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2. Characterisation of CSS supplied emergency lighting equipment

Author

Baggini, A, Bua, F, Granziero, M, Cappellari, M, and IEEE

Abstract

Scope of this paper is to report results of an experimental research aiming to characterize emergency lighting equipment behavior during switch on transients with static CSS supply.Emergency lighting equipment inrush current peak values and waveforms are typically very dispersed depending on technology and manufacturers and can create problems when sizing or operating CSS equipments. High peak values can lead to CSS electronic protection tripping.Emergency lighting centralized systems are nowadays becoming a growing issue due to higher safety level requirements in addition to higher lighting power needed. Considering the lack of available reliable data on lighting equipment behavior, inrush current issue is currently approached by CSS over sizing. The research aims to fill this gap providing statistical data obtained with a proper scientific approach. Given the importance of CSS cost, the availability of such data will allow system designers to optimize CSS sizing, reducing both operative (maintenance and losses) and installation costs.The key factor for an optimal CSS sizing is the knowledge of the behavior of lighting equipments during switch on phase: the cool start phase is typically considered the most critical condition.Measurements described in this paper have been carried out on different types of lamps typically used in emergency installations around Europe mains supplied. Further investigations have been done with sample lamps CSS supplied.Network supply conditions have been chosen in order to evaluate the parameters describing phenomenon in terms of duration, maximum peak value and current rms value during turn on transients.CSS supply conditions have been chosen in order to evaluate lighting equipment behavior with current limitation and non sinusoidal waveform.

Published
2016

4. Characterisation of CSS supplied emergency lighting equipment

Author

Baggini, A, Bua, F, Granziero, M, and Cappellari, M

Abstract

Scope of this paper is to report results of an experimental research aiming to characterize emergency lighting equipment behavior during switch on transients with static CSS supply.Emergency lighting equipment inrush current peak values and waveforms are typically very dispersed depending on technology and manufacturers and can create problems when sizing or operating CSS equipments. High peak values can lead to CSS electronic protection tripping.Emergency lighting centralized systems are nowadays becoming a growing issue due to higher safety level requirements in addition to higher lighting power needed. Considering the lack of available reliable data on lighting equipment behavior, inrush current issue is currently approached by CSS over sizing. The research aims to fill this gap providing statistical data obtained with a proper scientific approach. Given the importance of CSS cost, the availability of such data will allow system designers to optimize CSS sizing, reducing both operative (maintenance and losses) and installation costs.The key factor for an optimal CSS sizing is the knowledge of the behavior of lighting equipments during switch on phase: the cool start phase is typically considered the most critical condition.Measurements described in this paper have been carried out on different types of lamps typically used in emergency installations around Europe mains supplied. Further investigations have been done with sample lamps CSS supplied.Network supply conditions have been chosen in order to evaluate the parameters describing phenomenon in terms of duration, maximum peak value and current rms value during turn on transients.CSS supply conditions have been chosen in order to evaluate lighting equipment behavior with current limitation and non sinusoidal waveform.

Published
2007

10. Candidate genes in patients with autoinflammatory syndrome resembling tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome without mutations in the TNFRSF1A gene.

Author

Borghini S, Fiore M, Di Duca M, Caroli F, Finetti M, Santamaria G, Ferlito F, Bua F, Picco P, Obici L, Martini A, Gattorno M, and Ceccherini I

Subjects
Adult, Aminopeptidases genetics, Apoptosis physiology, Calcium-Binding Proteins genetics, Case-Control Studies, DNA-Binding Proteins genetics, Female, Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins genetics, Humans, Male, Minor Histocompatibility Antigens, NF-kappa B physiology, Nerve Tissue Proteins genetics, Nucleobindins, Phenotype, Signal Transduction physiology, Familial Mediterranean Fever genetics, Familial Mediterranean Fever physiopathology, Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases genetics, Mutation genetics, Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I genetics, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha physiology
Abstract

Objective: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) is an autosomal-dominant multisystemic autoinflammatory condition. Patients display different mutations of the TNF receptor superfamily 1A gene (TNFRSF1A), coding for a nearly ubiquitous TNF receptor (TNFR1). No TNFRSF1A mutation has been identified in a proportion of patients with TRAPS-like phenotype., Methods: We investigated mechanisms downregulating the TNF-induced inflammatory response such as (1) receptor shedding, producing a secreted form acting as a TNF inhibitor; (2) receptor internalization with subsequent induction of apoptosis; and (3) negative regulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription. We analyzed the sequence of genes known to play a pivotal role in these pathways, in 5 patients with TRAPS symptoms and showing shedding and/or apoptosis defects, but without mutations of the TNFRSF1A gene., Results: Sequence analysis of 3 genes involved in TNFR1 shedding (ERAP1, NUCB2, RBMX) and 3 genes involved in negative regulation of NF-κB signaling (TNFAIP3, CARP-2) or NF-κB transcription (ZFP36) revealed only a few unreported variants, apparently neutral., Conclusion: Our study rules out any involvement in the pathogenesis of TRAPS of some of the genes known to regulate TNFR1 shedding and TNF-induced NF-κB signaling and transcription. Gene(s) responsible for TRAPS-like syndrome remain to be investigated among currently unidentified genes likely involved in these pathways, or by applying the genome-wide function-free sequencing approach.

Published
2011
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