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The synthetic rubbers production started in World War II and today synthetic rubber accounts for the majority of rubber production. Energy savings in rubber processing plants are of great importance since the thermosets and elastomers (rubbers) encompasses around 30% of the tonnage of all synthetic polymers produced. Today, the synthetic rubbers exceed the tonnage of natural rubber. There are several industries involved in the rubber processing, but one of the main rubber processing industry is the shoe sole production. The shoe soles are usually made from synthetic polymers such as Polyisoprene (IR), Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU), Polyurethane foams or Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), which all fall in the scope of synthetic rubbers. Ethylene vinyl acetate (also known as EVA) is the copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate. This paper analyses the potential of energy savings in shoe soles production process made of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), since these are the most popular soles currently. EVA shoe soles are known for their excellent properties. They are lightweight, easy to mould, have good water and moisture resistance, high elasticity, great shock absorption, great thermal insulation properties, high durability, low-temperature toughness, stress-crack resistance and great resistance to UV radiation. The energy savings using the process return condensate in shoe sole production process are presented. Using the return condensate results in lower make up water consumption, substantial fuel savings needed to produce steam and lower chemical consumption. Returning hot process condensate to the bolier results in oil savings of 14, 9%. Also, the thermal pollution is reduced by 95, 3%, while the volume of the flue gases is lowered from 17, 11 m3FG/kgNEC to 14, 57 m3FG/kgNEC or by 14, 8%. Such a system enables both the oil savings and reduces the thermal pollution.

This paper deals with the possibility of energy efficiency increase employing natural gas, flue gases heat recovery simultaneously with the solar energy in low density polyethylene (LDPE) manufacturing. The energy sources are used for dry saturated steam generation. The calculation are based for the plant located φ=45°49' N using collector area of 63, 22*103 m2. When an economizer and an air preheater are used together with the solar collectors fields in the process, the energy savings obtained become 69, 57% and the volume of the exhaust flue gases of 3453, 15 m3FG/h are rejected to the atmosphere with the temperature of 26, 2°C instead of 230°C. This hybrid system is environmentally benign alternative to decrease energy consumption in low density polyethylene production

Knjiga obuhvaća kontrolirane procese opskrbe koji uključuju primarne oblike, pretvorbe i potrošače. Razrađeni su osnovni aspekti transformacije energije na temelju termodinamičkih i energetskih zakonitosti u skladu s održivim razvojem.

The purpose of presented paper is to determine the possibility of energy savings by means of reducing natural gas consumption in finished woven fabric manufacturing. Energy and environment analysis for process with condensate and exhaust gases heat recovery in energy management studies shows a growth of process efficiency and contemporary decreasing of thermal pollution. The present case performs the energy consumption per unit of product .Also, here are analysed finished plan where an economizer, an air preheater and a boiler feed tank are incorporated. The total energy is reduced about 18.3% relative to the conventional finished woven fabric technological process. In addition to decreasing natural gas consumption, condensate heat recovery also reduces the energy for chemicals for feed water treating. Flue gases heat recovery saves significant amount of fuel and diminished exhausted temperature for 1920 which reduces thermal air pollution.

Energy efficiency improvement in polyester production by applying boiler flue gases heat recovery was investigated. This study presented increasing process efficiency and at the same time the thermal pollution reduced. The implementation of the economizer for feed water preheating with heat contained in the exhaust flue gases reduced natural gas consumption by 9.2 % and also flue gases exhaust temperature diminished from 204 0C to 51.8 0C. When an air preheater using for combustion air preheating was applied, the natural gas savings became 7%. Simultaneously, the air pollution was also lowered and the outlet flue gases temperature diminished from 204 0C to 64.40C. The utilization of the economizer and the air preheater resulted in a maximum fuel saving of 10.15% and a minimum thermal pollution with flue gases exhaust temperature of 31.150C.

