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This national report studies age variable insights into trust and distrust. It is part of the EU Horizon 2020 funded research project about “Enlightened Trust in Governance”.

Governance plays an important role in a stable and cooperative democracy in the same way that distrust in politicians and institutions is a fundamental part of democratic progress. Based on six focus group interviews in three age groups, 11/12-, 14/15- and 18/19-year-olds, and drawing on the theoretical concept of lived citizenship, we shed light on what happens to children and young people’s lived citizenship when politicians and institutional representatives are forced to take immediate action in a crisis that intervenes in the lives of all children and young people. We can conclude that our study gives important insights into children and young people’s lived citizenship during the pandemic. There was room for agency, participation, and negotiation, but there were also situations where their lived citizenship was challenged. Sometimes, their participation possibilities were too limited and too tight to counter-act on.

The latest wave of democratic social movements that have emerged globally has largely displayed mistrust in governing systems and organizations. Cooperation with governmental and non-governmental organizations (GOs and NGOs) or refusal to cooperate with them has become an issue of heated debate within many progressive social movements today. The paper explores this issue through the findings obtained from seven countries (Czech Republic, Greece, Poland, Denmark, Germany, Italy and Serbia), but focuses extensively on three countries with different political cultures and levels of social and political trust: Denmark, Poland and Serbia. The research encompassed two social movements per country, and within the three countries in focus, the sample includes one environmental movement from each country, the refugee solidarity movement from Denmark, All-Polish Women Strike from Poland, and an anti-eviction movement from Serbia. On a general level, regarding the cooperation with GOs, the following observations can be made: cooperation takes place only when deemed necessary, and is thus described as instrumental; often causes polarisation among members; takes place mostly at the local level; is perceived to have unclear or 14 even detrimental effects on citizen trust. On the other hand, cooperation with NGOs is very common; instrumental, but also based on shared values; usually perceived as beneficial for the citizen trust. In the paper, we will further explore the social movements’ attitudes toward, and the perceived effects of their cooperation with GOs and NGOs, particularly with respect to trust relations within the movement and beyond. We want to stress the role of two factors: social movements’ concrete short and long-term goals, and the role of political, social and cultural context.

Governance plays an important role in a stable and cooperative democracy in the same way that distrust in politicians and institutions is a fundamental part of democratic progress. Based on six focus group interviews in three age groups, 11/12-, 14/5- and 17/18-year-olds, and drawing on the theoretical concept of citizenship, we examine what happens to children and young people’s trust in governance when politicians and institutional representatives are forced to take immediate action in a crisis that intervenes in the lives of all children and young people.

With the development from the traditional hierarchical to the new social service-oriented welfare approach trust has become a key element in the provision of social welfare services (Schaarschuch 1998). Following the new emphasis on democratisation, subject orientation, citizens’ participation and co-production, the realisation of public welfare services became inextricably bound to interactive negotiations between frontline workers of public welfare institutions and citizens requiring person-centred welfare services. From a social work perspective, this direct involvement of (at least) two interacting parties made both the process and results of social service provision in new ways highly unpredictable and uncertain. In consequence, mutual trust constitutes a key prerequisite in this process of co-production from the definition of the problem, desirable goals and appropriate solutions over the appropriation of services and achievement of goals. Trust-building, particularly on the side of the citizens, is, however, highly conditional, depending on a multitude of factors at the institutional and personal-interactional level (Wagenblass 2004). Focusing on socio-pedagogic welfare services for families with dependent children, qualitative interview-based case studies from Germany and Denmark elucidate important conditions and factors that are beneficial and detrimental to trust-building in direct relations between frontline workers and citizens. In particular, the case studies show how institutional transparency about processes, rights and entitlements, sufficient opportunity structures for participation and co-determination and respect for individual life choices are decisive for citizens’ trust, while the experience of pronounced power asymmetries, coercion and the feeling of helplessness emerge as highly detrimental factors., Scholarship in public administration, social policy and social work widely agrees that citizen trust is a prerequisite for the success of service provision and that frontline workers seek to build trust relations with clients for mostly functional reasons, in particular to secure client cooperation (Becker-Lenz, 2014; Cossar et al., 2016; Fersch, 2016; Senghaas/Freier/Kupka, 2019; Stensöta/Bendz, 2020; Tiefel/Zeller, 2014). Research thus dedicated growing attention to characteristics and behaviours rendering frontline workers un/trustworthy in citizens’ eyes while also investigating into the approaches and strategies used to encourage citizen trust (Behnia, 2008; Fabel-Lamla/Tiefel/Zeller, 2012; Fersch, 2016; Oelkers/Sundermann, 2022; van de Walle/Migchelbrink, 2022; van Ryzin, 2011). However, little is known about citizens’ perceptions about the role of trust in welfare provision and their trust decisions and behaviour. Even if frontline workers are committed to conveying trustworthiness, it is not said that these are sufficient for citizens to trust them. In fact, working relations occur under trust-adverse conditions. Encounters are shaped by power asymmetries, one-sided dependencies, and significant differences in risk exposure (Helsper, 2021: 68-72, 108; Wagenblass, 2004: 107-110). Unsurprisingly, research shows that citizens are often afraid and prudent when meeting caseworkers, lack trust or even distrust them (de Boer/Coady, 2007; Dumbril, 2006; EnTrust, 2021; Gibson, 2020; Mik-Meyer/Haugaard, 2020). Against this backdrop, we seek to understand what makes (some) clients of welfare services nevertheless trust their caseworker and aim to elucidate the conditions and mechanisms of trust-building from the citizens’ perspective.

