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This article sets out the potential benefits of combining floating structures with 3D-printed artificial reefs to increase sustainable development of artificial reefs. Traditional artificial reefs are often sited on the seabed (bottom-founded) and are limited to a narrow range of suitable deployment sites. By utilising floating structure technology to create floating artificial reefs, these ecological installations leverage the advantages of floating structures to create more conducive conditions for improved bio-diversity, aquacultural harvests, and coral growth. These advantages include the ability to sensitively deploy floating reefs in the photic zone of deeper waters or where there are soft seabed conditions, speed and flexibility in deployment, creative use of mooring systems to reduce the impact of climatic and navigational threats, and the use of reefs to reduce the impact of coastal erosion and increased urbanisation. This article then considers how floating artificial reefs offer biological and environmental advantages, with the potential to deploy these reefs under environmental offset policies. Importantly, the article considers how 3D-printing technology can produce topographical optimisation of the floating structure, and potentially increase the speed of coral coverage, diversity of fish species and reduced settlement predation. It concludes with identifying future research opportunities to realise the delivery of 3D-printed artificial reefs as part of floating offshore development projects or for environmental offset programs.

Digital twins are virtual models of cities that are built on real-time data extracted from sensors located within our built environment. Digital twins funnel a wide range of collected data from urban environments into automated decision-making frameworks that govern how we plan, design, build, operate and manage smart cites, including occupants. However, this use of collected data to predict and shape future behaviour in the city is accompanied with limited transparency about how automated decisions are made. Digital twins can consequently lead to ‘black box cities’ where data extraction seamlessly results in an automated decision-making output. This chapter examines whether the data collection practices that underpin digital twins are dataveillant and considers how information privacy legal obligations, articulated in the design of digital twins, may affect occupant perception of how trustworthy the system is. A conceptual framework of trustworthiness is applied to digital twins, with the three elements of trustworthiness being: ability, integrity and benevolence. The chapter examines how digital twins can be designed to be trustworthy by explicitly considering the role of socio-political values in data generation and analysis, especially that of information privacy law.

The automation of cities through both mechanisation and digitisation has had a phenomenal impact on our way of life and the design, construction and operation of our cities. This mechanisation has led to the deployment of robotics and 3D-printers on construction sites. Drones are now equipped with cameras that are used to measure the progress of construction works and monitor assets for structural defects. Simultaneously, our cities are increasingly filled with various sensors that extract data from our digital trails, accelerating the datafication of our urban environment. This chapter outlines the broad themes of the book, exploring the impact of technologies of automation on the city in three ways: the automation of the design process to provide optimised solutions to design problems. Second, the automation of construction processes and building maintenance programmes, including advances on how we collect and analyse sensor data. Third, how technologies of automation could potentially impact our way of life in cities, such as how we expand our cities, how we manufacture and fabricate what we need and want, how we utilise urban data to navigate around a city to transport people and goods, or use urban data to make trusted decisions about a city.

This chapter explores the potential use of 3D printing technology for housing construction. 3D printing or ‘additive manufacturing’ in the construction industry falls within a broader umbrella of ‘rapid prototyping’ technology that has been deployed in the automotive, aerospace and construction industry since the late-1990s. While additive manufacturing technologies have been increasingly utilised across a range of industry, the use of 3D printing in construction is still in its infancy. Despite this early stage in development, the technological opportunities and impending disruption to the status quo are clear. D’Aveni (2018) suggests that the coming adoption of 3D printing in the high-impact industries’ of architecture and construction will harness the advantages of additive manufacturing to improve performance on construction sites to construction buildings with greater speed, complexity and at lower costs (D’Aveni, 2018). Khoshnevis (2012) suggests that the impact of 3D printing ‘as a disruptive technology’ within the construction industry will be observed beyond the construction site, including ‘economic impacts, employment impacts, social impacts, regulatory, environmental, and architectural impacts.’ Given this socio-political dimension to the technology, the authors argue that the exploration of 3D printing in construction should be undertaken from a legal perspective to articulate this socio-political context through intellectual property activities (such as patent disputes) and the interaction of the technology with existing and emerging building regulatory frameworks. Section I examines the types of 3D printing technologies deployed in the construction industry. Section II considers the interplay of intellectual property issues such as copyright, design law, patent law, trademark law and trade secrets around 3D printing in construction. Section III presents a brief survey of 3D printed construction projects globally through an examination of intellectual property activity. As part of this examination, we conducted data analysis of patent families related to 3D printing and, following the example of Shosana Zuboff (2019), evaluated the legal and ethical dimensions of individual, exemplar patents drawn from the field. Section IV proceeds with an analysis of the regulatory landscape around potential 3D printed housing projects. It focuses on the impact of the technology on legal frameworks touching the construction process in Australia. This includes the impact of 3D printing on work health and safety laws applicable during the construction process, the resolution of design errors and non-compliance with the National Construction Code, defect rectification, statutory and contractual warranties, and the advantages offered by the transparency and accuracy provided by technology that will aid in compliance with chain of responsibility legislation and the security of payment framework. A conclusion is presented at the end of this chapter pointing to further research areas in both intellectual property and building regulatory issues presented by the deployment of 3D printing in housing construction.

This paper presents a variety of floating solutions that aim to address a diverse set of global challenges and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The challenges include energy insecurity, water and food shortages, and environmental threats to fragile coastal environments from rising sea levels, extreme storms and pollution. Floating solutions offer a new approach to coastal urban development to support the blue economy while reducing the impact of coastal land pressures, increase connections between communities through connecting infrastructure over deep waters and soft seabed conditions, and address large tidal variations in harbours to allow the expansion of port terminals in deep waters. A vision of hybrid floating cities and satellite floating cities in international waters will also be presented.

Chapter 1: Great Ideas Float to the Top.- Chapter 2: Floating Performance Stage at the Marina Bay, Singapore.- Chapter 3: Yumemai Floating Swing Arch Bridge of Osaka, Japan.- Chapter 4: Floating Oil Storage Bases, Japan.- Chapter 5: Ujina Floating Ferry Pier and Kan-On Floating Breakwater, Japan.- Chapter 6: Floating Offshore Wind Turbine, Nagasaki, Japan.- Chapter 7: Large Marine Concrete Structures: The Norwegian Design Experience.- Chapter 8: Mega-Float.- Chapter 9: Large Spar Drilling and Production Platforms for Deep Water Oil and Gas.- Chapter 10: OTEC Platform.- Chapter 11: Mobile Offshore Base.- Chapter 12: Lilypad: Floating Ecopolis for Climatical Refugees.

Digital Twins and automated decision-making systems operate on real-time sensor data extracted from the built environment to seamlessly produce insights and decisions to predict and influence behaviour in the city. However, these processes are opaque to urban occupants and as such, power holders are not held accountable for decisions. This article applies a Deleuzian lens to consider how desiring-production and modulated forms of control seduce the urban occupant through an uncritical techno-entrepreneurial framing of the smart city. In turn, this techno-optimistic narrative of smart cities seduces us into new modulated representations of ourselves in a society of control. This article argues that transparency practices in digital twins and other smart city technologies are essential as they need to signal benevolence and support trust formation in the city. Transparency practices that communicate the context of data focused decision-making allow power holders, HCI and CSCW practitioners, other technology developers and city administrators to be held accountable for these decisions. At the same time, transparency in the architecture and processes of the digital twin and ADSs creates spaces within seamless dataveillance-to-decision output processes for selfhood development, to allow ‘the right to the city’ to emerge. This article also considers strategies in which practices of power through seduction in digital twins and other smart city technologies can be made to be more benevolent through transparency.