In polymerization process there are many possible options for energy conservation efficiency improvement. In this article the opportunity for energy savings using flue gas heat recovery is presented. Based on process data for each operation in low density polyethylene (LDPE) production the fuel saving as well as thermal environmental protection are curried out. From first established baseline energy requirement the option for reduce energy consumption is shown as follow. The applying of flue gasses for combustion air preheating natural gas saving is 7.95%. At the same time the environment thermal load is lowering from 2300C to 68.110C. The best results show the flue gas recovery in combination for air and feed water preheating. The natural gas saving becomes 11.7%, while outlet temperature of flue gasses is reduced from 2300C to 26.20C.

This work aims to determine the potential for energy efficiency improvement by means of minimizing fuel consumption in finished woven fabric manufacturing. Energy optimization in process with condensate and exhaust flue gases heat recovery is presented. Returning condensate makes many useful reasons like less make up water required, saving fuel and chemicals as well as treatment costs. The hot exhaust gases could be cooled by heating incoming combustion air and boiler feed water. In the process where an air preheater is applied for combustion air preheating together with condensate heat recovery the fuel i.e. natural gas savings becomes 13, 9%. At the same time the atmospheric thermal pollution is diminished because the exhaust flue gases temperature becomes 72, 7 0C instead of 232 0C.

It is often said that energy costs less to conserve than to purchase. Therefore in presented article is pointed out the possibility of energy saving in selected industrial drying process. After a detailed analyzes of the original drying process configuration the possibilities for a reduction of energy consumption is documented. To identify possible improvement opportunities the energy performance of a simple conventional drying process is analyzed and shown in detail. Because about 30% of the total dryer heat load can be recovered the conventional process is compared with the same using recuperation and recirculation. That two options are used on large scale dryers especially in high energy consuming industries resulting with increasing drying efficiency. Reclaiming heat from the exhaust results with gaseous fuel saving of 28% in recuperative drying process. The fuel consumption is lowered for 24% in proposed recirculative option. Improved efficiency in is also visible from presented calculation with result of about 51% for recuperation and about 49% for recirculation. Except these, energy saving activities resulted also in improvements of the environmental impacts production process. From results follows also that the recuperative drying concept is technical feasible and is capable of achieving a better efficiency compared to simple as well as recirculative systems. The described modifications with the commonly used conventional dryer system make it possible to achieve consistent fuel savings through elimination of exhaust air losses. Implementation of the proposed heat recovery options system has fully confirmed the achieved results described in this paper.

This review is performed in finished woven fabric production in order to improve energy efficiency as well as to develop an environmental impact outline. Diminishing a fuel consumption for process with condensate and flue gases heat recovery for boiler feed water preheating in energy management studies show an enlargement of process efficiency. At the same time that proposed treatment simultaneously reduced environmental loading. The energy consumption in analyzed textile industrial process shows the need of energy resources like natural gas, electricity and water. Based on original industrial data the existing process is optimized regarding to primary sources consumption. The mixture of process condensate and make up water is supplied to economizer where it is heated with boiler exhaust flue gases. In this case the flue gases exhaust temperature is reduced for about 143o, and the fuel savings becomes 16 %. Except natural gas lowering this valuable energy conservation technique saves chemicals for water treatment and is also environmental friendly.

U svrhu povišenja energetske učinkovitosti predlaže se zamjena uobičajene odvojene opskrbe električnom energijom i proizvodnjom topline u kotlovskom postrojenju kogeneracijom tj. kombiniranom proizvodnjom toplinske i električne energije (CHP). Primjenom kogeneracije postiže se ušteda električne energije od 34%. Također povrat topline procesnog kondenzata uz primjenu CHP štedi 15 %.

Relating to energy requirements for non-cellulose i.e. polyester production as an energy intensive process, potential saving options are proposed. Considering industrial process data, comparison between separate heat and electrical production shows an absolute efficiency increase of 29.4%. Using an air preheater for combustion air temperature increasing saves 5.6% of the fuel.

U radu su analizirane mogućnosti primjene geotermalnih izvora u Panonskom bazenu i njihova gospodarska primjena s posebnim naglaskom na potrebi višenamjenskog iskorištavanja.

In the case of separate heat and electricity production the efficiency is about 49% while in the CHP process the efficiency is 85%. It is visible that cogeneration has the significant role in increasing energy security, improving economy and reducing environment pollution.