Kapitlet handler om, hvordan klasse, køn og moderskab former mødet mellem socialrådgiver og borger. Vi viser, hvordan middelklassens normer og værdier kan være dominerende i velfærdsstatens fokus på forebyggelse af sociale problemer – og hvordan det sætter sig igennem på mikroniveau i det konkrete møde mellem borger og socialrådgiver – dette i form af moralske bedømmelser, der er indlejret i socialrådgivernes faglige skøn. Vi viser også, hvordan det kan resultere i, at velfærdsstatens hjælp ikke opleves som sådan, men snarere erfares som moralske devalueringer og mistroisk overvågning. Vi runder kapitlet af med at vise, at nogle af borgerne på trods af at blive fastholdt i klassen uden for arbejdsmarkedet alligevel har drømme om et bedre liv, som de delvist formår at handle på.

Rapporten har fokus på de mekanismer, der er med til at opbygge tillid og mistillid i relationer mellem udsatte borgere og socialrådgivere, der arbejder på familieafdeling i to kommuner. Arbejdspakken undersøger, hvordan borgere, der henvender sig til dem, når de søger om familieydelser eller sociale ydelser og socialrådgiverne etablerer gensidig tillid-og mistillid, samt hvordan de gensidige opfattelser af troværdighed og utroværdighed opleves af borgerne og socialrådgiverne.

We greatly appreciate the care and thought that is evident in the 10 commentaries that discuss our debate paper, the majority of which argued in favor of a formalized ICD-11 gaming disorder. We agree that there are some people whose play of video games is related to life problems. We believe that understanding this population and the nature and severity of the problems they experience should be a focus area for future research. However, moving from research construct to formal disorder requires a much stronger evidence base than we currently have. The burden of evidence and the clinical utility should be extremely high, because there is a genuine risk of abuse of diagnoses. We provide suggestions about the level of evidence that might be required: transparent and preregistered studies, a better demarcation of the subject area that includes a rationale for focusing on gaming particularly versus a more general behavioral addictions concept, the exploration of non-addiction approaches, and the unbiased exploration of clinical approaches that treat potentially underlying issues, such as depressive mood or social anxiety first. We acknowledge there could be benefits to formalizing gaming disorder, many of which were highlighted by colleagues in their commentaries, but we think they do not yet outweigh the wider societal and public health risks involved. Given the gravity of diagnostic classification and its wider societal impact, we urge our colleagues at the WHO to err on the side of caution for now and postpone the formalization.

We greatly appreciate the care and thought that is evident in the 10 commentaries that discuss our debate paper, the majority of which argued in favor of a formalized ICD-11 gaming disorder. We agree that there are some people whose play of video games is related to life problems. We believe that understanding this population and the nature and severity of the problems they experience should be a focus area for future research. However, moving from research construct to formal disorder requires a much stronger evidence base than we currently have. The burden of evidence and the clinical utility should be extremely high, because there is a genuine risk of abuse of diagnoses. We provide suggestions about the level of evidence that might be required: transparent and preregistered studies, a better demarcation of the subject area that includes a rationale for focusing on gaming particularly versus a more general behavioral addictions concept, the exploration of non-addiction approaches, and the unbiased exploration of clinical approaches that treat potentially underlying issues, such as depressive mood or social anxiety first. We acknowledge there could be benefits to formalizing gaming disorder, many of which were highlighted by colleagues in their commentaries, but we think they do not yet outweigh the wider societal and public health risks involved. Given the gravity of diagnostic classification and its wider societal impact, we urge our colleagues at the WHO to err on the side of caution for now and postpone the formalization.

