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This paper presents an application of work-domain analysis (WDA) to the domain of the command and control of a multipurpose naval frigate--the Canadian Halifax Class frigate. This represents an application of this approach to a real system and, to the authors' knowledge, is the most extensive WDA of a naval work domain. In particular, and in contrast to other applications of cognitive work analysis, the authors extended the basic WDA framework to handle a multipurpose, loosely bound work domain. In addition, the naval domain is value driven, and this affects naval decision making. Values were incorporated as a social organizational analysis into the work-domain model and were represented as a type of soft constraint. A total of 38 submodels of the work domain were developed, whose primary models are discussed in this paper. From these models, 132 information requirements were extracted, substantiating that WDA is a worthwhile technique for supporting interface design. This paper makes a theoretical contribution by extending the WDA framework and a practical contribution by demonstrating the usefulness of the framework in a real design context. This paper concentrates on presenting WDA as a process, not as a finished product, showing intermediate levels of models and the design requirements that can be extracted from the early stages of the WDA. Index Terms--Cognitive work analysis (CWA), ecological interface design (EID), naval command and control, work-domain models.

The Christian imago dei is discussed in relation to responsibility toward the environment. Topics include the imago dei in Genesis; the central role of imagination; fall and original sin; imago, imagination, and Jesus Christ; love, dominion and human culture; criteria for judging possibilities; creation and letting be.

Two experiments are presented which detail the relationship between body asymmetry and the creation of a spatial framework. Results include differences in the accessibility of location recall of spatial scenes as influenced by the asymmetry of the body axes.

The accessibility of objects in mental spatial frameworks depends on their relation to the spatial axes of the world and people's typical interactions with space. The current study investigated perception of space. Subjects viewed either a physical model of a person surrounded by objects (Exp. 1) or diagrams of scenes (Exp. 2). Subjects named objects at directions from their own external perspective. For physical scenes, subjects were faster to name objects at Above/Below locations, followed by Front/Behind locations, followed by Left/Right locations. This finding indicates that subjects used spatial frameworks to locate objects perceptually. For diagrams, response times to name objects did not conform to this pattern, perhaps because the spatial axes of a diagram do not correspond to stable spatial axes of the world.

We investigated the accuracy of haptic reproduction of line length and whether accuracy is influenced by line orientation. 13 blindfolded subjects felt along different line lengths at various orientations in the horizontal plane, then reproduced the line lengths in the same orientation as that felt. Efforts were made to equate learning and reproductive scanning movements. Reproductions of line lengths were a nonveridical power function of their true lengths, but the power function exponents did not differ across spatial orientations. It was concluded that people can encode line lengths across spatial orientations by a common power function if care is taken to equate proprioceptive information across learning and reproduction.

Four experiments investigated the use of cognitive strategies for encoding spatial location in visual figures. Subjects reproduced the position of a dot in a square figure that had distance markers placed along two sides. Subjects' responses were biased toward imaginary points of intersection formed by the distance markers when subjects responded from memory (Experiment 1) or while viewing the figures (Experiment 2). Dots located at an intersection point were reproduced more accurately than those located off an intersection. These findings demonstrate that empty regions of a figure can serve as subjective landmarks for spatial localization. In Experiment 3, dot relocation was found to be similarly distorted toward physical cross marks placed at the intersections of distance markers, supporting the landmark hypothesis. The attraction of dots to intersection points depends on the viewer employing a strategy of mentally projecting from distance markers to form imaginary intersections, which makes intersection points salient landmarks for coding location of nearby stimulus dots. In Experiment 4, attraction toward intersection points was observed only when subjects employed the projection strategy and not when instructed to use a different encoding strategy.

As we move about and interact in the world, we keep track of different spaces, among them the space of navigation, the space immediately around the body, and the space of the body. We review research showing that these spaces are conceptualized differently. Knowledge of the space of navigation is systematically distorted. For example, people mentally rotate roads and land masses to greater correspondence with global reference frames, they mentally align roads and land masses, they overestimate distances near the viewpoint relative to those far from it. These and other distortions indicate that the space of navigation is schematized to elements and spatial relations relative to reference frames and perspective. The space around the body is organized into a mental framework consisting of extensions of the major axes of the body. Times to report objects around the body suggest that the relative accessibility of the axes depends on their perceptual and functional properties and the relation of the body to the world. Finally, times to verify named or depicted body parts indicate that body schemas depend on perceptual and functional significance. Thus, these spaces (and they are not the only ones important to human interaction) differ from one another and are not conceptualized as Euclidean. Rather they are schematized into elements and spatial relations that reflect perceptual and conceptual significance. Key Words: cognitive map, body schema, mental model, spatial thinking.

Preadaptation for language is an unnecessary assumption because intermediate stages of linguistic ability are possible and adaptive. Language could have evolved through gradual selection from structures exhibiting few features associated with modern structures. Without physical evidence pertaining to language ability in prehabilis hominids, it remains possible that selective pressures for language use preceded and necessitated modern neurolinguistic structures.

A commentary on Landau and Jackendoff's (L&J) research findings on spatial cognition and spatial language seeks to extend L&J's analysis that a common spatial representation system is solely responsible for human perception and language description, using distinct 'what' and 'where' systems. This is accomplished through an extensive discussion of the properties of the spatial system and provision of additional proof that facilitate the understanding of L&J's conclusive analysis.

Christian ecotheology tends to emphasize human identity with the rest of nature while also arguing that human society requires transformation through appreciation of intrinsic value in non-human nature. Since this sets up a tension between notions of humans as natural beings and as free to choose among alternative motivations, it would benefit Christian ecotheology to think more consistently about implications of humanity's belonging to nature. Science has provided compelling reasons for thinking that egoism is an incorrigible dimension of human life, thereby suggesting that abusive exploitation of nature has deeper roots than cultural constructs. This realization calls for fundamental rethinking of several traditional Christian doctrines, including the Fall, original sin, and free will. In fact, some theologies already anticipate these revisions, though more remains to be done. Moreover, Christian ecotheology's attention to concepts of connections between humans and nature and of nature's value remains important, but some of its emphases need to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]