Dyeing section consisting of nine dyeing processes is analysed. These processes are great consumers of heat energy that is used for warming of bath in which textile is dyed. Dye baths from some phases or sub-phases of processes are rejected into sewage despite their significant waste heat potential. Generalised model for estimation of dye bath waste heat potential is proposed and is applied to analysed dyeing section. The same model is also applied to each process as itself that resulted in possible heat energy saving up to 53, 9%.

Energy intensity as a quantitive parameter is helpful in estimation of efficient energy use in particular industrial process and at the same time it is the basis for proposing measures to improve energy application. Two alternative options for flue gases heat recovery are proposed: combustion air preheating and boiler feed water preheating. First option resulted in natural gas saving of 7, 8% while second option gives 6, 5% natural gas saving.

The high quality bricks production requires a significant amount of heat energy especially for drying and kilning process. One of the potentiality for energy conservation is reusing the hot air after kiln cooling for drying air heating. Another possibility is kiln stack heat recovery for combustion air preheating. The obtained results show the fuel savings with hot air heat recovery of about 82% and with combustion air preheating using stack of 6, 5%.

The recovery of lye from waste waters results with the advantages such as savings of fresh lye neutralizers , increasing of energy efficiency including heat recovery and lower environmental pollution. The mathematical model for the simulation of an evaporation system, based on material and energy balance equations is derived. The calculations are made for real process data from domestic industry.

Energy efficiency improvement in finished woven fabric production based on waste heat recovery is presented. The presented optimization involves combustion air preheating as well as a combination of feed water and air preheating with flue gases heat recovery. Proposed options result in fuel saving of 8% and 14% respectively.

Investigation of efficient methods for energy consumption decreasing in selected textile industry is investigated. Reusing of condensate and flue gases in steam pressing process is analysed. Reusing of 40% of condensate waste heat results in 3, 32% fuel saving and flue gases waste heat reusing for air preheating results in 9, 3% fuel saving.

Toplinska energija u procesu bojadisanja troši se za grijanje kupelji i tretiranog materijala. Svaka faza operacija odvija se u posebnoj kupelji, dok se ona iz prethodne faze ispušta u okolinu. U radu je ispitana mogućnost iskorištenja otpadnih toplina kupelji za predgrijavanje kupelji za narednu fazu procesa.

Proizvodnja opeka satoji se od niza tehnoloških operacija koje za svoje nesmetano odvijanje zahtijevaju značajne količine toplinske i električne energije. Provedena analiza procesa ukazala je na značajan energetski potencijal otpadne topline zraka koji strujii kroz peć za vrijeme pečenja opeka te se tako zagrijava. Iskorištenjem tog zraka u procesu izgaranja postiže se ušteda goriva od 23%.

The optimization of steam pressing includes the use of condensate waste heat for combined heat and power production. The condensate heat could be converted into electrical energy by means of low temperature difference Stirling engine. Suggested hybrid system reduced energy consumption what results with lowering operating costs and pollutant emission.

Proizvodnja HDPE-a je energetski intenzivan proces. U radu se istražuje mogućnost iskorištenja otpadne topline dimnih plinova i procesnog kondenzata kako bi se smanjila potrošnja toplinske energije , odnosno prirodnog plina.

This paper aims to present a method for identifying and characterizing technologies in finished woven fabric production that can improve energy efficiency and minimize emission of polutants. The applying of economizer for feed water preheating with heat contained in the flue gases reduces natural gas consumption by 12, 7%.

U promatranom procesu uparuje se otopina natrijevog nitrata početne koncentracije 12% na konačnu koncentraciju 22%. Kondenzat iz procesa proizvodnje suhozasićene pare kojom se osigurava toplinska energija za proces uparivanja ispušta se u okoliš. Iskorištenjem otpadne topline kondenzata moguće je sniziti potrošnju prirodnog plina za 23%.

This work aims to determine the potential for energy efficiency improvement using heat recovery in pressing process in a selected garment industry. The minimization of fuel consumption could be achieved applying waste heat recovery. The improved energy efficiency reduces environmental impact by decreasing heat losses.

Possibilities of energy saving in textile industry are investigated. The possibilities of process condensate utilisation and boiler efficiency increasing are pointed out in particular. Some possibilities of energy savings in electrical systems and illumination are also described.