The world will become more and more pressed to deliver healthy and sustainable food to the population. However, to achieve the next step in innovation more holistic solutions need to be designed to have an impact on the whole food chain. These observations resulted in the first steps to build a Food Innovation Network in 2018. This thesis explored the challenges and opportunities at the beginning of organising networked innovation. The research activities were conducted in The New Farm, a new initiative of the municipality of The Hague to support innovation in the food industry, and a new research group of The Hague University. The conducted research identified three main findings. Firstly, the importance to foster a sense of community in the network. Secondly, the need to overcome the initial barrier to take action. Lastly, the call for additional support in setting up collaborative projects between partners. Three concepts were designed based on these findings to support the first changes in the Food Innovation Network and aid them to unlock their potential., Strategic Product Design

Artikel om kvindefodbold, kampen om ligestilling inden for denne sport og dannelsen af DKFU.»Football! Why, that’s not for girls« – On the ball sports club, Femina, and its struggle to get football accepted as a sport for womenIn 1971 the female Danish football club BK Femina became the unofficial world champions in women’s football. Their success of the field was not an accident and has to be seen against the background of more than 10 years of fighting to get women’s football accepted as a sport for women. Taking as its starting point BK Femina’s sporting success, this article reveals which factors played a part in enabling women’s football to establish itself in Denmark as a sporting activity for women during the period 1959 to 1972, at which point women’s football was permitted entry into the national football league, the Danish Ballgames Union (DBU). It is suggested in the article, then, that acceptance of football as a sport for women must be seen in relation to the perception of what is understood as accepted feminine and masculine sporting practice, and in what way this understanding of gender in football altered over time in the period under analysis. Central to this process of change is the collaboration of mutual interests built up by women’s football, the media and sponsors.

Diskussion af den skrevne presses fremstilling af 'lesbiske kvinder' i dansk kvindefodbold

Et bidrag til en mangelfuld litteratur om kvinder og fodbold, fordomme og maskulinitet.Life is too short for women’s football – on women’s football, homophobia and (re)presentations of homophobia in the Danish pressInternational success has not been the hallmark of Danish women’s soccer since the early 1970s, when the national team won the unofficial World Cup in Mexico and caught the interest of Danish news media and the Danish public in general. Since then only scarce media attention has been paid to Danish women’s soccer. With a specific aim of exploring the current interest of Danish media in women’s soccer – its character and images – this article examines the (re)presentations of women’s soccer in selected Danish newspapers in the period from 1995 through 2001. The theoretical point of departure is taken in the concept of homophobia, and includes a discussion of how homophobian attitudes may shape women’s engagement in sports. Against this backdrop, five homophobian themes emerge from the analysis of Danish newspaper (re)presentations on women’s soccer, each of them pointing to a sport in which women are now being accepted but yet not respected.

In this article I set out to investigate the social construction of computer game addiction in young people’s everyday life. On the basis of qualitative interviews with three Danish teenage boys the article analyses how worries of computer game addiction is being produced and reproduced in social situations as well as how young people adapt to and resist the classification of computer game addiction. On the one hand the young people adapt the classification in order to get control of their gaming. On the other hand there is a risk of pathologization as their conduct may be linked to adaptive strategies related to family or school problems.

In this article I set out to investigate the social construction of computer game addiction in young people’s everyday life. On the basis of qualitative interviews with three Danish teenage boys the article analyses how worries of computer game addiction is being produced and reproduced in social situations as well as how young people adapt to and resist the classification of computer game addiction. On the one hand the young people adapt the classification in order to get control of their gaming. On the other hand there is a risk of pathologization as their conduct may be linked to adaptive strategies related to family or school problems.

In this article I set out to investigate the social construction of computer game addiction in young people’s everyday life. On the basis of qualitative interviews with three Danish teenage boys the article analyses how worries of computer game addiction is being produced and reproduced in social situations as well as how young people adapt to and resist the classification of computer game addiction. On the one hand the young people adapt the classification in order to get control of their gaming. On the other hand there is a risk of pathologization as their conduct may be linked to adaptive strategies related to family or school problems.