanice rastlinske in živalske hrane. Nekatere posode pa so bile uporabljene za predelavo mleka.

the transition to farming in Mediterranean Europe is discussed in the contexts of the DNA analysys of male chromosomes, female mitochondrial genetic gradients, the maritime pioneer colonisation model, the Mediterranean sea voyages in Mesolithic and Neolithic, the "PPNB Exodus" in the Near East and the colonisation of southeastern Europe. It was argued that the hunters and gatherers at Ilipinar, in Franchthi and Theopetra caves, at Lepenski Vir and Padina were capable and ready to serve as a promoters of agro-pastorial farming in the coruse of which these communities could be expected to develop or to adopt and to modify agro-pastorial practises and pottery production and integrate the with existing subsistence strategies. Prehod na kmetovanje v sredozemski Evropi obravnavamo v kontekstu DNK analiz moških kromosov in ženskega mitohondrijskega zapisa, morske pionirske kolonizacije, plovbe po Sredozemskem morju v mezolitiku in neolitiku, "PPNB eksodusa" na Bližnjem vzhodu in kolonizacije jugovzhodne Evrope. Ocenjujemo, da so lovci in nabiralci v Ilinira(ju), v jamah Francthi in Theopetra ter na Lepenskem Viru in Padini sami razvili ali pa prevzeli, priredili in nato vključili posamezne dele kmetovanja in lončarstva v obstoječa gospodarstva.

A number of small ceramic and stone objects of rather uniform shape, which have been interpreted in Near and Middle Eastern archaeological contexsts as counters used for calculating quantities of goods in systems of exchange are discussed in European interpretative contexts of the transition to farming and the secondary product scenario. V artefaktnih zbirih, ki jih evropska prazgodovinska arheologija označuje kot pečatnike, ušesne čepke, amulete, miniaturne figurice, gumbe itd., je kar nekaj drobnih keramičnih in kamnitih predmetov zelo enotnih oblik, ki so v bližnjevzhodnih neolitskih kontekstih interpretirani kot plačilni žetoni. Žetoni naj bi najprej pomenili vrsto in količino blaga, nato številke, enice, desetice in šestdesetice. Žetone v obliki stožcev, valjev in miniaturnih posod obravnavamo v evropskih kontekstih prehoda na kmetovanje in uporabe sekundarnih produktov.