Heat energy for evapoaration process is provided by dry saturated steam. Using solar energy as heat source for steam production is investigated. Fulfilled analysis shows wide range of possible fuel savings depending on season of the year.

The optimization in Nylon-6 production using boiler flue gases heat recovery combined with solar energy is presented. Reusing of flue gases for combustion air preheating combined with use of solar energy for feed water preheating results in fuel saving up to 62, 3%.

The paper presents method to estimate potential for energy efficiency improvement in steam pressing in selected garment industry. Heat recovery of flue gases from steam production is used for combustion air preheating resulting in 6, 8% fuel oil saving.

Heat energy for HDPE production is provided by dry saturated steam produced in boiler fired by fossil fuel. Reusing of flue gases waste heat for combustion air preheating decrease fuel consumption for 7, 9%.

Za proizvodnju HDPE potrebno je 1722, 5kJ/kgHDPE toplinske energije koja se osigurava dovođenjem suhozasićene pare proizvedene u kotlu loženom prirodnim plinom. U radu se anlizira mogućnost iskorištenja otpadne topline dimnih plinova za predgrijavanje zraka za izgaranje. Provedena analiza ukazuje na uštedu goriva od 7, 9%.

The production of high quality bricks requires a significant amount of heat energy. Therefore, the important request is the development and successful application of methods for reducing fuel consumption. One of the potential for energy conservation is kiln stack heat recovery for combustion air preheating. The estimated result indicated that the fuel saving due to kiln combustion air preheating with stack is 6, 5%.

The process analysis shows that the 40 percent process condensate returning to the boiler reduces oil requirement for 2,65 percent. The boiler flue gases applying in economizer with condensate recovery feed water results 11,6 percent fuel saving.

Heat recovery from warm technological effluents in dyeing processes is presented. The improved dyeing process with heat recovery saves more than one hour. From the analyzed data evidently heat recovery results with energy cost savings as well as with technological process time savings and with environmental benefits through lowering the temperature of waste water.

U radu se analizira mogućnost primjene kondenzacijskog uređaja za sustav etažnog centralnog grijanja manje snage (30kW). Utvrđena je proporcionalna veza između vremena povrata ulaganja i potrošnje odn uštede prirodnog plina, te je predložen način povećanja isplativosti investicije.

The energy conservation could be achieved by recovery of waste heat from kiln and dryer. From the results obtained, it can be seen that the use of hot air after kiln cooling can produce energy savings of about 22 percent by combustion air preheating.

From presented analysis follows that condensate recovery reduce fuel consumption for 3,3% and flue gas heat recovery for 9,6%.

Reusing 35% of heat supplied for dyeing process results with appropriate fuel saving of 19, 7m3 of natural gas per cycle.

From obtained results follows that the condensate reusing covered the whole amount of heat for feed preheating. Solar assisted process saves heat energy of about 52%.

Analysis of dyeing process shows that 35% of total process heat usually discharged could be reused that results with significant fuel saving

Za složeni ventilacijski sustav razvijen je geometrijski model tzv. ventilacijska mreža čime je projektantu omogućen izbor optimalne ventilacije već u fazi ponude.

U radu je analizirano ventilacijsko stanje većih zrakom hlađenih hidrogeneratora. Analize su provedene na temelju ispitivanja ventilacijsko toplinskih parametara na nekoliko generatora u uvjetima eksploatacije u hidroelektranama. Ukazano je na neke anomalije koje se mogu pojaviti pri radu ventilacijskog sustava, a koje dovodi do znatnog povećanja gubitaka trenja i ventilacije. Sistematskim provođenjem ispitivanja na hidroelektranama u eksploataciji može se doći do vrlo korisnih rezultata kako za utočnjavanje proračuna tako i za poboljšanje konstrukcije novoprojektiranih generatora. Međutim, dobiveni podaci mogu poslužiti i za otimiranje već izvedenih generatora prilikom eventualne rekonstrukcije ili obnove. Predlaže se da se ventilacijska ispitivanja sistematski planiraju i provode na većem broju karakterističnih generatora u hidroelektranama.